Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential Research Articles

CH4 and CO2 Reductions from Methanol Production Using Municipal Solid Waste Gasification with Hydrogen Enhancement

This study evaluates the greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts of converting municipal solid waste (MSW) into methanol, focusing on both landfill methane (CH4) emission avoidance and the provision of cleaner liquid fuels with lower carbon intensity. We conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess potential GHG reductions from MSW gasification to methanol, enhanced with hydrogen produced via natural gas pyrolysis or water electrolysis. Hydrogen enhancement effectively doubles the methanol yield from a given amount of MSW. Special attention is given to hydrogen production through natural gas pyrolysis due to its potential for lower-cost hydrogen and reduced reliance on renewable electricity compared to electrolytic hydrogen. Our analysis uses a case study of methanol production from an oxygen-fired entrained flow gasifier fed with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) simulated in Aspen HYSYS. The LCA incorporates the significant impact of landfill methane avoidance, particularly when considering the 20-year global warming potential (GWP). Based on the LCA, the process has illustrative net GHG emissions of 183 and 709 kgCO2e/t MeOH using renewable electricity for electrolytic hydrogen and pyrolytic hydrogen, respectively, for the 100-year GWP. The net GHG emissions using 20-year GWP are −1222 and −434 kgCO2e/t MeOH, respectively. Additionally, we analyze the sensitivity of net GHG emissions to varying levels of fugitive methane emissions.

Enhancing carbon reduction and sustainable agriculture in Thailand: An assessment of rice straw utilization strategies

This research explores strategies for carbon reduction through the utilization of rice straw waste in Thailand, focusing on three project approaches: (1) converting rice straw into biomass fuel pellets for power plants, (2) transforming rice straw into biochar using high-tech systems and blending it with fertilizers, and (3) using conventional systems for biochar production. The study assesses the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential of these approaches compared to traditional open-field burning of rice straw. The results indicate that Project 2, which involves high-tech biochar production, exhibits the highest potential for GHG reduction and carbon sequestration, with a potential to reduce emissions by approximately 12.19–13.05 MTCO2e/year. This approach also has potential for generating valuable carbon credits due to biochar’s long-term carbon sequestration and soil enhancement benefits. In contrast, Project 1 yields a reduction of about 4.06–4.35 MTCO2e/year, while Project 3 results in negative emission reduction. The study recommends prioritizing and incentivizing biochar production projects, upgrading low-tech systems, balancing the use of biomass fuel pellets, leveraging carbon credits for funding, and enhancing public awareness.

Optimizing the greenhouse gas emissions of waste transfer and transport: An integration of life cycle assessment and vehicle routing problem

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with waste transfer and transport, incorporating derived leachate treatment—a factor often overlooked in existing research. Employing an integration model of life cycle assessment and a vehicle routing problem (VRP) methods, we evaluated the GHG reduction potential of waste transfer and transport system. Two Chinese counties with different topographies and demographics were selected, yielding 80 scenarios that factored in waste source separation as well as vehicle capacity, energy sources, and routes. The functional unit (FU) is transferring and transporting 1 tonne waste and treating derived leachate. The GHG emissions varied from 12 to 39 kg CO2 equivalent per FU. Waste source separation emerged as the most impactful mitigation strategy, not only for the studied system but for an integrated waste management system. Followings are the use of larger capacity vehicles and electrification of the vehicles. These insights are instrumental for policymakers and stakeholders in optimizing waste management systems to reduce GHG emissions.

Evaluation of greenhouse gas emission and reduction potential of high-food-waste-content municipal solid waste landfills: A case study of a landfill in the east of China

This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation method based on a two-stage model to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reductions in high-food-waste-content (HFWC) municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. The proposed method considers typical processes such as fugitive landfill gas (LFG), LFG collection, flaring, power generation, and leachate treatment. A case study of an HFWC MSW landfill in eastern China is considered to illustrate the evaluation. The findings revealed that the GHG emissions equivalent of the case landfill amounted to 21.23 million tons from 2007 to 2022, averaging 1.03 tons CO2-eq per ton of MSW. There was a potential underestimation of LFG generation at the landfill site during the initial stages, which led to delayed LFG collection and substantial fugitive LFG emissions. Additionally, the time distribution of GHG emissions from HFWC MSW was significantly different from that of low-food-waste-content (LFWC) MSW landfills, with peak emissions occurring much earlier. Owing to the rapid degradation characteristics of HFWC MSW, the cumulative LFG production of the landfill by 2022 (2 years after the final cover) was projected to reach 77 % of the total LFG potential. In contrast, it would take until 2030 for LFWC MSW landfills to reach this level. Furthermore, various scenarios were analyzed, in which if the rapid LFG generation characteristics of HFWC MSW are known in advance, and relevant facilities are constructed ahead of time, the collection efficiency can be improved from 31 % to over 78 %, resulting in less GHG emissions.

Technology-driven carbon-neutral pathway analysis for Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants

Carbon-neutral pathways for China's wastewater sector is of great significance, but technical carbon reduction pathways for single wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are not yet clear. This study develops a framework to design technology-driven carbon-neutral pathways at plant-level up to 2050 through four steps. Results shows that the average greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity was assessed at about 0.29 kgCO2eq/m3 from 2011 to 2021. Techno-economic analyses of various low-carbon technologies reveal Sharon-anammox as an effective option for carbon reduction. Additionally, the sensitivity of GHG reduction potential to changes in electricity emission factors highlights the importance of the power sector's clean energy transition. Scenario simulations suggest that approximately 39% of the carbon-neutral target by 2050 will require technological advancements, achievable with a 0.37 $/kgCO2eq investment. This study presents an analysis of the carbon-neutral pathways for a single WWTP system, providing insights into sustainable wastewater treatment practices.

GHG emission quantification and reduction pathway of subway shield tunnel engineering: a case study on Guangzhou Metro, China.

The shield method is a commonly used construction technique in subway tunnel engineering. However, studies on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions specifically in subway shield tunnel engineering are lacking. This study aims to investigate the GHG emission characteristics and GHG reduction pathways during the construction period of subway shield tunnels. Firstly, based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission quantification model for the shield tunnel construction period was developed using a multi-level decomposition of construction. Then, the GHG emission level and intensity during the construction period of a case project are quantified, and its emission characteristics and GHG reduction potential points are assessed. Finally, a comprehensive path for GHG reduction in subway shield tunnel engineering is proposed. The research results indicate that constructing 1 km of subway shield tunnel can generate 19,294.28 t CO2eq. Among these, material production element dominates the emissions with a percentage of 89.05%, while transportation and mechanical construction elements contribute 1.81% and 9.14%, respectively. From the structure perspective, the main structure contributes 88.73% of total emissions, while the ancillary structure contributes 11.27%. Among them, the working shaft and tunnel segments are the main sources of emissions for the main structure, accounting for 23.65% and 65.08%, respectively. Connecting channel and end reinforcement are the main emission sources of the ancillary structures, accounting for 43.63% and 31.30%, respectively. These findings provide a scientific foundation for the environmentally friendly transformation of urban railway development regarding pursuing "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" strategic goals.

The greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential of ICT: A critical review of telecommunication companies’ GHG enablement assessments

AbstractFor about a decade, telecommunication network operators (TNOs) have explored the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions their customers can achieve by using TNO services (e.g., by substituting physical travel with video conferencing), the so‐called GHG enablement. Some TNOs also calculate a GHG enablement factor, which is the ratio between the GHG enablement and their own GHG footprint. Since GHG enablements usually exceed the footprint, they create the narrative that TNOs contribute to GHG reductions across society. In this paper, we systematically analyze TNO GHG enablement claims and the underlying methodological approaches. We find several methodological shortcomings and inconsistencies, such as different sets of TNO services considered, inconsistent system boundaries, potential double counting of GHG reductions, and a disregard for rebound effects. Most importantly, TNO assessments focus exclusively on those services likely to yield GHG reductions, neglecting possible GHG‐increasing services. We conclude that current GHG enablement (factors) do not accurately and comprehensively represent TNOs’ overall GHG impacts and create a flawed picture. To provide a reliable decision basis to stakeholders such as TNOs themselves, customers, investors, and policymakers, we provide eight recommendations on how to substantially improve the methodological basis.

Exploring the green and low-carbon development pathway for an energy-intensive industrial park in China

Energy-intensive industrial parks (IPs) with the distinct characteristics of high energy consumption, substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and huge pollution, are facing enormous pressure to realize the synergistic mitigation of GHG and air pollutants. Exploring the green and low-carbon transformation of energy-intensive IPs is urgently required to achieve the dual strategies of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” and “Beautiful China”. Taking a typical energy-intensive industrial park (IP) in Henan Province—the Red Flag Cannel Industrial Park (RFCP) as the research object, an integrated evaluation framework including multi-objective optimization model alongside the synergistic mitigation potential of carbon and air pollutant emissions, was established in the energy-intensive IPs. Five scenarios were designed to quantify the GHG and air pollutant mitigation potential, while synergistic emission reduction control effects were evaluated under four measures of industrial structure adjustment, energy structure adjustment, energy efficiency improvement, and industrial symbiosis. The scenario analysis indicates that the integrated scenario (S4) shows the most significant emission reduction potential by 2030. Compared to the baseline scenario (S0), the GHG emission reduction is 11.66 Mt CO2eq (53% reduction rate), and the emission reduction rate of air pollutants ranges from 38% to 69% in S4. The findings indicate that industrial structure adjustment and energy structure adjustment are the primary measures for reducing GHG and air pollutants of IPs. Additionally, the evaluation of synergistic effect demonstrates that industrial structure adjustment shows the most significant synergistic effect on GHG and air pollutant by 2030. Finally, some policy recommendations regarding the transformation direction of energy-intensive IPs were proposed. This study will provide valuable references for the green and low-carbon development of energy-intensive IPs.

Transforming the transportation sector: Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through electric vehicles (EVs) and exploring sustainable pathways

Transportation-related emissions in Pakistan have been rapidly increasing in recent years. This study aims to determine how important it is to electrify road transportation in Pakistan to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Motivated by the need to tackle the growing environmental issues related to conventional fuel-powered automobiles, this research explores the application of electrification techniques in the context of Pakistan’s transportation system. During the 2019 fiscal year, the transportation industry in Pakistan consumed 23 × 106 tonnes of energy from the burning of fossil fuels and produced 52.9 × 106 metric tons of CO2, which made up 31% of the country’s total carbon emissions. In this research, different scenarios, such as business as usual, low carbon, strengthen low carbon, and Pakistan National Electric Vehicle Policy 2040, are evaluated for the transportation sector of the country. Using the LEAP model, this study projects the effects of electrification on Pakistan road transportation over 30 years. When estimating how electrification will affect road transportation in Pakistan over the next 30 years, several factors were taken into account, including policy frameworks, changing consumer behavior, technology advancements, and infrastructure improvements. The analysis covered the emission levels, adoption hurdles, and possible advantages of transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs). The outcomes illustrate that adopting EVs can produce substantial drops in fuel consumption and environmental emissions, providing a sustainable solution to mitigate global warming. This work is directly associated with various Sustainable Development Goals, including SDG3 (good health and well-being), SDG7 (affordable and clean energy), and SDG13 (climate action). The results of this study highlight the considerable potential for GHG reduction associated with the widespread adoption of EVs, offering crucial insights to stakeholders and policymakers.

Reduction Method of Carbon Emission in Chemical Plants: Comparison of Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Korea

There are various methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the construction and operational processes of chemical plants; however, the greenhouse gas reduction effects, investment costs, and benefits of their application have not been evaluated. Therefore, this study proposes greenhouse gas reduction measures that can be applied to chemical plant projects, including photovoltaic power generation, power factor improvement, VSD (Variable Speed Drive) motors, LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting, and minimizing on-site business trips. Subsequently, the potential greenhouse gas reduction, estimated costs, and expected benefits for each measure were calculated by region. Among these measures, power factor improvement demonstrated the highest CO<sub>2</sub> reduction potential, with an estimated investment cost as low as 27 USD/tCO<sub>2</sub>, making it an effective greenhouse gas reduction strategy. Additionally, LED lighting and minimizing on-site business trips, which require little initial investment, should be implemented promptly. The proposed five measures, considering the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, estimated investment costs, and benefits, can be applied to identify ways to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in new chemical plants.

Exploring the GHG reduction potential of pilot diesel-ignited ammonia engines - Effects of diesel injection timing and ammonia energetic ratio

Ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines have been demonstrated as a promising technology to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, understandings of the operational boundaries and combustion mechanism in the ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines are far from adequate, and the published works are mostly done with relatively low ammonia substitution ratios. To bridge the gap between the technology status and the potential in engineering applications, a series of engine bench tests of the pilot diesel-ignited ammonia combustion with detailed analysis of the combustion performance and exhaust gas emissions are conducted in this study to explore the GHG reduction potential. As the first report, the effects of the diesel injection timing and ammonia energetic ratio on the performance and exhaust gas emissions of the dual-fuel engine at various loads and a fixed speed are evaluated in this paper. As the ammonia energetic ratio increases, the diesel injection timing for the stable engine operation becomes narrower. Increasing the ammonia energetic ratio decreases the indicated thermal efficiency. The ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engine can maintain the stable of COVIMEP below 3% at a wide ammonia energetic ratio range, the indicated thermal efficiency with the tested upmost 90% ammonia energetic ratio can reach about 34% if an optimized diesel injection timing is implemented. The unburned ammonia increases linearly with the ammonia energetic ratio while the unburned ammonia ratios of total input ammonia are similar at the different ammonia energetic ratios. In comparison to the conventional pure-diesel mode, while the CO2 emission decreases by 50% and 72%, the equivalent CO2 emission (i.e., CO2 + 265 N2O, labelled as CO2e) decreases by 24% and 55% at the 60% and 80% ammonia energetic ratios in the ammonia-diesel mode, respectively. In the ammonia-diesel dual-fuel mode, the specific CO2e, N2O and unburned ammonia decrease with the engine load increasing from 50% to 100%, while the highest indicated thermal efficiency is reached at the 75% load.

Life cycle assessment of sludge anaerobic digestion combined with land application treatment route: Greenhouse gas emission and reduction potential

Sewage sludge treatment and disposal is essential for water environment protection and pollution management. Coupling anaerobic digestion with land application offers a promising solution to recycle energy and resources to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions. However, the comprehensive assessment of the anaerobic digestion treatment route on GHG emissions and reduction potential is lacking. This study used life cycle assessment(LCA) to evaluate the GHG emissions based on two cases. The GHG emissions resulting from the digested sludge land application was considered, and the reduction potentials resulting from biogas utilization and substituting chemical fertilizers were also analyzed. The results showed the net GHG emissions of the two cases were 178.92 and − 26.33 kg CO2-eq/tDS, respectively. When excluding the reduction, the GHG emissions of the two cases were 519.32 and 352.97 kg CO2-eq/tDS, respectively, where the dewatering, digested sludge drying, and land application were the main contributors. The GHG emissions associated with the digested sludge land application accounted for 28% and 45% of the total GHG emissions in two cases, respectively. The GHG emission reduction could be achieved by sludge substitution for chemical fertilizer, which could offset 65.5% and 107.5% of the total GHG emissions in two cases, respectively. While the biogas utilization could only offset less than 10% of the total GHG emissions of both cases. Likewise, improving organic content or specific biogas yield rates could only offset up to 26.2% and 40.3% of the total GHG emissions. These findings provide understanding into evaluating GHG emissions of the sludge anaerobic digestion treatment route.

Technological assessment of greenhouse gas reduction potential of power generation in Türkiye

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century and transformation of power generation infrastructure is essential to achieve the long-term temperature goals set by the Paris Agreement, given that it accounts approximately 34% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Türkiye, as a developing country, has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by up to 41% from the business-as-usual level by 2030. To explore potential pathways for the mitigation of emissions from power generation in Türkiye, a model was developed using the TIMES (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) modelling framework within this study. This model utilized national datasets to conduct a comprehensive assessment of current infrastructure of power generation in Türkiye, and emission trends were estimated under various scenarios. TIMES model allowed for an analysis of the energy, economy, and environment relationships based on technological development. Results were obtained for the reference scenario and three alternative scenarios for the period of 2020–2045. A mitigation potential of 18–50% from business as usual levels was obtained across scenarios. Total system costs were increased around 4%–24% as compared with reference scenario, which resulted in higher unit cost for electricity production.

Comparing Life-Cycle Emissions of Biofuels for Marine Applications: Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Wastes, Pyrolysis of Wood, Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Landfill Gas, and Solvolysis of Wood.

Recent restrictions on marine fuel sulfur content and a heightened regulatory focus on maritime decarbonization are driving the deployment of low-carbon and low-sulfur alternative fuels for maritime transport. In this study, we quantified the life-cycle greenhouse gas and sulfur oxide emissions of several novel marine biofuel candidates and benchmarked the results against the emissions reduction targets set by the International Maritime Organization. A total of 11 biofuel pathways via four conversion processes are considered, including (1) biocrudes derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of wastewater sludge and manure, (2) bio-oils from catalytic fast pyrolysis of woody biomass, (3) diesel via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of landfill gas, and (4) lignin ethanol oil from reductive catalytic fractionation of poplar. Our analysis reveals that marine biofuels' life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions range from -60 to 56 gCO2e MJ-1, representing a 41-163% reduction compared with conventional low-sulfur fuel oil, thus demonstrating a considerable potential for decarbonizing the maritime sector. Due to the net-negative carbon emissions from their life cycles, all waste-based pathways showed over 100% greenhouse gas reduction potential with respect to low-sulfur fuel oil. However, while most biofuel feedstocks have a naturally occurring low-sulfur content, the waste feedstocks considered here have higher sulfur content, requiring hydrotreating prior to use as a marine fuel. Combining the break-even price estimates from a published techno-economic analysis, which was performed concurrently with this study, the marginal greenhouse gas abatement cost was estimated to range from -$120 to $370 tCO2e-1 across the pathways considered. Lower marginal greenhouse gas abatement costs were associated with waste-based pathways, while higher marginal greenhouse gas abatement costs were associated with the other biomass-based pathways. Except for lignin ethanol oil, all candidates show the potential to be competitive with a carbon credit of $200 tCO2e-1 in 2016 dollars, which is within the range of prices recently received in connection with California's low-carbon fuel standard.

Analysis of electrification and its greenhouse gas reduction potential in the industrial sector of Korea using mixed methods

Carbon neutrality has heightened the necessity for deep decarbonization in the industrial sector, emphasizing the significance of ambitious mitigation measures, including system-level energy and material efficiency, carbon capture and utilization, electrification, and green hydrogen utilization. Electrification, particularly in the hard-to-abate industrial sector, emerges as a critical tool assuming the power sector's decarbonization. This study aims to evaluate Korea's industrial sector electrification potential and its greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential by 2050. To achieve this, we employ a mixed-method approach, integrating quantitative methods, such as the Iterative Proportional Fitting Procedure (IPFP) for data consistency, energy forecast, and elasticity of substitution models, along with a qualitative method involving energy experts through the Delphi technique. The results indicate an estimated 41% electrification potential for Korea's industrial sector by 2050, with a potential GHG reduction of approximately 26.3% compared to the Business-as-Usual emissions.

Methodology for estimating the decarbonization potential at the neighborhood level in an urban area: Application to La Carrasca in Valencia city - Spain

Decarbonization potential estimation is critical to calculate and measure a specific area's actual greenhouse gas reduction capacity. However, it is often challenging to estimate decarbonization potential, especially when dealing with large and diverse urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to study the carbon footprint in the study area before evaluating decarbonization potential. This study aimed to develop a methodology for estimating the decarbonization potential in a district and applying it to La Carrasca neighborhood in Valencia City, Spain. The concept behind selecting a smaller area encompassing multiple sectors, including residential and services, rather than an entire city was to concentrate on often overlooked details, streamline the information processing, and consider factors that are otherwise unfeasible when a larger area is chosen. The proposed method considers all potential emissions according to scopes 1, 2, and 3 (direct emissions, primary indirect emissions, and other indirect emissions, respectively) and all possible decarbonization measures, including renewables, nature-based solutions, electrification, and improved waste management. The study utilizes several tools to achieve these objectives, including HOMER, QGIS, DATADIS, Google Earth, and Excel. The results of this study showed that the decarbonization potential of La Carrasca neighborhood is 7488 tons of CO2, representing a bit more than 11% of its overall emissions, and the total cost per emission saving during the lifetime of all the analyzed technologies is 200 €/tCO2. However, achieving complete decarbonization of the area would require more aggressive mitigation measures, government incentives, policy changes, new measures, and changes in habits among the population. Overall, the numerical results demonstrate the importance of considering an area's carbon footprint and utilizing a comprehensive methodology to estimate the decarbonization potential for effective greenhouse gas reduction. The proposed methodology could be extrapolated to other areas to estimate decarbonization potential and emissions and to determine the feasibility of achieving negative carbon emissions.

Water-table-driven greenhouse gas emission estimates guide peatland restoration at national scale

Abstract. The substantial climate change mitigation potential of restoring peatlands through rewetting and intensifying agriculture to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is largely recognized. The green deal in Denmark aims at restoring 100 000 ha of peatlands by 2030. This area corresponds to more than half of the Danish peatland, with an expected reduction in GHG emissions of almost half of the entire land use, land use change and forestry (LULUFC) emissions. Recent advances established the functional relationship between hydrological regimes, i.e., water table depth (WTD), and CO2 and CH4 emissions. This builds the basis for science-based tools to evaluate and prioritize peatland restoration projects. With this article, we lay the foundation of such a development by developing a high-resolution WTD map for Danish peatlands. Further, we define WTD response functions (CO2 and CH4) fitted to Danish flux data to derive a national GHG emission estimate for peat soils. We estimate the annual GHG emissions to be 2.6 Mt CO2-eq, which is around 15 % lower than previous estimates. Lastly, we investigate alternative restoration scenarios and identify substantial differences in the GHG reduction potential depending on the prioritization of fields in the rewetting strategy. If wet fields are prioritized, which is not unlikely in a context of a voluntary bottom-up approach, the GHG reduction potential is just 30 % for the first 10 000 ha with respect to a scenario that prioritizes drained fields. This underpins the importance of the proposed framework linking WTD and GHG emissions to guide a spatially differentiated peatland restoration. The choice of model type used to fit the CO2 WTD response function, the applied global warming potentials and uncertainties related to the WTD map are investigated by means of a scenario analysis, which suggests that the estimated GHG emissions and the reduction potential are associated with coefficients of variation of 13 % and 22 %, respectively.

Potential greenhouse gas emissions and reduction from municipal solid waste management in Phnom Penh municipality

AbstractThis study evaluates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduction potential from municipal solid waste management (MSWM) following the IPCC 2006 guidelines. Under different MSWM scenarios of Phnom Penh municipality, this study quantifies GHG emissions from transportation, open burning, composting, recycling, anaerobic digestion (AD), incineration, and landfilling municipal solid waste. The study also considers the GHG emissions avoided as a benefit of recycling and electricity generation from incineration and AD. Various waste separation rates are used to evaluate the effectiveness of source segregation in GHG mitigation. The results show that the most significant net GHG emission saving is under scenario 5, avoiding about 1.15 M kg CO2‐eq/day with treatment affords 389 t/day of organic waste, 714 t/day of mixed recyclables, 777 t/day of digestible food waste, and 1,280 t/day of commingled waste via composting, recycling, AD, and incineration, respectively. The worst‐case scenario represents the current MSWM method, which generates the highest GHG emissions of 3.13 M kg CO2‐eq/day. This is due to the open burning of uncollected waste (211 t/day) and landfilling (2,835 t/day). Based on the analysis, an integrated MSWM system along with source separation for recycling and resource recovery purposes is highly recommended as it leads to the most significant reduction in environmental impacts. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the practical implications of policy frameworks for MSWM, specifically in terms of GHG emissions reduction. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential based on Waste Recovery Factor in Gading and Dukuh Setro Subdistrics, Surabaya

People’s growth and their activities increase waste generation. Therefore, efforts to reduce waste are needed, including community-based reduction efforts. This research is located in Gading and Dukuh Setro sub-districts in Surabaya City. The purpose of this study was to measure the potential for waste reduction and greenhouse gas reduction. Measurement of waste generation, waste composition, and waste density was based on SNI 19-3964-1994. The researcher conducted sampling in low, middle, and high-income areas, covering 83 families. Greenhouse gas emissions were estimated using the LandGEM (U.S. EPA) method based on the waste disposed at landfill, considering the existing reduction conditions and optimal material recovery. Solid waste generation in 2022 per year was 4.695,58 tons. The largest composition of waste consisted of biodegradable waste (37.13%), plastic waste (25.73%), and diapers and sanitary napkins (18.25%). The average density of loose waste was 152.42 kg/m3. The existing reduction had 1.47% waste bank reduction activity and 0.72% composting reduction activity, for a total reduction of 2.19%. The average optimal reduction was 52.7%, whereas the optimal reduction in the waste bank was 17.5%. The optimal composting reduction was 35.2%. Thus, the existing scenario in 2032 obtained reductions from total landfill gas of 725,498 Gg/year, methane of 193,788 Gg/year, carbon dioxide of 531,710 Gg/year, and NMOC of 8,330 Gg/year. Meanwhile, the optimal scenario for 2032 obtained reductions from total landfill gas of 239.067 Gg/year, methane of 63.857 Gg/year, carbon dioxide of 175.209 Gg/year, and NMOC of 0.412 Gg/year

Action‐ versus results‐based policy designs for agricultural climate change mitigation

AbstractReducing agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is key to achieve overall climate policy goals. Effective and efficient policy instruments are needed to incentivize farmers' adoption of on‐farm climate change mitigation practices. We compare action‐ and results‐based policy designs for GHG reduction in agriculture and account for farmers' heterogeneous behavioral characteristics such as individual farming preferences, reluctance to change and social interactions. An agent‐based bio‐economic modeling approach is used to simulate total GHG reduction, overall governmental spending and farm‐level marginal abatement cost of Swiss dairy and beef cattle farms under both action‐ and results‐based policy designs. We find that total governmental spending associated with the compared policy designs depends on the cost and benefits of the considered measures as well as behavioral characteristics of farmers. More precisely, if farmers are reluctant to change, additional incentives are needed to increase adoption of a win‐win measure. In such a case, targeting the payment on the cost of that particular measure (action‐based design) instead of paying a uniform amount for abated emissions (results‐based design) can lower governmental spending for agricultural climate change mitigation. Farm‐level marginal cost of reducing GHG emissions are lower with results‐based payments independent of the cost of measures. Moreover, we find that farmers' individual preferences and reluctance to change substantially lower the adoption of mitigation measures and hence overall GHG reduction potential of farms.