Potential In Germany Research Articles

213.1: Estimating the donor potential in Germany: Systematic evaluation of all in-hospital deaths of patients with primary or secondary brain damage.

213.1: Estimating the donor potential in Germany: Systematic evaluation of all in-hospital deaths of patients with primary or secondary brain damage.

How Much Excess Heat Might Be Used in Buildings? A Spatial Analysis at the Municipal Level in Germany

Excess heat can make an important contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the heating and cooling sector. Due to the local character of heat, the local excess heat potential is decisive for using excess heat. However, the spatially distributed potential and the subdivision of the potential into different subsectors have not been sufficiently investigated in Germany. Here we analyse the excess heat potential in Germany according to different subsectors and spatially distributed to the municipal level. We use data of more than 115,000 records on exhaust gas and fuel input from over 11,000 industrial sites. We calculate the site-specific excess heat potential and check its plausibility using the fuel input of the respective industrial sites. Finally, we compare the excess heat potential with the residential heat demand at the municipal level. Our results show that the excess heat potential in Germany is about 36.6 TWh/a, and that in 148 municipalities, the annual excess heat potential is greater than 50% of the annual heat demand. In conclusion, there is a large potential for excess heat utilisation in Germany. In some regions, more excess heat is available throughout the year than is needed to provide space heat and hot water.

Средства речевого воздействия в миграционной политике партии «Союз 90 / Зеленые»

According to the results of the recent elections to the European Parliament and the Bundestag, the “Alliance 90 / The Greens” party has a high potential in Germany’s socio-political arena. One of the main areas of the party’s political activities is the fight for the rights of various social minorities, including national minorities. The study aims to identify communicative strategies, tactics and means used by the “Alliance 90 / The Greens” party when presenting its migration policy in the party’s 2021 election programme. The paper is novel in that it is the first to describe the communicative strategy of inclusion as an object of linguistic research. As a result of the study, the main communicative tactics that ensure the implementation of the inclusion strategy have been identified.

Who Are the Superfoodies? New Healthy Luxury Food Products and Social Media Marketing Potential in Germany.

Superfoods, former traditional foods that in some cases are now regarded as new healthy luxury food products (NHLFP), have been growing in popularity in high- and middle-income societies. Despite a growing interest in superfoods, a precise definition of NHLFP, which appears to mark a subcategory of superfoods, together with a comprehensive analysis of NHLFP consumer segments does not yet exist. This is of particular relevance to managers as profound knowledge of different consumer groups is a prerequisite for the use of marketing approaches such as social media marketing. Therefore, this research proposes and validates an NHLFP definition and investigates whether promising NHLFP consumer groups can be identified based on selected psychographic and sociodemographic consumer characteristics and whether these groups are also accessible through social media marketing. A data set of 697 fruit consumers in Germany was retrieved in the time period of May to June 2020 and analyzed through exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Eleven factors and four consumer groups were identified, two of which represented favorable superfood consumer groups—one group consumed for intrinsic, health-related reasons rather than for luxury-driven motives, while the other showed tendencies to purchase superfoods for luxury reasons, thus emerging as a promising NHLFP target group. This group is relatively younger, well-educated, and highly receptive of online marketing.

Soft power and public diplomacy of Germany: past and present

The concept of “soft power”, which gained popularity in recent years, was developed by the United States at the end of the Cold War. However, Germany has been using similar foreign policy tools long before the emergence of this term in 1990. The subject of this research is the German strategy of “soft power” with its own tradition and specificity that differs significantly from other countries. Public diplomacy remains the key instrument in building the “soft power” potential of Germany. Therefore, analysis is conducted on the evolution of the main vectors of “soft power” policy of the country and the activity of the key actors of its public diplomacy for the past 150 years. The article describes the use of “soft power” strategies by various political regimes that were in power in Germany. The conclusion is made that in foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, which appeared on the world map in 1949, “soft power” and public diplomacy have played and continue to play an important role, allowing to achieve significant gains on the international arena in light of restrictions imposed after the World War II regarding the use of “hard power” tools. However, the German experience shows that excessive enthusiasm for building the internationally attractive image of the country may lead to quite unpredictable consequences.

Flexibility Reserve of Self-Consumption Optimized Energy Systems in the Household Sector

Energy generation and consumption in the power grid must be balanced at every single moment. Within the synchronous area of continental Europe, flexible generators and loads can provide Frequency Containment Reserve and Frequency Restoration Reserve marketed through the balancing markets. The Transmission System Operators use these flexibilities to maintain or restore the grid frequency when there are deviations. This paper shows the future flexibility potential of Germany’s household sector, in particular for single-family and twin homes in 2025 and 2030 with the assumption that households primarily optimize their self-consumption. The primary focus is directed to the flexibility potential of Electric Vehicles, Heat Pumps, Photovoltaics and Battery Storage Systems. A total of 10 different household system configurations were considered and combined in a weighted average based on the scenario framework of the German Grid Development Plan. The household generation, consumption and storage units were simulated in a mixed-integer linear programming model to create the time series for the self-consumption optimized households. This solved the unit commitment problem for each of the decentralized households in their individual configurations. Finally, the individual household flexibilities were evaluated and then aggregated to a Germany-wide flexibility profile for single-family and twin homes. The results indicate that the household sector can contribute significantly to system stabilization with an average potential of 30 GW negative and 3 GW positive flexibility in 2025. In 2030, the corresponding flexibilities potentially increase to 90 GW and 30 GW, respectively. This underlines that considerable flexibility reserves could be provided by single-family and twin homes in the future.

Sounding out the repowering potential of wind energy – A scenario-based assessment from Germany

Wind energy in Germany is awarded a crucial role in increasing the share of renewable energies in the electricity mix to 65% until 2030, especially in light of the federal government’s recent decision to phase out coal-based electricity until 2038. In addition to the targeted expansion of wind energy, Germany will be struggling with thousands of wind turbines at the end of their service life in the next years. To advance the expansion of wind energy and to increase its efficiency, repowering is deemed a promising way to deal with the upcoming changes in wind energy use. This study assesses Germany’s repowering potential in 2021–2040. It estimates how many of the existing wind turbine sites in Germany can be used for repowering without violating recently recast geographical restrictions while at the same time meeting proper spacing criteria for repowered wind turbines. The results from fifteen scenarios indicate the repowering potential in Germany to be highly impacted by the recast geographical restrictions and wind turbine categories used to repower. Compared to the energy contributed by onshore wind in the baseline year 2021, the best-case scenario could provide 110%. In contrast, the worst-case scenario could provide 40% of potential wind energy generation in 2040. The highest potential wind energy generation is reached under low distance restrictions of 500 m to surrounding settlement areas. The results indicate repowering alone to be unable to substantially increase the share of wind energy in Germany’s energy mix over the next two decades. Without expansion, the contribution of wind energy to Germany’s energy mix will diminish. However, despite the growing number of old wind turbines in Germany, repowering still offers more efficient exploitation of the wind resource.

Urban infill development potential in Germany: comparing survey and GIS data

Limiting land take is an important sustainability target. To this end, infill development is a primary strategy. To implement this strategy, policy-makers need a reliable knowledge base on infill development potential (IDP), such as brownfields, vacant lots and underused lots. This study presents the results of the first comprehensive national survey of IDP in Germany. Almost 12% of German municipalities were contacted by questionnaire. In contrast to previous studies, this study also takes into account smaller towns and small-scale vacant lots, which would otherwise lead to a considerable underestimation. Additionally, a feasibility study shows how IDPs can be identified using a geospatial approach. Here, a procedure is presented that allows the identification of IDPs and the differentiation between vacant and underused lots by analysing urban morphology using nationwide and commonly available geospatial base data. The results provide a good basis for an initial inventory. However, to obtain more accurate results, additional specific data would be required, the accessibility of which is currently limited. With the development of an improved spatial data infrastructure combined with Open Data initiatives, geographical information system (GIS)-based procedures for the automated detection and monitoring of IDPs could become more important in future. <strong><em>Policy relevance</em></strong> If the objectives of land policy, especially the avoidance of urban sprawl, are to be achieved, then the more efficient use of already developed land is essential. At the strategic level of policy development, knowledge of land suitable for infill development is as necessary as knowledge of the land take. Currently, regular standardised questionnaire surveying is the effective method for analysing infill development potential (IDP) and its development on a large scale. Geospatial approaches can help to identify potentials, especially on vacant and underused lots. Thus, they have a considerable potential to serve as heuristic tools for local practitioners seeking to begin reflecting on infill development options. Policy-makers and planners should recognise this potential and develop it further in cooperation with the scientific community. However, decision-makers are not spared from weighing the appropriate density in the respective context—and this has not become easier under the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Assessment of the regionalised demand response potential in Germany using an open source tool and dataset

With the expansion of renewable energies in Germany, imminent grid congestion events occur more often. One approach for avoiding curtailment of renewable energies is to cover excess feed-in by demand response. As curtailment is often a local phenomenon, in this work we determine the regional demand response potential for the 401 German administrative districts with a temporal resolution of 15 min, including technical, socio-technical and economic restrictions. Our analysis yields that power-to-heat technologies provide the highest potentials, followed by residential appliances, commercial and industrial loads. For the considered 2030 scenario, power-to-gas and e-mobility also contribute a significant potential. The median value of the cumulated load increase potential of all technologies is 25MW per administrative district. Using such a load increase potential to cover regional excess feed-in would suffice to avoid the curtailment of 8 classical wind turbines. Further, we calculated load shifting cost-potential curves for each district. Industrial processes and power-to-heat in district heating have the lowest load shifting investment cost, due to the largest installed capacities per facility. We distinguished between different size classes of the installed capacity of heat pumps, yielding 23% lower average investment cost for heat pump flexibilisation in the city of Berlin compared to a rural district. The variable costs of most considered load shifting technologies remain under the average compensation costs for curtailment of renewable energies of 110 € /MWh. As all results and the developed code are published under open source licenses, they can be used to integrate load shifting dispatch into energy system models.

Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century)

The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.

Biomethane Potential Test: Influence of Inoculum and the Digestion System

High precision of measurement of methane potential is important for the economic operation of biogas plants in the future. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) test based on the VDI 4630 protocol is the state-of-the-art method to determine the methane potential in Germany. The coefficient of variation (CV) of methane yield was &gt;10% in several previous inter-laboratory tests. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of inoculum and the digestion system on the measurement variability. Methane yield and methane percentage of five substrates were investigated in a Hohenheim biogas yield test (D-HBT) by using five inocula, which were used several times in inter- laboratory tests. The same substrates and inocula were also tested in other digestion systems. To control the quality of the inocula, the effect of adding trace elements (TE) and the microbial community was investigated. Adding TE had no influence for the selected, well- supplied inocula and the community composition depended on the source of the inocula. The CV of the specific methane yield was &lt;4.8% by using different inocula in one D-HBT (D-HBT1) and &lt;12.8% by using different digestion systems compared to D-HBT1. Incubation time between 7 and 14 days resulted in a deviation in CV of &lt;4.8%.

Bioenergy plants\u2019 potential for contributing to heat generation in Germany

BackgroundThe Paris Climate Agreement requires a rapid and efficient shift to renewable energies and a decarbonization of the energy system. Combined heat and power provision from biomass is one way to efficiently provide renewable heat. Despite this, many bioenergy plants in Germany are mainly used to generate electricity and the provision of externally usable heat still has untapped potential. In this study, we investigated gross quantities as well as the economically viable potential of Germany’s current bioenergy plant stock in supplying renewable heat.MethodsWe used a top-down GIS modeling approach to spatially and explicitly assess the heat demand of three different categories of heat sinks at sub-municipal level. These included residential, commercial, and industrial areas, as well as large individual heat consumers. We then calculated the plant-specific heat sales potential for two different district heating network options. In addition, we developed a method for assessing the economic efficiency of the previously identified technical heat sales volume for a set of 20 different clusters of bioenergy plants.ResultsThe results show that about 50% of the bioenergy plants have potential heat consumers in their immediate proximity. The overall technical heat sales potential for all three categories totals around 150 TWhth/a. However, this potential is not evenly distributed throughout Germany. Certain regions appear to be more favorable for investing in district heating networks powered by heat from biomass. The economically viable heat sales potential related to electrical energy generation ranges from − 0.128 to 0.160 €/kWhth.ConclusionWe concluded that, under certain conditions such as location or supply and demand structure, German bioenergy plants have the potential to provide a significant share to renewable energies in the heating sector. In addition, the heat sales potential is highly relevant for plant operators as the importance of heat as a business segment is set to increase. Furthermore, bioenergy plants could contribute 2.1% (16.3 TWhth/a) to the total demand for space heating in Germany (765 TWhth/a) when considering certain technical and economic constraints.

Location Planning for the Production of CO2‐Based Chemicals Using the Example of Olefin Production

AbstractA methodology for identifying suitable locations for the CO2‐based production of olefins in Germany is presented. Based on electricity and CO2 requirements, locations are identified that can provide sufficient CO2 and renewable energy for the conversion of CO2 to olefins. In addition, the use of existing infrastructures is taken into account. The regional, technical renewable energy potential in Germany is sufficient to produce ∼ 800 kt of olefins from CO2‐based methanol per year in one plant. But the currently available CO2 point sources with high CO2 concentrations of around 100 % are not sufficient to meet the CO2 requirement of an 800 kt a−1 methanol‐to‐olefins plant. If existing refineries are preferred due to existing infrastructure services, locations in the north of Cologne, in Lower Saxony, and in Brandenburg are particularly suitable. A full substitution of fossil olefins by CO2‐based olefins is possible in Germany. The challenge is to provide sufficient renewable electricity for the production of H2 with a low CO2 intensity.

Combined heat and power from hydrothermal geothermal resources in Germany: An assessment of the potential

This study investigates the potential of hydrothermal geothermal energy for combined heat and power (CHP) generation in Germany. Based on the theoretical potential of hydrothermal heat in place, the technical and economic potential is determined with a review and an analysis of existing geothermal plants. To this end, the thermodynamic and economic performance of operating power plants is analyzed and models for the efficiency and the production costs are developed. Based on this analysis, a technical potential of 12.2PWh el and 16.7PWh th as well as an economic potential of 9.1PWhel and 12.5PWhth is determined. In order to derive an annual contribution from the economic potential, the regeneration of the resource is taken into account. Considering a sustainable exploitation rate, an annual economic potential of 9.1TWhel/a and 12.5TWhth/a is derived. This corresponds to a share of 1.51% of the gross electricity demand and a share of 1.48% of the demand for space heating and domestic hot water. This analysis provides a profound review about the existing geothermal power plants and their thermodynamic and economic performance. Furthermore, the assessment of the geothermal potential in Germany is necessary for political decision making, particular with a view towards future adjustments of the feed-in tariffs defined by the Renewable Energy Act.

Analysis and evaluation of operations strategies based on a large scale 5 MW and 5 MWh battery storage system

Abstract The increasing trend of replacing traditional fossil fuels by renewable energy sources in the last 5 years leads to a more sustainable energy supply. In particular, the volatile energy generation and the fluctuating consumption cause imbalances in the power grid. Furthermore, the trading interactions in the electricity exchange market result in frequency deviations. To ensure a stable energy supply, robust balancing systems are necessary. This challenging issue can be solved by the integration of battery storage systems in the power grid. Based on this motivation the M5BAT project was established. Within this project, a 5 MW and 5 MWh battery storage system was built. The system is composed of five different battery technologies. One of the aims of the project is to investigate what kind of battery type or which combinations of batteries can be used in an economical way, with respect to different marketing strategies. Within this context frequency control reserve market has a great profiability potential in Germany. In order to ensure a holistic understanding and to derive a resilient evaluation of the BSS, it was operated with 2 MW in the frequency control market. The operation is controlled by an intelligent energy management system, which has a high influence on an economical operation. For analyzing these effects, the energy throughput for each trading week will be determined with regards to the degrees of freedom. Furthermore, the saving potentials by using degree of freedom compared to non-using degree of freedom are evaluated. A further aim of this contribution is the investigation of lifetime. Therefore, the aging rates based on the average state of energy and cycling are determined. Moreover, the profitability of the M5BAT system during frequency control reserve operation is analyzed.

Fossil fuel reduction potential in Germany's transport sector by wind-to-hydrogen

Wind-to-hydrogen (WH) is a promising option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. Therefore, the reduction potential of fossil fuels by WH was estimated taking meteorological, geographical, and technical constraints into account. The wind resource estimation is based on the application of the high-resolution (200 m × 200 m) wind speed-wind shear model (WSWS). Together with the power curves of the six most frequently installed wind turbines in 2017, WSWS was used to assess Germany's technical wind energy potential. The WH and fossil fuel reduction potentials were calculated based on proton exchange membrane electrolysis. Results from the wind resource assessment demonstrate that in addition to the currently realized wind energy (89 TWh/yr in 2017), which is directly used for electricity generation, Germany's technical onshore potential for WH is 780 TWh/yr. This amount of renewable energy available for WH could replace 80.1% of the fossil fuels currently used in the transport sector.

The use of prescription drugs with dependence potential in Germany : A prospective analysis of prescriptions in the public healthcare system between 2006 and 2010

In Germany, about 1.4 to 2.6million people are dependent on prescription drugs, mainly benzodiazepine derivatives and opioid analgesics. Despite this large number of affected people, studies on prescription behaviour and drug intake are scarce. There are particularly few empirical findings available with regard to elderly people age 65 and over who are disproportionally affected by prescription drug abuse. The North German Pharmacy Computing Centre (Norddeutsches Apothekenrechenzentrum, NARZ) collects the prescription data of about 11million citizens and covers over 80% of drug pharmacies in North Germany. Based on the data from NARZ, we evaluate person-related prescriptions of benzodiazepines, Z‑drugs and opioid analgesics. By means of incremental calculations, we determine the prevalence of prescription drug use, the long-term intake, the average daily dose of these medications and present this information as afive-year trend (2006-2010). In 2006, 10.6% of the members of public healthcare system were prescribed at least one of the medications under study. This proportion hardly changed within the five-year span. The share of patients with benzodiazepine prescription steadily decreased from 2006 (5.5%) to 2010 (5.1%), especially among elderly people. While the prevalence of Z‑drug prescriptions remained the same at about 1%, there was aslight increase in prescriptions of opioid analgesics with 5.4% in 2006 to 5.7% in 2010. The proportion of patients with long-term prescriptions decreased with regard to benzodiazepines (from 17.0 to 12.8%) and Z‑drugs (from 24.3 to 21.2%), but increased for opioid analgesics (from 19.2 to 21.2%). The analytical method used in this study is an innovative epidemiological approach to evaluate person-related register data over the course of several years. Establishing amonitoring system of prescription drugs with potential for dependence may allow for aquicker identification of trends and initiation of appropriate measures.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production on Waste Water Treatment Plants: Process Scheme, Operating Conditions and Potential Analysis for German and European Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants.

This work describes the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) as a side stream process on a municipal waste water treatment plant (WWTP) and a subsequent analysis of the production potential in Germany and the European Union (EU). Therefore, tests with different types of sludge from a WWTP were investigated regarding their volatile fatty acids (VFA) production-potential. Afterwards, primary sludge was used as substrate to test a series of operating conditions (temperature, pH, retention time (RT) and withdrawal (WD)) in order to find suitable settings for a high and stable VFA production. In a second step, various tests regarding a high PHA production and stable PHA composition to determine the influence of substrate concentration, temperature, pH and cycle time of an installed feast/famine-regime were conducted. Experiments with a semi-continuous reactor operation showed that a short RT of 4 days and a small WD of 25% at pH = 6 and around 30 °C is preferable for a high VFA production rate (PR) of 1913 mgVFA/(L×d) and a stable VFA composition. A high PHA production up to 28.4% of cell dry weight (CDW) was reached at lower substrate concentration, 20 °C, neutral pH-value and a 24 h cycle time. A final step a potential analysis, based on the results and detailed data from German waste water treatment plants, showed that the theoretically possible production of biopolymers in Germany amounts to more than 19% of the 2016 worldwide biopolymer production. In addition, a profound estimation regarding the EU showed that in theory about 120% of the worldwide biopolymer production (in 2016) could be produced on European waste water treatment plants.

Establishing Sphagnum cultures on bog grassland, cut-over bogs, and floating mats: procedures, costs and area potential in Germany

Establishing Sphagnum cultures on bog grassland, cut-over bogs, and floating mats: procedures, costs and area potential in Germany

Study on active tectonic faults using soil radon gas method in Viet Nam

Study on active tectonic faults using soil radon gas method in Viet Nam