Potential Mobility Research Articles

Discovering latent topics and trends in autonomous vehicle-related research: A structural topic modelling approach

Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technology is a disruptive transportation technology that promises to revolutionize how people travel. Due to their potential mobility benefits and associated impacts on public health and the environment, they have received massive attention from transportation experts. To date, there have been numerous academic research conducted regarding AVs, and many attempts have been made to summarize these research documents by manually reviewing them. Nevertheless, due to the vast nature of the existing literature, it is challenging to synthesize the themes in AV-related research and to explore their trends to inform future research direction. This study aims to utilize an advanced natural language processing technique to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in AV-related research. The abstracts of 3292 articles published in transportation-based journals from January 2016 to October 2022 were collected and used for this study. A Structural Topic Model (STM) was employed to explore the dominant research themes hidden in the extant literature on AV research, examine their evolution over time, and determine the topics highly associated with developing and developed economies. Overall, the study highlighted that the least common themes in the literature are in the areas of the development of complex vehicle designs, safety, environmental benefits, and the impact of AVs on transportation infrastructure. Nevertheless, themes concerning AV safety and the environment are emerging as hot topics since late 2021. Topics related to investigating user perceptions, policies/approaches to increase user demand, and AV control/stability are highly studied. Besides, they predominantly originated from developed countries. The research themes, their associated trends, and the key policy suggestions drawn from the study are potentially useful for making well-informed research funding decisions, setting research priorities for countries, and guiding the future research endeavours of researchers.

Solid-liquid equilibria of Sorel phases and Mg (OH)2 in the system Na-Mg-Cl-OH-H2O. Part I: experimental determination of OH− and H+ equilibrium concentrations and solubility constants at 25°C, 40°C, and 60°C

Sorel phases are the binder phases of the magnesia building material (Sorel cement/concrete) and of special concern for the construction of long-term stable geotechnical barriers in repositories for radioactive waste in rock salt, as potentially occurring brines are expected to contain MgCl2. Sorel phases, in addition to Mg(OH)2, are equally important as pH buffers to minimize solubility and potential mobilization of radionuclides in brine systems. In order to obtain a detailed database of the relevant solid-liquid equilibria and the related pHm values of the equilibrium solutions, extensive experimental investigations were carried out. Solid phase formation was studied by suspending MgO and Mg(OH)2 in NaCl saturated MgCl2-solutions at 25°C. Mg(OH)2 and the 3-1-8 Sorel phase were identified as the stable solid phases, while the 5-1-8 Sorel phase is metastable. Equilibration at 40°C did not lead to any solid phase changes. Both OH− and H+ equilibrium concentrations were analyzed as a function of MgCl2 concentration at 25°C and 40°C. In addition to our already published solid-liquid equilibria for the ternary system Mg-Cl-OH-H2O (25°C–120°C), the equilibrium H+ concentrations (pHm) determined at 25°C, 40°C and 60°C are now reported. Analyzing these data together with known ion-interaction Pitzer coefficients, the solubility constants for Mg(OH)2 and the 3-1-8 phase at these three temperatures, for the metastable 5-1-8 phase at 25°C and for the 2-1-4 phase at 60°C have been consistently calculated.

Twins as a Minority: A Minority Building Perspective

Not all numerical minorities classify as ‘minorities’ in any political or legal sense, even when they possess easily definable biological or social characteristics. Twins are an example of such a group. The article discusses minorities as the result of minority building, i.e., a process through which some specific human characteristic becomes the basis of group identity, networking, mobilization, and claims on rights and recognition. It presents some of the existing discourse and research on twins as a biological and social category. Subsequent sections inspect twins’ potential claims and mobilization. Many of the claims refer to our culture’s treatment of twins as one social unit, and to the assumption of a ‘special bond’ between them. Although probably not a biological reality, it is a strong social reality with effect on twins’ lives. The idea of the ‘special bond’ conflicts with the prevailing Western discourse on individual personhood and agency. Not unlike other such efforts, a possible twins’ activism would need to find a balance between essentialist and constructionist definitions of the group. The essentialist discourse is part of the claimed problem, but at the same time, it may be necessary in order to legitimate the minority’s claim for recognition. Twins are hardly a repressed minority, but there are specific situations in which they could claim for recognition and more sensitivity.

Wayfinding Whilst Driving, Age and Cognitive Functioning

Older drivers are more likely to have difficulty wayfinding in unfamiliar areas than younger people. The present study investigated the role of cognitive functioning and age on wayfinding difficulties and driving performance whilst driving in unfamiliar areas. Forty-seven participants aged between 21 and 82 years completed a wayfinding task in a driving simulator and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Older age was related to reduced driving speed and increased time stopped during the drive. Cognitive variables associated with wayfinding difficulties and driving performance decrements included processing speed, visuospatial ability, and aspects of memory, including verbal and visual immediate and delayed recall. This research suggests that older drivers, particularly those with poorer cognitive functioning, had more difficulty with wayfinding in unfamiliar areas than younger drivers. The findings are discussed with reference to potential safety and mobility benefits of alternative wayfinding strategies.

Impact of the change in irrigation practices from untreated to treated wastewater on the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil irrigated for decades

PurposeLong-term agricultural irrigation with untreated wastewater has resulted in metals and metalloids accumulation in soil. Little information is available on the consequences of a change to irrigation with treated water on the mobility of these potentially toxic elements (PTEs).Materials and methodsThe potential mobility of PTEs was assessed using sequential extractions performed on soil irrigated with untreated wastewater for a century in Mexico. The possible effects of change in irrigation practices on PTEs mobility was evaluated through batch experiments, simulating a decrease in pH, an increase in salinity, and in chlorine of the irrigation water. Geochemical modeling allowed predicting the speciation of mobilized PTEs.Results and discussionSoils irrigated with untreated water were mainly enriched with PTEs in surface horizons. Only Cd and As were found in the soluble or exchangeable fractions (< 20%). Cu and Pb were mainly associated with soil organic matter (OM), whereas As and Zn were bound to iron oxides, and Cr with refractory minerals. Batch experiments revealed that acidification resulted in the increased solubility of Cu, Zn, and Cd for surface samples, and As in deep horizons. In contrast, increased salinity only mobilized Zn, Cd, and Cr. Water chlorination mobilized higher amount of Zn, Pb, and Cd compared to the other experiments. As was not mobilized for these two experiments.ConclusionA change in irrigation practices could increase the mobility of PTEs if water treatment is not adapted to the soil type. The mobilization of PTEs, especially As and Cd, could affect both crops and groundwater quality. It is essential to monitor this mobility to avoid future risks to human health.

A Competitive n‐Type OECT Material via Copolymerization of Electron Deficient Building Blocks

AbstractThe classical acceptor motifs diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and thienopyrrolodione (TPD) are copolymerized to yield the acceptor–acceptor polymer “Poly(DPP‐TPD).” The fundamental design idea is to maximize the electron affinity (EA), thus increasing the ambient stability of the reduced state against oxygen and water while ensuring high ion compatibility through the incorporation of hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol N‐substituents. Additionally, a highly planarized polymer structure is anticipated, due to the extended noncovalent interactions (conformational locking) between the carbonyl oxygen and the thiophene protons. Cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy, and organic field effect transistor (OFET) characterization demonstrate the suitability for n‐type organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) devices. High EA, ionization potential, and good electron mobility (µe(OFET)) are shown, in addition to the electrochemical reduction of polymer films in aqueous electrolyte. In n‐type OECTs, poly(DPP‐TPD) demonstrates a moderate threshold voltage of Vth = 0.58 V and an outstanding µC* value of 7.62 F cm−1 V−1 s−1. Cycling studies consisting of pulsed on‐ and off‐switching of the device at gate voltages between Vg = 0.6–0.8 V in the saturation regime reveal high stability for more than 2700 cycles with rapid switching kinetics.

The evolution of a typical plateau lake from macrophyte to algae leads to the imbalance of nutrient retention

Long-term anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs have led to lake eutrophication and decreased environmental quality. However, the imbalance in nutrient cycling caused by ecosystem transformation during lake eutrophication is still unclear. The N, P, organic matter (OM) and their extractable forms in the sediment core of Dianchi Lake were investigated. Combining ecological data and geochronological techniques, a coupling relationship between the evolution of lake ecosystems and nutrient retention was established. The results show that the evolution of lake ecosystems promotes the accumulation and mobilization of N and P in sediments, leading to an imbalance in nutrient cycling in the lake system. From the “macrophyte-dominated” period to the “algae-dominated” period, the accumulation rates of potential mobile N and P (PMN, PMP) in sediments have significantly increased, and the retention efficiency of total N and P (TN, TP) has decreased. The increased TN/TP ratio (5.38 ± 1.52 ‒ 10.19 ± 2.94) and PMN/PMP ratio (4.34 ± 0.41 ‒ 8.85 ± 4.16), as well as the reduced humic-like/protein-like ratio (H/P, 11.18 ± 4.43 ‒ 5.97 ± 3.67), indicated an imbalance in nutrient retention during sedimentary diagenesis. Our results show that eutrophication has resulted in the potential mobilization of N in sediments exceeding P, providing new insights for further understanding the nutrient cycle in the lake system and strengthening lake management.

Selection of the optimal extraction protocol to investigate the interaction between trace elements and environmental plastic

The interaction between environmental plastic and trace elements is an issue of concern. Understanding their interaction mechanisms is key to evaluate the potential threats for the environment. To this regard, consolidating confidence in extraction protocols can help in understanding the amount of different species present on plastic surface, as well as the potential mobility of trace elements present inside the plastic matrix (e.g., additives). Here we tested the efficacy of different reagents to mimic the elemental phases bonded to meso- and microplastic in the environment, in relation to the grade of ageing and the polymer composition. Results showed that a relatively high portion of trace elements is bonded in a weak phase and that other phases abundant in other matrices (e.g., oxides and bonded to organic matter) are only present to a limited degree in the plastic samples. The comparison of different sample types highlighted the important role of plastic ageing in governing interactions with trace elements, while the polymer composition has a limited influence on this process. Finally, the future steps toward a tailored extraction scheme for environmental plastic are proposed.

The labour market trade-offs of pet ownership

Pets are an important part of many peoples’ lives, and provide mental, physical and emotional benefits. However, the costs of pet ownership have received little attention. We investigate the association between pet ownership and wage income using data from the 2018 General Social Survey. We hypothesise that pet ownership may negatively influence income by lowering labour mobility and positively influence income by garnering valuable psychosocial attributes. We analyse interactions between pet ownership and education, pet ownership and housing tenure, and pet ownership and race to further investigate the potential labour mobility channel. Overall, we find that pet ownership decreases wage income and that these negative effects are larger for groups where mobility effects are likely higher.

Modeling and identification of affective parameters on cadmium's durability and evaluating cadmium pollution indicators caused by using chemical fertilizers in long term.

Soil contamination by anthropogenic heavy metals has become a global issue. This study aimed to investigate cadmium (Cd) concentration, mobility, and contamination indices of Cd in soils in the Hamadan province, west of Iran. To investigate the concentration of Cd in soil, one hundred soil samples from wheat farms and five samples from control lands were collected. Pollution indexes, including Cd mobility, enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, contamination index, and availability ratio, were investigated. The structural equation model was also used to evaluate effective parameters on cadmium durability in soil. Results showed that mean values of available phosphorus (P) were 83.65, 129, and 65 (mgkg-1) in three land-use types rainfed, irrigated, and controlled, respectively. The mean values of Cd in different land-use types of rainfed, irrigated, and controlled were 0.15, 0.18, and 0.08 (mgkg-1), respectively. The results indicated that the amount of Cd in both forms (available and total) in ones that received fertilizer, especially P fertilizers, was higher than in the controlled one. Other pollution indexes revealed that the study area had been slightly contaminated due to anthropogenic activities. Lime, clay, lead, and OM were identified as affective parameters on cadmium durability. Finally, the results demonstrated that the mobility rate was high. Cd had a higher potential mobility in soil samples in the rain-fed and irrigated land than in the controlled land, and Cd had a low retention time.

Quantification of the mobility potential of antibiotic resistance genes through multiplexed ddPCR linkage analysis.

There is a clear need for global monitoring initiatives to evaluate the risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) towards human health. Therefore, not only ARG abundances within a given environment, but also their potential mobility, hence their ability to spread to human pathogenic bacteria needs to be quantified. We developed a novel, sequencing-independent method for assessing the linkage of an ARG to a mobile genetic element by statistical analysis of multiplexed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) carried out on environmental DNA sheared into defined, short fragments. This allows quantifying the physical linkage between specific ARGs and mobile genetic elements, here demonstrated for the sulfonamide ARG sul1 and the Class 1 integron integrase gene intI1. The method's efficiency is demonstrated using mixtures of model DNA fragments with either linked and unlinked target genes: Linkage of the two target genes can be accurately quantified based on high correlation coefficients between observed and expected values (R2) as well as low mean absolute errors (MAE) for both target genes, sul1 (R2 = 0.9997, MAE = 0.71%, n = 24) and intI1 (R2 = 0.9991, MAE = 1.14%, n = 24). Furthermore, we demonstrate that adjusting the fragmentation length of DNA during shearing allows controlling rates of false positives and false negative detection of linkage. The presented method allows rapidly obtaining reliable results in a labor- and cost-efficient manner.

Mobilizing potential slack and firm performance: Evidence from French SMEs before and during the COVID-19 period

ABSTRACT No-debt SMEs have potential slack in that they can raise financial resources to face external shocks or explore new business opportunities. This study compares the performance implications of potential slack mobilization during and before the COVID-19 context by building on arguments from the behavioral theory of firms and corporate finance. The disruptions caused by the COVID-19 crisis theoretically amplify the stabilizing and adaptive functions of potential slack and thus represent an interesting and promising field of investigation. Based on a sample of French SMEs, the empirical results show that the mobilization of potential slack is positively associated with profitability during the COVID-19 crisis but not before it. Slack mobilization is negatively associated with profitability outside the COVID-19 period when SMEs mobilize important amounts of potential slack. Overall, this study sheds light on the process of slack resource mobilization by SMEs and the central moderating role of the economic environment.

Toxic metals and the risks of sludge from the treatment of wastewater from beryllium smelting

The release of highly toxic beryllium in sludge (BCS) produced by physico-chemical treatment of beryllium-containing wastewater from Be smelting production has become a growing concern with the widespread use of Be in the defense industry. This work investigated the potential mobility of Be in BCS. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) of BCS showed that the amount of leached Be was up to 202 mg L−1, which exceeded the regulated limit by nearly 10,000 times. The chemical fractionation analysis further revealed that the excessive amount of Be leached from BCS was contributed to the high content of acid-soluble fraction and reducible fraction of Be, which accounted for over 70% of the Be content. The results obtained from mineralogical automatic analyzer (MLA) showed that gypsum (23.23%) and epidote (19.55%) were the two major mineralogical phases of BCS. Both were small and loosely structured agglomerated particles with a D50 of 6.61 μm and 3.31 μm. ToF-SIMS results revealed that the Be distribution on the surface of BCS particles was relatively dispersed, with no aggregation or encapsulation. Be co-precipitated with gypsum and chlorite in the form of unstable Be(OH)2, which attached to the surface of these small particles. The unstable state of Be and the small size, loose structure and high liberation of the host material phases are the main reasons for the high leaching mobility of Be. The results of the risk assessment indicated that BCS posed an extremely high potential ecological risk, with Be being the most significant contributor.

Hydrocarbon indication in Rio Bonito Formation sandstone: Implication for CO2 storage in São Paulo, Brazil

São Paulo State has witnessed CO2 storage-based investigations considering the availability of suitable geologic structures and proximity to primary CO2 source sinks related to bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) activities. The current study presents the hydrocarbon viability evaluations and CO2 storage prospects, focusing on the sandstone units of the Rio Bonito Formation. The objective is to apply petrophysical evaluations with geochemical inputs in predicting future hydrocarbon (gas) production to boost CO2 storage within the study location. The study used data from eleven wells with associated wire-line logs (gamma ray, resistivity, density, neutron, and sonic) to predict potential hydrocarbon accumulation and fluid mobility in the investigated area. Rock samples (shale and carbonate) obtained from depths >200 m within the study location have shown bitumen presence. Organic geochemistry data of the Rio Bonito Formation shale beds suggest they are potential hydrocarbon source rocks and could have contributed to the gas accumulations within the sandstone units. Some drilled well data, e.g., CB-1-SP and TI-1-SP, show hydrocarbon (gas) presence based on the typical resistivity and the combined neutron-density responses at depths up to 3400 m, indicating the possibility of other hydrocarbon members apart from the heavy oil (bitumen) observed from the near-surface rocks samples. From the three-dimensional (3-D) model, the free fluid indicator (FFI) is more significant towards the southwest and southeast of the area with deeper depths of occurrence, indicating portions with reasonable hydrocarbon recovery rates and good prospects for CO2 injection, circulation and permanent storage. However, future studies based on contemporary datasets are required to establish the hydrocarbon viability further, foster gas production events, and enhance CO2 storage possibilities within the region.

Development of the oral resistome during the first decade of life

Antibiotic overuse has promoted the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with significant health and economic consequences. Genome sequencing reveals the widespread presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in diverse microbial environments. Hence, surveillance of resistance reservoirs, like the rarely explored oral microbiome, is necessary to combat AMR. Here, we characterise the development of the paediatric oral resistome and investigate its role in dental caries in 221 twin children (124 females and 97 males) sampled at three time points over the first decade of life. From 530 oral metagenomes, we identify 309 ARGs, which significantly cluster by age, with host genetic effects detected from infancy onwards. Our results suggest potential mobilisation of ARGs increases with age as the AMR associated mobile genetic element, Tn916 transposase was co-located with more species and ARGs in older children. We find a depletion of ARGs and species in dental caries compared to health. This trend reverses in restored teeth. Here we show the paediatric oral resistome is an inherent and dynamic component of the oral microbiome, with a potential role in transmission of AMR and dysbiosis.

The Contribution of the Hulene-B Waste Dump (Maputo, Mozambique) to the Contamination of Rhizosphere Soils, Edible Plants, Stream Waters, and Groundwaters

The contamination of ecosystems in areas around waste dumps is a major threat to the health of surrounding populations. The aim of this study is to understand the contribution of the Hulene-B waste dump (Maputo, Mozambique) to the contamination of edible plants, rhizosphere soils, stream waters, and groundwater, and to assess human health risk. Soil and plant samples were analyzed by XRD and XRF for mineralogical and chemical composition characterization, respectively. Mineral phases identified in rhizosphere soil samples were ranked, calcite (CaCO3) &gt; quartz (SiO2) &gt; phyllosilicates (micas and kaolinite) &gt; anhydrite (CaSO4) &gt; K feldspar (KAlSi3O8) &gt; opal (SiO2·nH2O) &gt; gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), suggesting potential toxic elements low mobility. Soil environmental indices showed pollution by Pb &gt; Cu &gt; Zn &gt; Zr. The chemical composition of edible plants revealed contamination by Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ti, and Zr. Groundwaters and stream waters showed a potential health risk by Hg and, in one irrigation water sample, by Pb content. The health hazard index of rhizosphere soils was higher by ingestion, with children being the ones more exposed. Results suggested a combined health risk by exposure to edible plants, rhizosphere soils, stream waters, and groundwaters.

Social mobility through higher education: exploratory analysis of ethno-racial, gender and class intersection in professional undergraduate programmes

ABSTRACT Higher education and elite professional occupations are considered to be key sources of social mobility. In this paper, we suggest that examining patterns of admission into professional undergraduate programmes, a key route for entry into elite professional occupations, may provide important insights into social mobility through higher education. We analyse university admission offer data and assess the impact of ethno-racial, gender and class intersection on relative likelihood of student admission to six elite professional programmes (medicine, law, accounting, architecture, engineering and business management), in comparison to non-professional programmes. Our exploratory analysis provides several interesting results; though they present a generally pessimistic picture of potential social mobility through higher education. We find that higher class background is a key factor in admissions to elite professional programmes, especially evident in the exemplar traditional professions of medicine and law; presumed gender effects on entry into technical math-based professional programmes, such as engineering and accounting, are substantially moderated by class background; and ethno-racial background may mitigate some of the class penalties for women, but leads to double penalty for black men. Our findings contribute directly to the current research on impact of class origin on social mobility, especially that on class ceiling. Further, we respond to recent calls for fuller inclusion of class in intersectionality-based research by showing how class may work both through and against other social factors, such as race and gender.

Deep sequencing reveals comprehensive insight into the prevalence, mobility, and hosts of antibiotic resistance genes in mangrove ecosystems

Mangrove receives aquaculture wastewater and urban sewage, and thus is a potential reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, there is a dearth of a comprehensive profile of ARGs in mangrove ecosystems. We used metagenomic techniques to uncover the occurrence, host range, and potential mobility of ARGs in six mangrove ecosystems in southeastern China. Based on deep sequencing data, a total of 348 ARG subtypes were identified. The abundant ARGs were associated with acriflavine, bacitracin, beta-lactam, fluoroquinolone, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, and polymyxin. Resistance genes tetR, aac(6′)-Iae, aac(3)-IXa, vanRA, vanRG, and aac(3)-Ig were proposed as ARG indicators in mangrove ecosystems that can be used to evaluate the abundance of 100 other co-occurring ARGs quantitatively. Remarkably, 250 of 348 identified ARG subtypes were annotated as mobile genetic elements-associated ARGs, indicating a high potential risk of propagation of ARGs in mangrove ecosystems. By surveying the distribution of ARGs in 6281 draft genomes, more than 42 bacterial phyla were identified as the putative hosts of the ARGs. Among them, 21.97% were potentially multidrug-resistant hosts, including human and animal opportunistic pathogens. This research adds to our understanding of the distribution and spread of antibiotic resistomes in mangrove ecosystems, helping improve ARG risk assessment and management worldwide.

Трудовая мобильность молодежи: потенциал и факторы его активизации в современных российских условиях

The article substantiates the author’s interpretation of labor mobility potential and the factors of its activation in line with the subjective mobility concept. Its empirical verification is carried out on the basis of the analysis of the mass survey data and in-depth interviews conducted by the author among the young people employed in the economy of Kursk region, and their comparison with the results of all-Russian and regional studies. The research reveals a relatively high potential for labor mobility of working youth, expressed in the readiness to change jobs in the near future. About half of the young people employed in the economy can be attributed to the social base of potential labor mobility, within which there are two significant groups: some of them have a clearly defined attitude to change jobs in the near future, the second one allows such changes in their employment status. It determines the key role of two groups of factors in activating the potential of youth labor mobility. The first of them includes the intentions of young people to realize themselves and their professional potential in labor activity and career in a new job; the second one is represented by the main reasons for dissatisfaction with the working conditions at the current job – the level of wages and the amount of workload. The research establishes the prevalence in the youth environment of employment not according to the profile of the received profession (specialty), and young people’s lack of assessment of the discrepancy between work and profession as a causal factor for changing jobs and as an obstacle to their career.

A method for evaluating resource potential and oil mobility in liquid-rich shale plays—An example from upper Devonian Duvernay formation of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

This paper discusses methods of assessing oil and gas resources and evaluating their mobility in shale reservoirs using programed pyrolysis data in conjunction with reservoir engineering parameters derived from production data. The hydrocarbon resource is calculated from the measured free hydrocarbon by programed pyrolysis with correction of evaporative loss that occurred during coring, storage and sample preparation. The correction takes account of the loss of light hydrocarbon fluids as a result of phase change during core retrieval to the surface and evaporative loss related to storage and sample preparation. Based on their response to ramping temperature during sample pyrolysis and thermal equilibrium behavior of distinct petroleum products at different thermal maturities, the estimated oil and gas resources are divided into three categories: non-movable, restricted, and movable to characterize the mobility of the petroleum fluids. The mobility classification is compared with oil compositional grouping based on evaporative kinetics of petroleum products in rock samples to examine their affinity. Pyrolysis analysis results from naturally matured samples and production data from different fluid zones in the Duvernay Shale resource play in Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) were used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. While the mobility of petroleum fluids increases with thermal maturation in general, the total movable resource reaches its maximum at the end of oil generation window, then declines as a result of massive loss due to hydrocarbon expulsion towards to gas window where liquids are thermally cracked to gaseous hydrocarbons. Compositional grouping based on evaporative kinetics does not show a complete accordance with mobility grouping, suggesting composition is only one of many factors affecting hydrocarbon fluid flow in shale reservoir. More studies are required to better understand the fundamentals of oil mobility in shale reservoir.