Potential Food Sources Research Articles

Enhancing the nutritional value and functional properties of mango pulp via lactic acid bacteria fermentation

The probiotic properties of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei OR1 and PP1 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MA3 and PP3, were evaluated. OR1 showed the highest levels of self-aggregation (61.27%) and coaggregation (17.70%) with Staphylococcus aureus. Compared to the crude cell-free supernatant (CFS) and ethyl acetate extract fraction, the water extract fraction of the CFS showed greater antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. All LAB strains exhibited the highest levels of total carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in the CFS, suggesting that they can release water-soluble bioactive compounds into the growth medium. The phytochemical profile of Mahachanok mango, which is rich in bioactive compounds, was improved through LAB fermentation. LC–MS/MS analysis revealed 60 compounds, including phenolic acids (1.11-fold), organic acids (1.21-fold), and amino acid derivatives (1.28-fold), that were more abundant in the fermented Mahachanok mango pulp (FMP) samples than in the fresh samples. Interestingly, the antioxidant proline level increased 377.28-fold, and novel dipeptides and tripeptides were present in the FMP fermented with L. paracasei OR1. Mango pulp is a potential source of nutrients for LAB growth and metabolism; thus, LAB fermentation could be used to produce a functional food product rich in antioxidants and bioactive peptides.

Spatiotemporal ecological risk evaluation and source identification of heavy metals and nutrients in the water and lake surface sediment in a protected catchment area of a volcanic lake.

Indonesia has numerous lakes; however, research on the spatiotemporal sediment quality and source identification in lakes remains limited. The overaccumulation of heavy metals and nutrients in lakes severely threatens aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to identify potential sources of metallic deposits (Cu, Pb, Cr, Fe, Al, and Cd) and nutrients (TN and TP) in lake-surface sediment, utilizing enrichment factors (EF), geoaccumulation indices (Igeo), potential ecological risk indices (Er), and risk indices (RI). Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation analysis, were conducted to pinpoint pollution sources linked to land use. Eight sampling sites for surface sediment and water were examined in both wet and dry seasons at Menjer Lake, chosen for its diverse applications in tourism, hydropower, floating net cages, and extensive agriculture in its catchment. Correlation and PCA results indicated that Pb, Fe, and Al mainly originate from tourism, while Al, Fe, TN, and TP are associated with agriculture. The highest average loading from land use was observed in agriculture (> 0.8), floating net cages (> 0.76), and tourism (> 0.68). Furthermore, the highest loading from nutrients and all metals were TP (> 0.71) and all metals (> 0.35), respectively. Ecological risk assessment revealed low to moderately polluted EFs and Igeo in the dry season. However, Menjer Lake's Er and RI for heavy metals were generally classified as unpolluted.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)—A potential source of phytochemicals, food, and nutrition—An updated review

AbstractCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is believed to be an important staple food crop providing potential valuable food source as well as variety of phytoconstituents. Its starchy tubers provide a significant source of energy for around 500 million individuals. Among staple crops, it is regarded to be one of the top suppliers of carbohydrates. Its physicochemical qualities, as well as its availability, have made it a captivating food component. Cassava starch is a valuable raw material used to make a variety of both native and modified starch for cooking purposes. They have also been used for a variety of industrial uses. Cassava starch and flour have the potential to be valuable alternatives to rice, maize, and wheat crops. The advantages included being a staple diet for humans, a component of animal feeds, a raw ingredient for food processing, edible coatings, locally produced alcoholic beverages, and ethanol manufacturing. The roots consist of cyanogenic glycosides, which can lead to lethal cyanide poisoning if tubers arse not properly detoxified using different processing methods include washing, fermentation, boiling, peeling and chemical processing to escape toxin content. The current review summarizes cassava's bioactive components which could be a potential source of various pharmaceutical drugs as well as a source of traditional and modern food applications.

Feeding behaviour and food choice in three populations of the millipede Glomeris hexasticha Brandt, 1833 (Diplopoda: Glomerida: Glomeridae): intra- and interpopulation laboratory study

Abstract Foraging behaviour, determined by both internal and external factors, requires investment of time and energy. Optimizing the nutritional decisions also influences efficiency during the feeding process and fitness. Feeding behaviour has been poorly investigated in millipedes. Hence, the aims of this study were to test food choice and to explore intra- and interpopulation variability in several sequences of feeding behaviour in millipede Glomeris hexasticha Brandt, 1833 under laboratory conditions. Individuals of G. hexasticha and leaf litter were collected from three populations within Belgrade, Serbia. A feeding experiment was conducted using a cross-shaped experimental maze with oak leaves, small-leaved linden leaves, and moss as potential food sources. The individuals most often chose oak leaves, subsequently moss, while linden leaves were the least preferred. Sexual dimorphism was detected only for the average time spent in maze arms that contained food items in the Ada New Belgrade population and the Hyde Park population. Intrapopulation differences that depended on feeding status and interpopulation differences in some behavioural sequences were detected. We assume that sexual dimorphism in most of the analysed behavioural traits was not detected, because both sexes had to satisfy basic nutritive requirements after the same starvation period. However, research timing may be responsible, at least partially, for the obtained results. Repeating experiments in different periods of the year or using more fresh food or food sources in different phases of the decomposition may give different results. Further, in our experimental design, some unknown preference towards particular maze arms could not be completely excluded.

The Growth Response of Rendeu (<i>Staurogyne elongata</i> (Neese) Kuntze) to Shoot Pruning and Its Propagation by Shoot Cutting

Rendeu (Staurogyne elongata (Neese) Kuntze) is a native Indonesian plant used as food and traditional medicine in the daily life of the people residing around Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. Due to the potential source of herbal-based medicines and traditional food in the long-run purposes, the proper method of its propagation is required, so that Rendeu can be conserved and utilised sustainably. This study employed two research designs. First, a completely randomized design with pruning and IAA (indole-3 acetic acid) treatment was used for seedling growths. Second, plant propagation applied a factorial randomized block design: planting media types and plant growth regulator (PGR) (rootone F) treatment. Observation included the number of buds, number of leaves, number of flowers, plant biomass, root length, and relative chlorophyll content using the SPAD tool. The data were analysed using ANOVA (SPSS ver. 17.0), followed by Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that applying IAA and leaf pruning could increase the number of buds, the number of leaves and the fresh weight of S. elongata plants compared to the control plant. The addition of rootone increased the growth of Rendeu shoot cuttings, shown in all growth parameters and chlorophyll content. Humus was the best media for Rendeu’s growth among all planting medium. Planting media affected the increase in the number of leaves and the number of buds of S. elongata significantly. The interaction of planting media and PGR somewhat influenced root length and total leaf chlorophyll. The growth and production of S. elongata increased with the time of planting.

Accessing the Efficacy of Sargassum-Based Aqueous Phase Products Derived from Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Hydrothermal Liquefaction on Plant Growth

Mass Sargassum inundations have created opportunities for readily available biomass to be used as a crop enrichment application. However, the heavy metal contents of Sargassum pose serious concerns for crop administration and subsequent human consumption. Hydrothermal processing can break the feedstock components, allowing heavy metals to be partitioned, through the utilisation of high temperatures and pressures. As a result, seemingly nutrient-rich phases can be produced. Elemental analyses showed that Sargassum-derived fractions contain important macro- and micronutrients for plants, particularly ammonium, orthophosphate, and potassium, making them potential nutrient sources for plant growth. To date, no research has investigated the plant growth potential of hydrothermally processed Sargassum products from a bioavailability or biotoxicity perspective. We seek to determine if the aqueous phase products derived following Sargassum processing by hydrothermal carbonisation and liquefaction are toxic to higher plants, and if they can support plant growth. Aqueous phase products in ≥1% concentrations inhibit root growth and lateral root formation in Arabidopsis plants, likely from the presence of inhibitory compounds. However, aqueous phase products in ≤0.1% concentrations paired with an established nutrient mix may provide improved leaf and root growth. Both HTC and HTL were capable of eliciting improved foliage growth, while only HTC induced improved root growth. Conclusively, aqueous phase products lack nutrient potency to allow high dilutions for fertiliser application on their own and may contain inhibitory compounds that deter plant growth at high concentrations. However, they might have a purpose as an additive extract. The recovery of important elements needed for plant growth draws a promising path for future applications of hydrothermal processing with different feedstocks.

Efficient In Vitro Platform for Multiplication, Acclimatization, and Deliver of High-NaCl-Tolerant Clones of the Halophyte Arthrocaulon macrostachyum

Halophytes are species able to grow and complete their life cycle under NaCl concentrations above 0.2 M. In a context of growing population and uncertain agricultural food sustainability, there is an interest on halophytes as potential source of food and fodder. However, scarce research has addressed in vitro propagation of halophytes as a tool for study, conservation, and propagation of elite germplasm. In this study, an efficient method for micropropagation of the succulent and salt accumulator halophyte Arthrocaulon macrostachyum has been established for the first time, using shoot tips from in vitro-germinated plant material. During shoot multiplication stage, superior genotypes were selected from explants grown in high strength and NaCl content medium and subsequently rooted and acclimatized to ex vitro conditions. A comprehensive characterization including determination of oxidative stress, photosynthesis performance, and mineral nutrient contents was done. This research gains insight into the physiological and biochemical characterization of halophytes during micropropagation and provides a solid platform for the production of elite A. macrostachyum germplasm for ulterior uses.

Identification of cyclooxygenase-II inhibitory saponins from fenugreek wastes: Insights from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics, molecular networking, and molecular docking.

This research explores sustainable applications for waste generated from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), a plant with both nutritional and medicinal uses. The study specifically targets waste components as potential sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds. The focus is to conduct detailed metabolic profiling of fenugreek waste, assess its anti-inflammatory properties by studying its cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory effect, and correlate this effect to the metabolite fingerprint. Ethanolic extracts of fenugreek fruit pericarp and a combination of leaves and stems were subjected to untargeted metabolic profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry integrated with online database searches and molecular networking as an effective dereplication strategy. The study also scrutinized the COX inhibitory capabilities of these extracts and saponin-rich fractions prepared therefrom. Molecular docking was employed to investigate the specific interactions between the identified saponins and COX enzymes. The analysis led to the annotation of 81 metabolites, among which saponins were predominant. The saponin-rich fraction of the fruit pericarp extract displayed the strongest COX-II inhibitory activity in the in vitro inhibition assay (IC50 value of 81.64 ± 3.98 μg/mL). The molecular docking study supported the selectivity of the identified saponins towards COX-II. The two major identified saponins, namely, proto-yamogenin 3-O-[deoxyhexosyl (1 → 2)] [hexosyl (1 → 4)] hexoside 26-O-hexoside and trigofenoside A, were predicted to have the highest affinity to the COX-II receptor site. In the present study, we focused on the identification of COX-II inhibitory saponins in fenugreek waste through an integrated approach. The findings offer valuable insights into potential anti-inflammatory and cancer chemoprotective applications of fenugreek waste.

Utilization of microalgae for agricultural runoff remediation and sustainable biofuel production through an integrated biorefinery approach

Generally wastewater such agricultural runoff is considered a nuisance; however, it could be harnessed as a potential source of nutrients like nitrates and phosphates in integrated biorefinery context. In the current study, microalgae Chlorella sp. S5 was used for bioremediation of agricultural runoff and the leftover algal biomass was used as a potential source for production of biofuels in an integrated biorefinery context. The microalgae Chlorella sp. S5 was cultivated on Blue Green (BG 11) medium and a comprehensive optimization of different parameters including phosphates, nitrates, and pH was carried out to acquire maximum algal biomass enriched with high lipids content. Dry biomass was quantified using the solvent extraction technique, while the identification of nitrates and phosphates in agricultural runoff was carried out using commercial kits. The algal extracted lipids (oils) were employed in enzymatic trans-esterification for biodiesel production using whole-cell biomass of Bacillus subtilis Q4 MZ841642. The resultant fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Subsequently, both the intact algal biomass and its lipid-depleted algal biomass were used for biogas production within a batch anaerobic digestion setup. Interestingly, Chlorella sp. S5 demonstrated a substantial reduction of 95% in nitrate and 91% in phosphate from agricultural runoff. The biodiesel derived from algal biomass exhibited a noteworthy total FAME content of 98.2%, meeting the quality standards set by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European union (EU) standards. Furthermore, the biomethane yields obtained from whole biomass and lipid-depleted biomass were 330.34 NmL/g VSadded and 364.34 NmL/g VSadded, respectively. In conclusion, the findings underscore the potent utility of Chlorella sp. S5 as a multi-faceted resource, proficiently employed in a sequential cascade for treating agricultural runoff, producing biodiesel, and generating biogas within the integrated biorefinery concept.Graphical

Study on the Development of Fiber-Rich Noodles through the Substitution of Wheat Flour with Pregelatinized Tannia Flour

Traditional noodles are often criticized for their low fiber content, a component with numerous health benefits in preventing degenerative diseases. Tannia, a potential food source in Indonesia, is recognized for its richness in fiber. This study evaluated the chemical properties, cooking quality, and sensory aspects of noodles made from a composite of wheat flour and pregelatinized tannia flour (PTF). PTF, obtained by boiling tannia tuber slices at a temperature of 95°C for 10 minutes, drying, mashing, and sieving using a 60-mesh sieve, was used to substitute some of the wheat flour in dry noodles production. Substitution levels ranged from 0% (control) to 30%. Results showed a significant impact on protein, carbohydrate, and crude fiber content, as well as color, cooking quality, and sensory properties. Crude fiber increased with substitution, but above 25%, noodles exhibited lower elasticity compared to the control. In conclusion, a 25% substitution of wheat flour with PTF produced noodles with higher crude fiber content, better cooking quality, and sensory properties comparable to control noodles (without substitution). Noodles with 25% substitution had a crude fiber content of 4.89%, while control noodles were at 3.84%

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi Symbiosis in Sustainable Production of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Under Drought Stress: An Emerging Biofertilizer in Dryland Areas

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important cereal crop grown in arid and semiarid regions where water and other resources are limited. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns have resulted in frequent droughts, which caused significant yield loss in sorghum. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in sorghum cultivation due to its resilience to climate change and potential source of food and income. The symbiotic interaction of sorghum with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been found to induce several physiological and molecular changes that improve the ability of sorghum to withstand drought stress. This symbiotic relationship enhances water and nutrient uptake, osmotic adjustment, activation of stress‐responsive genes, stomatal regulation, and antioxidant defense, leading to improved drought tolerance in sorghum. Agricultural practices such as reduced tillage, cover cropping, intercropping, crop rotation, and the use of organic amendments promote the diversity and effectiveness of AM fungal symbiosis. Such agricultural practices create more favorable conditions for AM fungal establishment and growth while reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. In this review, we highlight AM fungal symbiosis on sorghum growth, physiology, and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of AM fungal symbiosis under moisture deficit conditions. Overall, the present review elucidates sorghum production and breeding success in Ethiopia, the symbiotic mechanisms between plants and AM fungi, the prospects of biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture, the potential of AM fungal symbiosis as a sustainable approach to improve sorghum production and its synergistic effect with other crop management practices.

Dining on corals: stable isotope evidence for close trophic connection between gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) and their stony coral hosts

The exact nature of the relationship between symbiont fauna and their hosts is often unclear, but knowing more about these intricate ecological interactions is vital to understand the trophic positions of host-associated fauna, and can aid in accurate constructions of food-webs on coral reefs. Scleractinian corals are hosts to hundreds of symbiont taxa, including fish and many invertebrate species. Some of these associated fauna are beneficial to their coral host(s), whereas other taxa can have detrimental effects, yet their impact is often difficult to determine. Coral-dwelling gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) are obligate, often host-specific, symbionts of scleractinian corals but the nature of this relationship is still under debate. Three Atlantic gall crab species (Kroppcarcinus siderastreicola, Opecarcinus hypostegus and Troglocarcinus corallicola) and their coral hosts’ tissue/mucus were collected from reefs in Guadeloupe. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values were measured for 57 crabs inhabiting host coral colonies belonging to seven different coral species (although only 27 colonies from five coral species were collected), alongside other potential food sources (epilithic algal matrix, plankton and particulate organic matter). The carbon and nitrogen isotope values of gall crabs relative to those of their respective coral host(s) and other possible food sources showed that coral tissue/mucus was the main food source for the crabs. The results of the mixing models further supported this finding, suggesting that corals are responsible for 40–70% of the crabs’ diet. In T. corallicola, the isotopic signature differed significantly between sexes, possibly caused by the high sexual dimorphism observed in this species. Here we showed that Atlantic gall crabs mainly dine on coral tissue and/or mucus excreted by their coral hosts, highlighting their nutritional dependence on their host. However, since coral mucus is continuously exuded by scleractinians, hence the energetic or metabolic drain for corals is expected to be minimal. Gall crabs depend on their coral hosts for settlement cues as larvae, for habitat as adults and - highlighted by this study - for food, essential for their subsistence. This obligate dependence on their hosts for all parts of their life makes them extremely vulnerable to reef degradation, and underlines the importance in understanding the exact nature of a relationship between symbiont and coral host.

Distribution of river flow in the river bed

The article investigates the fractional and chemical composition of the river flow in the “Sokhsoy” riverbed and their potential applications. The main factors considered are the fractional and chemical composition of fluids flowing along with water in the channel and their changing proportions in water along the length of the channel. The primary components of the fractional composition of suspended solids in the river are particles with diameters of 1.0 - 0.05 mm and 0.05 - 0.001 mm, which account for an average total share of 22.64% and 5.78% in the entrance and exit parts, respectively, for the former, and 3.48% and 5.78% in the entrance and exit parts, respectively, for the latter. The chemical composition of the river discharges is found to be rich in nutrients necessary for plant development, making it a potential source of crop field nutrients. The results suggest that regulating the amount of chemical compounds is possible by controlling the distribution of river flows in the river, as well as the fractional and chemical composition of the flow.

Bioprospecting of sea cucumber (Holothuria sp.) as industries and functional foods for human health

Sea cucumber inhabit scattered throughout the world's in tropical, subtropical and cool waters and known high protein of marine species and bioactive compounds as well as essential and non-essential amino acids that very important for the human health. Even sea cucumbers as a potential food source have become raw materials for the health pharmaceutical industries and as a source of food that is expensive. The bioactive compounds of sea cucumbers as amino acid namely steroids, saponins, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, histidine, arginine, threonine, alanine, proline, thyrosine, valine, methioni, systein, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, linoleic-, oleic, omega-3, O-6, O-9, EPA and DHA. These complex bioactive compounds is beneficial for heart and blood vessel health, anticoagulant, plays an active role in curing osteoarthritis, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antihypertensive, anticancer, antifungal, as well as cytotoxic activity. Some research to investigate the benefits of sea cucumber bioactive compounds has created business opportunities that are processed from raw materials of fresh, frozen and dried sea cucumbers. The market products are snack packaging such as sea cucumber crackers, sea cucumber tea, sea cucumber sardines, ready-to-eat frozen sea cucumber. Sea cucumber derivative products for health have produced as supplement, capsules and skincare products in a variety of serum products, creams, body lotions, shampoos and soaps. Bioprospection of sea cucumbers which are very rich in nutrients that are important for human health as a supplement to maintain health, sufferers and the healing stage, also really supports the growth stages of children and overcomes aging.

Introduction of the microbial symbiosis in marine organisms from the genus Tridacna and Kiwaidae and the insight in aquaculture gained from them

The global demand for essential nutrients, particularly protein, is steadily rising as the world's population increases. Aquatic animals contribute significantly to protein consumption, making up 15.3% of the world's protein intake. Aquaculture, the fastest-growing sector in agriculture over the past three decades, has emerged as a vital source of aquatic animal protein. However, the success of aquaculture is closely tied to environmental factors, such as water quality and nutrient availability. This paper explores the role of microbial symbiosis in nutrient acquisition by marine invertebrates and how these natural relationships can inspire innovative approaches in aquaculture. The first case study focuses on the giant clam, which forms a mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates known as zooxanthellae. These clams, found in nutrient-poor waters, harness energy through photosynthesis, facilitated by these symbiotic microbes. The paper delves into the molecular mechanisms of this association and its potential applications in aquaculture. In the second case study, the yeti crab's relationship with chemoautotrophic bacteria is examined. These crabs actively cultivate epibiotic bacteria on their setae and rely on these microbes for sustenance. The paper discusses the microbial mechanisms involved in sulfur respiration and how the crab utilizes these bacteria. Drawing insights from these case studies, the paper proposes innovative approaches in the realm of aquaculture. These include the domestication of symbiotic species, the induction of symbiosis in aquacultural species, and the supplementation of aquacultural organisms with microbes as a potential food source. Various methods, such as mass selection, are suggested as potential means to carry out these experiments. It is important to note that while these ideas are theoretically compelling, they remain largely untested in practical applications, and the paper critically evaluates their feasibility in light of this nascent stage of research.

Biofertilizers from wastewater treatment as a potential source of mineral nutrients for growth of amaranth plants.

Exploring alternative fertilizers is crucial in agriculture due to the cost and environmental impact of inorganic options. This study investigated the potential of sewage-derived biofertilizers on the growth and physiology of Amaranthus cruentus plants. Various treatments were compared, including control treatments with inorganic fertilizer and treatments with biofertilizers composed of microalgae, biosolids and reclaimed water. The following traits were investigated: photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, growth, and leaf nutrient concentrations. The results showed that the concentrations of N, P, Cu, Fe Zn and Na nutrients, in the dry microalgae and biosolids, were quite high for the needs of the plants. The wet microalgae presented high concentration of Cu, Fe and Zn nutrients while reclaimed water contained high concentration of N, K, Ca and S. Na and Zn nutrients increased in the leaf of plants treated with dry microalgae and biosolid, respectively. At the beginning of the flowering phase, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were lower for plants grown with wet microalgae while for plants grown with higher doses of biosolid or reclaimed water total chlorophyll was increased, and carotenoids were not affected. Lower photosynthetic pigments under wet microalgae resulted in lower photosynthetic rates. On the other hand, amendments with dry microalgae and biosolid increased photosynthetic rates with the biosolid being the most effective. Higher applications of biosolid, wet and dry microalgae produced a considerable increase in shoot biomass of amaranth, with the dry microalgae being the most effective. Additionally, reclaimed water obtained after tertiary treatment of sewage with microalgae and biosolids applied alone showed promising effects on plant growth. Overall, these findings suggest that organic fertilizers derived from sewage treatment have the potential to enhance plant growth and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices.

One Health assessment of persistent organic chemicals and PFAS for consumption of restored anadromous fish

Abstract Background Restoration efforts have led to the return of anadromous fish, potential source of food for the Penobscot Indian Nation, to the previously dammed Penobscot River, Maine. Objective U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Penobscot Indian Nation’s Department of Natural Resources (PINDNR), and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), measured contaminants in six species of anadromous fish. Fish tissue concentrations were then used, along with exposure parameters, to evaluate potential human and aquatic-dependent wildlife risk. Methods PINDNR collected, filleted, froze, and shipped fish for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dioxins/furans, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Contaminant levels were compared to reference doses (where possible) and wildlife values (WVs). Results Chemical concentrations ranged from 6.37 nanogram per gram (ng/g) wet weight (ww) in American Shad roe to 100 ng/g ww in Striped Bass for total PCBs; 0.851 ng/g ww in American Shad roe to 5.92 ng/g ww in large Rainbow Smelt for total PBDEs; and 0.037 ng/g ww in American Shad roe to 0.221 ng/g ww in Striped Bass for total dioxin/furans. PFAS concentrations ranged between 0.38 ng/g ww of PFBA in Alewife to 7.86 ng/g ww of PFUnA in Sea Lamprey. Dioxin/furans and PFOS levels indicated that there are potential human health risks. The WV for mink for total PCBs (72 ng/g) was exceeded in Striped Bass and the WV for Kestrel for PBDEs (8.7 ng/g) was exceeded in large Rainbow Smelt. Mammalian wildlife consuming Blueback Herring, Striped Bass, and Sea Lamprey may be at risk based on PFOS WVs from Canada. Impact Anadromous fish returning to the Penobscot River potentially could represent the restoration of a major component of tribal traditional diet. However, information about contaminant levels in these fish is needed to guide the tribe about consumption safety. Analysis of select species of fish and risk calculations demonstrated the need for a protective approach to consumption for both humans and wildlife. This project demonstrates that wildlife can also be impacted by contamination of fish and their risks can be as great or greater than those of humans. A One Health approach addresses this discrepancy and will lead to a healthier ecosystem.

Hemp-Derived CBD Used in Food and Food Supplements.

Cannabis sativa L., a plant historically utilized for textile fibers, oil, and animal feed, is progressively being recognized as a potential food source. This review elucidates the nutritional and functional attributes of hemp and cannabidiol (CBD) within the context of food science. Hemp is characterized by the presence of approximately 545 secondary metabolites, among which around 144 are bioactive cannabinoids of primary importance. The study looks in detail at the nutritional components of cannabis and the potential health benefits of CBD, encompassing anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antipsychotic effects. The review deals with the legislation and potential applications of hemp in the food industry and with the future directions of cannabis applications as well. The paper emphasizes the need for more scientific investigation to validate the safety and efficacy of hemp components in food products, as current research suggests that CBD may have great benefits for a wide range of consumers.

Biofloc Technology for Sustainable Growth of Shrimp Species: Litopenaeus Vannamei

Aquaculture stands as the fastest-growing food-producing sector globally, undergoing continuous development, expansion, and intensification across all regions. Despite the anticipation of higher production levels, the global growth of aquaculture is constrained by the severe scarcity of water and the limited availability of suitable land. Biofloc systems have emerged as a viable solution tailored for water-scarce areas. This innovative system offers a potential food source for shrimp reared in an environmentally friendly, limited or zero water exchange environment, with minimal effluents released into the surrounding ecosystem. The present study was conducted at a corporate aquaculture farm facility located in Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu. The research focused on evaluating the water quality, survival rates, and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei, ranging from post-larvae (PL-9) to 26.6 grams, over a 120-day period within a Biofloc system. Three cement tanks, designated as C1 (control) and C2, C3 (test), were utilized, each with a stocking density of 120 PL/sq.m. After reaching a weight of 2 grams, the shrimp were transferred to grow-out ponds. The results indicated that shrimp reared in Biofloc tanks exhibited significantly higher final weights, survival rates, and favorable water quality parameters compared to the control group, which relied solely on commercial feed. Significantly, as the biofloc volume rose, there was a noteworthy decrease in the requirement for feed application, thereby establishing the Biofloc system as a financially efficient option for shrimp cultivation.

Effects of Land Application of Farm Dairy Effluent on The Growth of Sweet Corn

This study investigates the impact of land application of farm dairy effluent (FDE) on the growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata). The agricultural sector faces increasing challenges in managing effluents sustainably, and the utilization of FDE as a potential nutrient source for crop production has gained prominence. Field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of FDE application on sweet corn with different rate of irrigation. Randomized completely block design was used an experimental design with different irrigation rate i.e. A = 0% FC effluent, B = 25% FC effluent, C = 50% FC effluent, D = 75% FC effluent, and E = 100% FC. The collected data was analyzed by using ANOVA with 5% of significance, a further test is performed using duncan multiple range test. The results showed that FDE had TDS, TSS, BOD and COD higher than the standard with values ​​of 1398 mg/L, 2575 mg/L, 3611 mg/L and 6374 mg/L respectively. The application of FDE significantly influenced sweet corn growth especially on height and leaf increment. The application of FDE with 100% FC tends to have higher leaf increment than other treatments at 35 DAA (day after application).