Production Potential Research Articles

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF WHITE HEAD CABBAGE PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE. EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGIES

Purpose: To overview the white head cabbage market in Ukraine, outline major problems, assess production capacity, and determine directions for improving efficiency in the future. Methods. Mathematical/statistical methods, grouping, analysis of time series, abstract-logical and dialectical approaches of cognition. Results. The current state of white head cabbage production in Ukraine is discussed. The shares of this crop in the total sown area and gross vegetable production have been determined; data on the location of white head cabbage production in different natural-climatic zones of Ukraine and farm categories have been summarized. The causes restraining the effective development of this segment of the vegetable market have been elucidated; they include outdated technologies and lack of innovations; few facilities for finishing, packaging, storage, and processing; lack of professional branding and effective infrastructure; weak development of agro-logistics; non-compliance of domestic vegetable products with European standards. The general strategy and priority areas of scientific support for future white head cabbage production in the context of integration processes are outlined. Conclusions. As the material well-being of the population rises, the food basket structure changes towards increased consumption of vegetables, including white cabbage. To justify the future development of vegetable growing in Ukraine, one should be guided by this benchmark, along with the expediency of the maximum use of the available natural and economic potentials for white head cabbage production. The further development of white head cabbage production in Ukraine must be directed towards high-intensity production based on the scientifically sound introduction of new high-yielding cultivars and hybrids with good palatability. At the same time, in the future, technical re-equipment of vegetable growing, development of information support, creation of marketing services, and development of market infrastructure will be required.

Disinfection-residual bacteria (DRB) after chlorine dioxide treatment: Microbial community structure, regrowth potential, and secretion characteristics

This study investigates the effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) disinfection on the community structure, regrowth potential, and metabolic product secretion of disinfection-residual bacteria (DRB) in secondary effluent (SE), denitrification filter effluent (DFE), and ultrafiltration effluent (UE). Results show that ClO2 effectively reduces bacteria in SE and UE, achieving log removal values exceeding 3 at 1 mg/L within 30 min. A salient positive correlation (R2 > 0.95) exists between changes in total fluorescence intensity and disinfection efficacy. Post-treatment, Acinetobacter abundance increased in SE, while Pseudomonas decreased in DFE and UE. At lower ClO2 concentrations, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Aeromonas, and Lactobacillus increased in DFE, but decreased at higher concentrations. After storage, bacterial counts in disinfected samples exceeded those in the control group, surpassing 105 CFU/mL. Despite an initial decline, species richness and evenness partially recovered but remained lower than control levels. Culturing DRB for 72 h showed elevated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion, quantified as total organic carbon (TOC), ranging from 5 to 27 mg/L, with significantly higher EPS in the disinfection group. Parallel factor analysis with self-organizing maps (PARAFAC-SOM) effectively differentiated water sample types and EPS fluorescent substances, underscoring the potential of three-dimensional fluorescence as an indirect measure of ClO2 disinfection efficacy.

Sequential two-stage cultivation system using novel microalga consortia for treatment of municipal wastewater and simultaneous biomass production: Sustainable environmental management

Monoculture-based microalgae cultivation systems to treat wastewater are well-reported. Despite that, this method has some limitations in terms of nutrient removal potential, environment adaptation, and low biomass productivity. Conversely, microalgae co-cultivation and a two-stage sequential cultivation system (TSSCS) recently emerged as a promising approach to improve the treatment process and biomass productivity through better adaptation to the environment. However, no outdoor large-scale experiments were reported using this approach which hinders the viability of the process. Thus, in the present study, a sequential two-stage large-scale outdoor novel microalgae consortia experiment was developed. In first stage consortia-assisted sequential cultivation, two ratios of Tetraselmis indica (TS) and one ratio of Picochlorum sp. (PC) (2 TS:1 PC) were cultivated in a 1000-L pond containing 75%-municipal wastewater (MWW) + 25%-ASN-III, while in the second stage, 2 PC:1 TS was cultivated in two different ponds, and each containing 375-L 2 TS:1 PC-treated water + 375-L ASN-III. Outdoor parameters and nutrient removal efficiency (NRE), biomass, and biomolecule productivity such as lipid, photosynthetic pigments, astaxanthin, and β-carotene were quantified, and cost analysis was performed. At the end of the first and second stages, 2 TS:1 PC and 2 PC:1 TS showed maximum NRE of COD (68.71 and 86.40%), TN (66.98 and 94.73%), and TP (82.70 and 94.36%), respectively. Moreover, 2 TS:1 PC and 2 PC:1 TS Pond 1 and 2 produced maximum dry biomass production; 2.41 and ∼2.54 g/L contained lipid content; 36.89 and 34.90% that have 86.50 and 55.79% FAME content respectively. Similarly, 2 TS:1 PC and 2 PC:1 TS biomass exhibited valuable pigments production of astaxanthin i.e., 0.56 and 0.35 mg/g, and β-carotene; 4.65 and 2.82 mg/g, respectively. The cost analysis suggested that only microalgal-based MWW treatment was unfeasible, while valorization of produced biomass into co-products could offset the operation costs and could allow the option for the microalgal-based sustainable approach for the treatment of MWW and recovery of valuable resources.

Extremozymes and compatible solute production potential of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria isolated from crop rhizospheric soils of Southwest Saurashtra Gujarat

Halophiles are one of the classes of extremophilic microorganisms that can flourish in environments with very high salt concentrations. In this study, fifteen bacterial strains isolated from various crop rhizospheric soils of agricultural fields along the Southwest coastline of Saurashtra, Gujarat, and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Halomonas pacifica, H. stenophila, H. salifodinae, H. binhaiensis, Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi, and Bacillus paralicheniformis were investigated for their potentiality to produce extremozymes and compatible solute. The isolates showed the production of halophilic protease, cellulase, and chitinase enzymes ranging from 6.90 to 35.38, 0.004–0.042, and 0.097–0.550 U ml−1, respectively. The production of ectoine-compatible solute ranged from 0.01 to 3.17 mg l−1. Furthermore, the investigation of the ectoine-compatible solute production at the molecular level by PCR showed the presence of the ectoine synthase gene responsible for its biosynthesis in the isolates. Besides, it also showed the presence of glycine betaine biosynthetic gene betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in the isolates. The compatible solute production by these isolates may be linked to their ability to produce extremozymes under saline conditions, which could protect them from salt-induced denaturation, potentially enhancing their stability and activity. This correlation warrants further investigation.

CH4 production potential of autotrophic nitrification bacteria produced in the submerged nitrification bioreactor in the laboratory and kinetic analysis

ABSTRACT In this study, CH4 production capacity of nitrification bacteria (NB) obtained from the submerged biofilter in the laboratory was investigated. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was carried out with the NB amount of zero (control, CR), 5% (R1), 10% (R2), and 15% (R3) at a temperature of about 37 ± 0.5°C. Compared to the CR, significantly higher cumulative CH4 volume of about 290, 490, and 715 mL were determined in the R1, R2, and R3, respectively. All the applied kinetic models gave good results (R 2 ≥0.97), while the Transference Function and First-order models provided the better R 2 values. The delay phase (λ) was not observed in the AD process, and CH4 production started immediately on the first day of operation. The predicted k value of 0.133 day−1 was high in CR, while it was approximately between 0.078 and 0.112 day−1 for the higher amount of NB containing BMP units, which indicated that the AD required long reaction time.

Extremozymes and compatible solute production potential of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria isolated from crop rhizospheric soils of Southwest Saurashtra Gujarat

Halophiles are one of the classes of extremophilic microorganisms that can flourish in environments with very high salt concentrations. In this study, fifteen bacterial strains isolated from various crop rhizospheric soils of agricultural fields along the Southwest coastline of Saurashtra, Gujarat, and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Halomonas pacifica, H. stenophila, H. salifodinae, H. binhaiensis, Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi, and Bacillus paralicheniformis were investigated for their potentiality to produce extremozymes and compatible solute. The isolates showed the production of halophilic protease, cellulase, and chitinase enzymes ranging from 6.90 to 35.38, 0.004–0.042, and 0.097–0.550 U ml−1, respectively. The production of ectoine-compatible solute ranged from 0.01 to 3.17 mg l−1. Furthermore, the investigation of the ectoine-compatible solute production at the molecular level by PCR showed the presence of the ectoine synthase gene responsible for its biosynthesis in the isolates. Besides, it also showed the presence of glycine betaine biosynthetic gene betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in the isolates. The compatible solute production by these isolates may be linked to their ability to produce extremozymes under saline conditions, which could protect them from salt-induced denaturation, potentially enhancing their stability and activity. This correlation warrants further investigation.

CH4 production potential of autotrophic nitrification bacteria produced in the submerged nitrification bioreactor in the laboratory and kinetic analysis

ABSTRACT In this study, CH4 production capacity of nitrification bacteria (NB) obtained from the submerged biofilter in the laboratory was investigated. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was carried out with the NB amount of zero (control, CR), 5% (R1), 10% (R2), and 15% (R3) at a temperature of about 37 ± 0.5°C. Compared to the CR, significantly higher cumulative CH4 volume of about 290, 490, and 715 mL were determined in the R1, R2, and R3, respectively. All the applied kinetic models gave good results (R 2 ≥0.97), while the Transference Function and First-order models provided the better R 2 values. The delay phase (λ) was not observed in the AD process, and CH4 production started immediately on the first day of operation. The predicted k value of 0.133 day−1 was high in CR, while it was approximately between 0.078 and 0.112 day−1 for the higher amount of NB containing BMP units, which indicated that the AD required long reaction time.

Upstream Process Protocol for MSCs Isolated from Different Human-Based Tissue Origins.

This chapter introduces the increasing significance of mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) production in regenerative medicine and cellular therapeutics, outlines the growing interest in MSCs for various medical applications, and highlights their potential in advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) and the advancements in cell culture technologies that have facilitated large-scale MSC production under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), ensuring safety and efficacy. This chapter describes an optimized upstream protocol for laboratory-scale MSC production from different tissue sources. This protocol, conducted in flasks, controls critical parameters and lays the foundation for downstream processing to generate ATMPs. This comprehensive approach underscores the potential of MSCs in clinical applications and the importance of tailored production processes.

Pt atomic clusters/MoS2 nanosheets/Co-doped hollow carbon nanofibers for high-current–density alkaline hydrogen production

The application of layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in catalytic hydrogen production has attracted great interest, while their catalytic properties are limited by poor electron conductivity and a few catalytically active sites. In this work, we demonstrated a highly active electrocatalyst for large-scale hydrogen production, consisting of two-dimensional (2D) Pt-MoS2 nanosheets along one-dimensional (1D) cobalt nanoparticle integrated carbon hollow nanofibers (Co@CHNF). The as-prepared Pt-MoS2-Co@CHNF had a large specific surface area (44.5 m2 g−1). X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and spherical aberration corrected transmission electron microscope (AC-STEM) demonstrated that Pt atomic clusters (Pt ACs) were doped on MoS2 nanosheets by thermodynamically induced spontaneous interfacial redox between MoS2 and H₂PtCl₆. The Pt-MoS2-Co@CHNF based catalysts exhibited an overpotential as low as 91 mV for 10 mA cm−2 and 258 mV for 200 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH electrolyte, and there is no significant floating for catalytic active with 14 h continuous operation, which demonstrates its excellent long-term operation durability, significantly superior to the previously reported state-of-the-art Co-based or Mo-based catalysts. In particular, the self-supporting binder-free Pt-MoS2-Co@CHNF catalyst-based electrode showed an ultra-high current density of 500 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 301 mV, without any decrease after 24 h operation at 500 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH seawater electrolyte, representing a great potential for large-scale seawater hydrogen production.

Abiotic synthesis of graphitic carbons in the Eoarchean Saglek-Hebron metasedimentary rocks

Graphite in metasedimentary rocks of the Eoarchean Saglek-Hebron Gneiss Complex (Canada) is depleted in 13C and has been interpreted as one of the oldest traces of life on Earth. The variation in crystallinity of this oldest graphitic carbon could possibly confirm the effect of metamorphism on original biomass, but this is still unexplored. Here, we report specific mineral associations with graphitic carbons that also have a range of crystallinity in the Saglek-Hebron metasedimentary rocks. Petrographic, geochemical and spectroscopic analyses in the Saglek-Hebron banded iron formations suggest that poorly crystalline graphite is likely deposited from C-H-O fluids derived from thermal decomposition of syngenetic organic matter, which is preserved as crystalline graphite during prograde metamorphism. In comparison, in the Saglek-Hebron marble, disseminations of graphite co-occur with carbonate and magnetite disseminations, pointing to abiotic synthesis of graphitic carbons via decarbonation. Our results thus highlight that variably crystalline graphitic carbons in the Saglek-Hebron metasedimentary rocks are potential abiotic products on early Earth, which lay the groundwork for identifying the preservation of prebiotic organic matter through metamorphism on Earth and beyond.

Genetic and genomic analysis of Belgian Blue’s susceptibility for psoroptic mange

BackgroundPsoroptic mange, caused by Psoroptes ovis mites, is affecting Belgian Blue cattle’s welfare and production potential. The Belgian Blue cattle—known for its high degree of muscling, low feed conversion ratio and high beef quality—is highly susceptible for this disease.ResultsIn this study, we phenotyped 1975 Belgian Blue cattle from more than 100 different groups on commercial beef farms for their psoroptic mange susceptibility. Substantial individual differences were observed within these management groups, with lesion extent differences up to ± 15%. Animal models showed that estimated heritabilities were low for lesion extent and severe lesion extent (0.07 and 0.09, respectively) and 0.12 for the number of mites. A genome wide association study for mange susceptibility revealed signals on BTA6, BTA11, BTA15 and BTA24. In these regions, candidate genes GBA3, RAG2, and TRAF6 were identified.ConclusionsDespite the challenges in phenotyping for psoroptic mange due to the timing of screening, the continuous evolution of lesions and different management conditions, we successfully conducted a study on the genetic susceptibility to psoroptic mange in Belgian Blue cattle. Our results clearly indicate that psoroptic mange is under polygenic control and the underlying candidate genes should be studied more thoroughly. This is the first study providing candidate genes for this complex disease. These results are already valuable for Belgian Blue breeding, however, further research is needed to unravel the architecture of this disease and to identify causal mutations.

Atmospheric water demand dominates terrestrial ecosystem productivity in China

Vegetation production is critical for carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the relative contribution of soil moisture (SM) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) to vegetation production in ecosystems remains debated. This study combined SM and VPD data with satellite observations of solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) from 2003 to 2018 to examine the contribution of SM and VPD to long-term variations in vegetation production using binning approach. Constraint lines based on restricted cubic splines were established to investigate the threshold for the responses of vegetation production potential to VPD and SM. The results revealed that VPD had greater impacts on vegetation production in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems than SM, with VPD-dominated and SM-dominated areas accounting for approximately 84 % and 16 % of the total national area, respectively. The mean values of SIF changes under the independent influence of SM and VPD were 0.034 mWm−2nm−1sr−1 and 0.130 mWm−2nm−1sr−1, respectively, indicating higher sensitivity of SIF to VPD. The effects of SM and VPD on ecosystem production varied across aridity gradients, with VPD making a significant contribution to forest ecosystem production. However, determining the relative effects of SM and VPD in ecosystems with low vegetation cover was difficult. Further exploration revealed that the maximum potential for terrestrial ecosystem production increased with VPD, peaking at a VPD of about 1.275 ± 0.068 kPa. Beyond this range, the maximum production potential declined. Our study confirms that VPD has a stronger and more extensive influence on the trend and variability of ecosystem production in China than SM.

Biostimulant and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Application on Four Major Biomass Crops as the Base of Phytomanagement Strategies in Metal-Contaminated Soils.

Using contaminated land to grow lignocellulosic crops can deliver biomass and, in the long term, improve soil quality. Biostimulants and microorganisms are nowadays an innovative approach to define appropriate phytomanagement strategies to promote plant growth and metal uptake. This study evaluated biostimulants and mycorrhizae application on biomass production and phytoextraction potential of four lignocellulosic crops grown under two metal-contaminated soils. Two greenhouse pot trials were setup to evaluate two annual species (sorghum, hemp) in Italy and two perennial ones (miscanthus, switchgrass) in China, under mycorrhizae (M), root (B2) and foliar (B1) biostimulants treatments, based on humic substances and protein hydrolysates, respectively, applied both alone and in combination (MB1, MB2). MB2 increased the shoot dry weight (DW) yield in hemp (1.9 times more), sorghum (3.6 times more) and miscanthus (tripled) with additional positive effects on sorghum and miscanthus Zn and Cd accumulation, respectively, but no effects on hemp metal accumulation. No treatment promoted switchgrass shoot DW, but M enhanced Cd and Cr shoot concentrations (+84%, 1.6 times more, respectively) and the phytoextraction efficiency. Root biostimulants and mycorrhizae were demonstrated to be more efficient inputs than foliar biostimulants to enhance plant development and productivity in order to design effective phytomanagement strategies in metal-contaminated soil.

Petrological evaluation of changes occurring in organic matter sourced from Patala-Chichali sequence, Upper Indus Basin

This study focuses on the determination of organic matter (OM) concentration, thermal maturity assessment, and source rock quality of the samples from the Chichali and Patala formations. The TOC in the Chichali and Patala formations sediment samples ranged from 0.8% to 2.1% and 2.3% to 3.8% respectively, showing the sediments with different level of organic richness. The genetic potential varied from 2.4 to 17.1 mg/g, and 25.2 to 31.1 mg/g indicating the likely source rock quality. The Tmax, ranging from 306 °C to 432 °C, 413 °C and 430 °C indicating immature to mature OM. The HI values varied from 113 to 257 mg/g, 353 to 431 mg/g, OI ranged from 7 to 33 mg/g, 9 to 19 mg/g, revealing OM richness. PI assess the potential productivity of source rocks, ranged from 0.5 to 0.7, 0.6 of Chichali and Patala formations, respectively. The various geochemical properties of the Chichali and Patala formations exhibited their varying geological potential. These findings add to a better knowledge of the geological properties of the Upper Indus Basin and provide significant recommendations for hydrocarbon exploration and resource estimation.

Petrological evaluation of changes occurring in organic matter sourced from Patala-Chichali sequence, Upper Indus Basin

This study focuses on the determination of organic matter (OM) concentration, thermal maturity assessment, and source rock quality of the samples from the Chichali and Patala formations. The TOC in the Chichali and Patala formations sediment samples ranged from 0.8% to 2.1% and 2.3% to 3.8% respectively, showing the sediments with different level of organic richness. The genetic potential varied from 2.4 to 17.1 mg/g, and 25.2 to 31.1 mg/g indicating the likely source rock quality. The Tmax, ranging from 306 °C to 432 °C, 413 °C and 430 °C indicating immature to mature OM. The HI values varied from 113 to 257 mg/g, 353 to 431 mg/g, OI ranged from 7 to 33 mg/g, 9 to 19 mg/g, revealing OM richness. PI assess the potential productivity of source rocks, ranged from 0.5 to 0.7, 0.6 of Chichali and Patala formations, respectively. The various geochemical properties of the Chichali and Patala formations exhibited their varying geological potential. These findings add to a better knowledge of the geological properties of the Upper Indus Basin and provide significant recommendations for hydrocarbon exploration and resource estimation.

Biometric Characteristic Study of Green Lipped Mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) From Malad Creek, Mumbai, India

Biometric Studies are essential to understand the growth rate of the species which helps understand the growth patterns, reproduction rate and population distribution of the species. Growth patterns of molluscs help in evaluating their production potential and energy flows through populations and their distribution. Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) commonly known as the green-lipped mussel or the Asian green mussel belongs to the family Mytilidae. It is distributed along the Indo-Pacific region. They are attached to the rocky substratum along the coast, in the intertidal region. The Biometric Analysis and Length-Weight Relationship study was carried out on Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) to understand their growth rate and population distribution through the Coast of Mumbai. A total of 100 samples were used in this study. The correlation between the Total Weight of the Shell with the organism (WSO) to the Shell Length (SL), Shell Width (SW) and Shell Height (SH) and the correlation between the Soft Tissue Weight of the Organism (WO) to the Shell Length (SL), Shell Width (SW) and Shell Height (SH) gave an idea about the growth factors. The Relative Condition Factor was determined by equation W = aLb. The b values of each correlation showed negative allometric growth with p value to be p<.001 with same significance in Pearson Correlation test. The Relative Condition Factor of WSO-SW and WSO-SL was observed to be above 1 indicating good growth conditions. Thus, biometric studies are a useful tool in study of Perna viridis (Linnaeus 1758) biology, physiology, ecology, growth potential, stock assessment, genetics and breeding of Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758).

The reinforcement of reaction-bonded boron carbide via adjusting SiC morphology controlled by carbon sources

Reaction-bonded boron carbide (RBBC) composites have great potential for large-scale industrial production owing to their low cost and flexible product size. In this work, RBBC composites with various carbon additions were fabricated by liquid Si infiltration. The morphology of carbon sources is decisive for the morphology of reaction-formed SiC grains at 1550 °C. The effects of carbon sources on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The as-prepared composites achieve a flexural strength of up to 575 MPa and a fracture toughness of up to 5.1 MPa/m2. The enhancement of the strength and toughness was attributed to the formation of defects-containing nano-SiC grains and continuous ceramic skeletons composed of boron carbide and nano-SiC. In addition, high aspect ratio plate-like SiC grains also allow a considerable improvement in the mechanical properties, even if they are not uniformly distributed.

Co‐Benefits of Mitigating Aerosol Pollution to Future Solar and Wind Energy in China Toward Carbon Neutrality

AbstractThe climate commitment to achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 in China has been announced recently. In the context of pursuing carbon neutrality, sharing similar sources as greenhouse gases, aerosol particle and precursor emissions are projected to substantially decrease in China, which can potentially have a great impact on climate. Here, we investigate the effects of future aerosol reductions, because of achieving carbon neutrality, on solar and wind energy in China by using an earth system model. We show that significant reductions in aerosol emissions, particularly in eastern China, lead to increases in the surface downwelling shortwave radiation, surface air temperature and wind speed, which can further enhance the potential of solar and wind energy production. The findings underline that the pursuit of carbon neutrality can yield co‐benefits of not only mitigating climate change and air pollution but also fortifying the stability of renewable energy sources.

Methane in Dairy Farms in Aguascalientes: Corn Silage

Objective: To evaluate the potential methane gas production from corn silages (CS) intended for Holstein cattle in dairy farms in the state of Aguascalientes (Ags), Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Methane (CH4) is one of the greenhouse gases, and worldwide plans and actions are being developed to monitor, control, and reduce their environmental impact. In Mexico, methane emissions from livestock are equivalent to 10.1% of CO2 equivalent are recorded. CS samples were collected from six municipalities in Ags, representing a total of 18 dairy farms. The in vitro gas production technique was used to determine methane gas production, employing a nested mixed model to compare variables between municipalities using residual maximum likelihood method. Results: The average methane production in CS was 29.3 mL/gDM. The Ags municipality showed significantly higher methane production (35.9 mL/gDM, p<0.05), while San Francisco de los Romo (SFR) displayed the lowest production (21.5 mL/gDM, p<0.05). In the state of Aguascalientes, CS-derived CH4 production was projected at approximately 2,884 metric tons (MT) annually. Study Limitations/Implications: There were no identified limitations in the study. Findings/Conclusions: The potential CH4 gas production derived from CS projected in the study represented 0.103% of what was reported by INEGyCEI in 2019.

The g-C3N4/CdO heterojunction as an efficient photo-electron catalyst for hydrogen production

The electronic, optical, and photo-electro catalytic properties of the g-C3N4/CdO(CGN/CdO) heterojunction are studied by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The CGN/CdO heterojunction has a staggered band structure and indirect bandgap (1.976 eV), following the S-scheme mechanism. The absorption spectra of the heterojunction are substantially red-shifted and the absorption coefficients are significantly higher relative to the intrinsic g-C3N4(GCN) and intrinsic CdO. In addition, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 14.21 %. The photo-catalytic water decomposition can occur at pH = 0–14. The ηSTH of the GCN/CdO heterojunction is up to 31.82 %, and it is modulated to 36.14 % under −4 % biaxial strain modulation. The low over-potential of the Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for the heterojunction is 0.905 V obtained at the GCN layer, and that of the Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is −0.498 V occurred at the CdO layer. These findings suggest that the GCN/CdO heterojunction has an efficient photo-electro catalytic potential for hydrogen production.