Abstract
With the expansion of renewable energies in Germany, imminent grid congestion events occur more often. One approach for avoiding curtailment of renewable energies is to cover excess feed-in by demand response. As curtailment is often a local phenomenon, in this work we determine the regional demand response potential for the 401 German administrative districts with a temporal resolution of 15 min, including technical, socio-technical and economic restrictions. Our analysis yields that power-to-heat technologies provide the highest potentials, followed by residential appliances, commercial and industrial loads. For the considered 2030 scenario, power-to-gas and e-mobility also contribute a significant potential. The median value of the cumulated load increase potential of all technologies is 25MW per administrative district. Using such a load increase potential to cover regional excess feed-in would suffice to avoid the curtailment of 8 classical wind turbines. Further, we calculated load shifting cost-potential curves for each district. Industrial processes and power-to-heat in district heating have the lowest load shifting investment cost, due to the largest installed capacities per facility. We distinguished between different size classes of the installed capacity of heat pumps, yielding 23% lower average investment cost for heat pump flexibilisation in the city of Berlin compared to a rural district. The variable costs of most considered load shifting technologies remain under the average compensation costs for curtailment of renewable energies of 110 € /MWh. As all results and the developed code are published under open source licenses, they can be used to integrate load shifting dispatch into energy system models.
Highlights
In pursuit of reducing global CO2 emissions and mitigating climate change, renewable energy sources are considered a main instrument [1], constituting 35% of global generation capacity by the end of 2019 [2]
In this paper we focus on the application of demand response for avoiding variable renewable energy sources (VRE) curtailment in times where feed-in exceeds demand or grid capacity
The spatial distribution of the load shifting potential within the German administrative districts is analysed in the following paragraphs from a geographic perspective, as well as by looking at the frequency distribution
Summary
In pursuit of reducing global CO2 emissions and mitigating climate change, renewable energy sources are considered a main instrument [1], constituting 35% of global generation capacity by the end of 2019 [2]. The intermittent and non-dispatchable feed-in of variable renewable energy sources (VRE) [3] requires balancing technologies, such as dispatchable generators, energy storage or transmission line reinforcement [4]. Another balancing option that plays a minor role currently [5], but may gain importance with increasing shares of renewable energies, is demand response (DR) [6]. In this paper we focus on the application of demand response for avoiding VRE curtailment in times where feed-in exceeds demand or grid capacity. As this service can only be provided by load shifting, load shedding is disregarded in our analysis
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