Introduction of the microbial symbiosis in marine organisms from the genus Tridacna and Kiwaidae and the insight in aquaculture gained from them

Abstract

The global demand for essential nutrients, particularly protein, is steadily rising as the world's population increases. Aquatic animals contribute significantly to protein consumption, making up 15.3% of the world's protein intake. Aquaculture, the fastest-growing sector in agriculture over the past three decades, has emerged as a vital source of aquatic animal protein. However, the success of aquaculture is closely tied to environmental factors, such as water quality and nutrient availability. This paper explores the role of microbial symbiosis in nutrient acquisition by marine invertebrates and how these natural relationships can inspire innovative approaches in aquaculture. The first case study focuses on the giant clam, which forms a mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates known as zooxanthellae. These clams, found in nutrient-poor waters, harness energy through photosynthesis, facilitated by these symbiotic microbes. The paper delves into the molecular mechanisms of this association and its potential applications in aquaculture. In the second case study, the yeti crab's relationship with chemoautotrophic bacteria is examined. These crabs actively cultivate epibiotic bacteria on their setae and rely on these microbes for sustenance. The paper discusses the microbial mechanisms involved in sulfur respiration and how the crab utilizes these bacteria. Drawing insights from these case studies, the paper proposes innovative approaches in the realm of aquaculture. These include the domestication of symbiotic species, the induction of symbiosis in aquacultural species, and the supplementation of aquacultural organisms with microbes as a potential food source. Various methods, such as mass selection, are suggested as potential means to carry out these experiments. It is important to note that while these ideas are theoretically compelling, they remain largely untested in practical applications, and the paper critically evaluates their feasibility in light of this nascent stage of research.