Potent Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

The Effects of S-Allyl Cysteıne on Inflammatory Cascade in Lipopolysaccharide Induced Rat Sepsis Model

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a main constituent of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls and is considered a leading cause of sepsis. S-allyl cysteine (SAC) is a water-soluble organosulfur component present in garlic which has a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger activity. The purpose of this study is to examine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of SAC on endotoxin LPS-induced sepsis. Female Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 groups. LPS (5 mg/kg) was applied to rats in sepsis and treatment groups intraperitoneally. After 24 hours from LPS injection 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg SAC was orally administrated to treatment groups. Lung and liver 18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake was measured by 18FDG-PET scan. Serum levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κβ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), plasma levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tissue levels of oxidative stress markers catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were determined. As a result of the study, MDA and NO levels of sepsis group were significantly higher than treatment groups in lung tissue. SOD activities of sepsis group was determined to significantly lower in the liver and lung tissues than the groups which were treated with SAC. Likewise, it was concluded that serum MMP-9, TNF-α and NF-κβ levels of sepsis group was significantly higher compared to levels of treatment groups. It was determined that SAC administration reduced 18F-FDG uptake in septic rats. In conclusion, SAC was observed to diminish effects of the acute toxicity and oxidative stress formed with LPS.

Antioxidant, Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory, and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Extracts of the Invasive Plant Spartina anglica (Cord-Grass).

Since 2016, the invasive halophyte Spartina anglica has been colonizing mudflats along the western coast of South Korea. In order to minimize costs on S. anglica expansion management and waste-treatment of collected biomass, the potential application of the collected biomass of S. anglica was investigated. Ethanolic extracts and subfractions thereof (hexanes, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, and water-soluble) of the aerial and belowground parts of S. anglica showed free radical-scavenging [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)], tyrosinase inhibitory, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities. An ethyl acetate fraction derived from aerial parts (EA-a) showed the most potent radical-scavenging and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities, whereas tyrosinase inhibition was mainly observed in the methylene chloride soluble fractions (MC-bg) and other lipophilic fractions (ethyl acetate and hexanes layers) obtained from belowground parts. The major EA-a compound isolated and identified was 1,3-di-O-trans-feruloyl quinic acid (1) based on spectroscopic analysis, whereas the two major MC-bg compounds were identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2) and N-trans-feruloyltyramine (3). Compounds 1 and 3 scavenged both DPPH and ABTS radicals, whereas 1 and 2 inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. These results indicate that extracts and fractions of S. anglica have antioxidant, anti-obesity, and whitening properties with potential pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and functional food applications.

Generation of cyclic glutathione via the thiolactonization of glutathione and identification of a new radical scavenging mechanism

Glutathione (GSH) has two important biological activities, GSH conjugation and radical scavenging. In this work, we determined that GSH can participate in an intramolecular cyclization between the glutamic α-carboxylic acid and the cysteinyl thiol moiety under aqueous conditions. Moreover, we showed that the cyclic glutathione (cGSH) product had more potent radical scavenging activity than GSH. The cGSH radical scavenging activity occurred via a mechanism that differed from that of GSH.

Phytochemical Screening, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Biomass from Lychnis flos-cuculi L. In Vitro Cultures and Intact Plants.

Lychnis flos-cuculi L., a species with potential medicinal value, contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenoid saponins and ecdysteroids. In this study, the antioxidant activity of plant material of L. flos-cuculi obtained from in vitro cultures compared to that of intact plants from the natural site has been evaluated for the first time. Phytochemical screening of the in-vitro-derived material by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) confirmed the presence of the aforementioned metabolite classes. The aqueous methanolic extracts from in-vitro-derived plant material and the organs of intact plants were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods to quantify total phenolics, phenolic acids and flavonoids, and determine the preliminary antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays. The results showed that the inflorescence (Ns-F), and flowering herb of both plants gathered from natural habitat (Ns-H) and in-vitro-derived plants from the experimental plot (ExV-H) are the materials richest in polyphenols (195.4, 113.47, 112.1 mg GAE g−1 d.w., respectively), and demonstrate the highest antioxidant activity (20.14, 11.24, and 11.46 mg AAE g−1 d.w.). The extract from callus exhibited the lowest polyphenol content and antioxidant potential. The contents of total phenolics, flavonoids and phenolic acids correlate with the results of the antioxidant capacity of L. flos-cuculi extracts.

Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of eight neglected fruit extracts and UHPLC-MS/MS profile of the active extracts.

The 70% ethanolic extracts from eight neglected fruits; Muntingia calabura, Leucaena leucocephala, Spondias dulcis, Syzygium jambos, Mangifera caesia, Ardisia elliptica, Cynometra cauliflora and Ficus auriculata were evaluated for their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities as well as total phenolic content. The results of this study revealed that M. caesia fruit extract demonstrated the most potent radical scavenging activity. Among the fruits examined for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, M. calabura and F. auriculata exhibited strong activity with no significant difference. The Pearson correlation indicated that the activities of M. caesia and F. auriculata contributed by phenolic compounds. A total of 65 metabolites were tentatively identified by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHLPC-MS/MS). These findings suggested that the possible application of M. caesia and F. auriculata as a functional food with antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties.

Metabolomic profiling and biological properties of six Limonium species: novel perspectives for nutraceutical purposes.

The genus Limonium includes important halophyte plants containing a variety of bioactive compounds of therapeutic interest. In the present work, the untargeted phytochemical profiles of both aerial part and root extracts from six Limonium species namely, L. bellidifolium, L. globuliferum, L. gmelinii, L. lilacinum, L. sinuatum and L. iconicum from Turkey were determined. Furthermore, several biological activities (in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects) were investigated. Overall, significant amounts of total phenolics (43.64-238.18 mg g-1) and flavonoids (1.61-129.69 mg g-1) were recorded. Particularly, the root extracts of L. gmelinii, L. iconicum and L. globuliferum showed the highest total phenolic content (204.13-238.18 mg g-1), whilst the highest total flavonoid content was recorded in the root extracts of L. gmelinii (129.69 mg g-1). Overall, the tested extracts demonstrated potent radical scavenging activities in both DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (90.10-507.94 mg g-1 and 163.39-1175.34 mg g-1, respectively). However, the highest scavenging potential (p < 0.05) was displayed by the root extracts of L. iconicum. Conversely, the metal chelating ability assay revealed that L. lilacinum root extract showed the highest activity (21.03 mg g-1). Interestingly, all the extracts were found to be active inhibitors of cholinesterases (AChE (acetylcholinesterase): 4.20-5.11 mg GALAE (galantamine equivalent) per g; BChE (butyrylcholinesterase): 3.89-10.75 mg GALAE per g), amylase (0.52-1.09 mmol ACAE (acarbose equivalent) per g) and tyrosinase (119.41-155.67 mg KAE (kojic acid equivalent) per g), unlike for glucosidase (2.31-2.41 mmol ACAE per g). Taken together, these findings demonstrated a diverse chemical profiles and biological of the extracts, to be potentially considered as phytotherapeutic or functional ingredients due to their antioxidant properties and inhibition of key enzymes involved in several diseases.

Proficient synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall. via green combustion method: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer and photocatalytic activities

The zinc oxide nanoparticles (T-ZnO NPs) were synthesized successfully by the application of leaf, stem and callus extracts of Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall. via the green combustion method. The structural, bonding and morphological features of T. heyneana mediated ZnO NPs (T-ZnO NPs) were explored using XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), UV–Vis (Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy), FESEM-EDS (Field Emission-SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra), DLS (Dynamic light scattering) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) techniques. UV–Vis spectra revealed the presence of a band in the region between 370 and 376 nm approving the presence of T-ZnO NPs. XRD, FESEM-EDS, TEM and DLS analysis confirmed the formation of nanosized, spherical shaped, highly stable and pure crystalline wurtzite T-ZnO NPs. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of most probable phytochemicals from plant extracts involved in the processes of reduction and stabilization of T-ZnO NPs. The T-ZnO NPs could effectively inhibit the activity of DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical (IC50 value between 467.7 and 752.3 µg/ml) exhibiting potent radical scavenging activity. The T-ZnO NPs exhibited strong anti-inflammatory (membrane stabilization) activity. The antidiabetic potential of T-ZnO NPs was assessed and found to exhibit excellent α-glucosidase (IC 50 at 16.3 µg/ml) and α-amylase (IC 50 at 42.3 µg/ml) activity. The cytotoxic effect of T-ZnO NPs was investigated against A549 cell line (human lung cancer) by MTT assay which showed dose dependent response. IC50 values were found to be in the range of 89.47–185.8 µg/ml demonstrating their higher cytotoxic efficacy. AO/EB staining indicated the presence of early apoptotic cells. The percentage degradation of carcinogenic methylene blue dye was studied and an outstanding catalytic activity of 87–100% was recorded by ZnO-NPs within 160 min. Hence, T-ZnO NPs proved to be better candidates for futuristic biomedical and industrial applications.

GC-MS Profiling, Invitro Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of a Novel Polyherbal Formulation

In the present study the methanol extract of a novel polyherbal formulation (PHF) was studied for alpha (α)- amylase and alpha (α)-glucosidase inhibition using an in vitro antidiabetic model. The polyherbal extract were also examined for its antioxidant activity by using free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method. The study revealed that the polyherbal formulation exhibit potent radical scavenging activity using DPPH as substrate. The methanol extract exhibited significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with an IC50 value 31.52±0.74µg and 53.13±0.97µg respectively and well compared with standard acarbose drug. Further, antibacterial activity of methanol extract of PHF valuated against standard strains, the tested extract showed more potent inhibitory effects on both Gram (+) bacteria and Gram (-) bacteria. Thus, it could be concluded that due the presence of antioxidant components the plant extract have well prospective for the management of diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress. This knowledge will be useful in finding more potent antidiabetic principle from the natural resources for the clinical development of antidiabetic therapeutics.

A greener protocol for the synthesis of phosphorochalcogenoates: Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities.

In this contribution, a metal- and base-free protocol has been developed for the synthesis of phosphorochalcogenoates (Se and Te) by using DMSO as solvent at 50°C. A variety of phosphorochalcogenoates were prepared from diorganyl dichalcogenides and H-phosphonates, leading to the formation of a Chal-P(O) bond, in a rapid procedure with good to excellent yields. A full structural elucidation of products was accessed by 1D and 2D NMR, IR, CGMS, and HRMS analyses, and a stability evaluation of the phosphorochalcogenoates was performed for an effective operational description of this simple and feasible method. Typical 77Se{1H} (δSe=866.0ppm), 125Te{1H} (δTe=422.0ppm) and 31P{1H} (δP=-1.0,-13.0 and-15.0ppm) NMR chemical shifts were imperative to confirm the byproducts, in which this stability study was also important to select some products for pharmacological screening. The phosphorochalcogenoates were screened invitro and exvivo tests for the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity, as well as to investigation toxicity in mice through of the plasma levels of markers of renal and hepatic damage. The pharmacological screening of phosphorochalcogenoates indicated that compounds have antioxidant propriety in different assays and not changes plasma levels of markers of renal and hepatic damage, with excision of 3g compound that increased plasma creatinine levels and decreased plasma urea levels when compared to control group in the blood mice. Thus, these compounds can be promising synthetic antioxidants that provide protection against oxidative diseases.

Stability and Antiglycoxidant Potential of Bilberry Anthocyanins in Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract Model.

Anthocyanins from Vaccinium myrtillus fruits have been reported in vitro to exert potent radical scavenging and antiglycation activities. However, the physiological relevance of such properties remains unclear given the potential susceptibility of anthocyanin derivatives to digestive conditions. A simulated gastrointestinal tract model was thus implemented to assess the impact of gastric and intestinal phases on the chemical integrity of bilberry anthocyanins and their antiglycoxidant effects. Results demonstrated that the investigated activities as well as total and individual anthocyanin contents were marginally affected by gastric conditions. By contrast, with recoveries ranging from 16.1 to 41.2%, bilberry anthocyanins were shown to be highly sensitive to the intestinal phase. Of major interest, a much better preservation was observed for radical scavenging and antiglycation activities as attested by recovery rates ranging from 79.1 to 86.7%. Consistently with previous observations, the present study confirms the moderate bioaccessibility of anthocyanin constituents. It does however provide valuable information supporting the persistence of substantial radical scavenging and antiglycation activities at each step of the digestion process. Taken together, these data indicate that digestive conditions might not abolish the potential positive effects of bilberry consumption on both oxidative and carbonyl stresses.

Minerals, Vitamin Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Pawpaw (Ciraca Papaya) and Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Pulp

Fruits is indispensable in today’s world owing their tremendous health benefits. Pawpaw and pineapple are commonly consumed fruits worldwide. In this study, a methanol extract of pawpaw and pineapple were analysed to determine its vitamin content, total phenol content, mineral compositions, reducing power (FRAP) and antioxidant activities of crude extracts (FTC) with the ability to scavenge 2, 2‐ diphenyl ‐ 1‐ picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical. The result showed that the total phenolic concentrations were (29.27 0.55mg/100 GAE) for pawpaw (58.16 27.05 mg/100g GAE) for pineapple. The extract showed a potent DPPH radical scavenging activity with different concentrations of 20 g/mL – 100 g/mL. Pawpaw had maximum inhibition at 60g/mL (29.4%) compared to pineapple at 40 g/mL (33.6%). The extracts contained appreciable amounts of vitamin C (174.900147.510 mg/100g) for pawpaw and vitamin E (1.9401.940 mg/100g) for pineapple . Minerals experiment was carried out for major elements for which pawpaw had the highest amount of calcium (295.220.16 mg/100g) and magnesium (9.490.01 mg/100g). Trace minerals were carried out for which pineapple had the lowest amount of selenium (2.070.01 mg/100g) and copper (0.240.02 mg/100g). This therefore suggests that pawpaw and pineapple could be a good source of antioxidants to ameliorate conditions in diseases whose pathogenesis implicates oxidative stress.

Launaea acanthodes (Boiss) O. Kuntze mediates hepatic glucose metabolism and ameliorates impaired pancreatic function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLaunaea acanthodes (Boiss.) O. Kuntze is native to semiarid regions of central Iran, traditionally used in the treatment of numerous disorders including diabetes. Aim of the studyThe current study aimed to explore hypoglycemic activity of Launaea acanthodes extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, gene expression study was carried out to examine expression levels of key glucose metabolism-related genes. MethodsFor in vitro study, Folin-Ciocalteus, DPPH and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays were used to determine the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and total flavonoid content of extracts, respectively. For in vivo study, streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were orally administered with metformin (50 mg/kg) and various doses of extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose, body weight, food and water intake were assessed during the course of treatment. At the end of the intervention, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were evaluated. Furthermore, functional liver enzymes, oxidative stress markers and histopathology of pancreas were examined. Lastly, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to explore the mRNA levels of genes relevant to glucose metabolism in the pancreas and liver tissues of diabetic rats. ResultsBased on the in vitro results, the hydroalcoholic extract revealed potential radical scavenging activity and contained highest amount of phenolic and flavonoid. The in vivo results demonstrated that the extract lowered fasting blood glucose level, increased the body weight, restored the alterations in the levels of water and food intake, attenuated HbA1c, improved lipid profile and ameliorated the OGTT in diabetic rats. The extract administration alleviated the histopathological changes in the pancreas, suppressed malondialdehyde (MDA) level and further restored attenuated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in diabetic rats. Analysis of real time PCR data showed that extract administration reversed the expression levels of hepatic glucokinase (GK), phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). Meanwhile, the extract upregulated the expression level of glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) and pancreatic-duodenal homeobox (PDX-1) in diabetic rats. ConclusionCollectively, the results demonstrate that Launaea acanthodes hydroalcoholic extract exerts hypoglycemic effect possibly via regulating key enzymes of glucose metabolism and ameliorating pancreatic dysfunction through its antioxidant properties.

Physiological and pharmacological roles of melatonin in the pathophysiological components of cellular injury after ischemic stroke

Apart from its metabolic or physiological functions, melatonin has a potent cytoprotective activity in the physiological and pathological conditions. It is synthetized by the pineal gland and released into the blood circulation but particularly cerebrospinal fluid in a circadian manner. It can also easily diffuse through cellular membranes due its small size and lipophilic structure. Its cytoprotective activity has been linked to its potent free radical scavenger activity with the desirable characteristics of a clinically- reliable antioxidant. Melatonin detoxifies oxygen and nitrogen-based free radicals and oxidizing agents, including the highly toxic hydroxyl-and peroxynitrite radicals, initiating cellular damage. However, the cytoprotective activity of melatonin is complex and cannot be solely limited to its free radical scavenger activity. It regulates cellular signaling pathways through receptor– dependent and independent mechanisms. Most of these downstream molecules, such as PI3K/AKT pathway components, also contribute to the cytoprotective effects of melatonin. In this term, melatonin is a promising molecule for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as ischemic stroke, which melatonin reduces ischemic brain injury in animal models of ischemic stroke. It regulates also circadian rhythm proteins after ischemic stroke, playing roles in cellular survival. In this context, present article summarizes the possible role of melatonin in the pathophysiological events after ischemic stroke.

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of vanadium-binding protein and trifuhalol A.

The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of vanadium-binding protein (VBP) and trifuhalol A, alone or combined, were investigated. Both VBP and trifuhalol A showed potent radical scavenging activity (RSA) on 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hydrogen peroxide, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Their combination at a concentration of 100μg/ml VBP and 40μg/ml trifuhalol A exhibited more than 99% RSA against ABTS. Additionally, VBP and trifuhalol A, alone or combined, displayed potential antidiabetic activities against Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase. The highest inhibition of 70.26% against S. cerevisiae α-glucosidase was observed in the case of the combination of 250μg/ml VBP and 1.75μg/ml trifuhalol A. Kinetics study revealed that VBP and trifuhalol A were noncompetitive inhibition type against S. cerevisiae α-glucosidase, while VBP and trifuhalol A combined treatment was a mixed inhibition type against S. cerevisiae α-glucosidase. These results indicated that VBP and trifuhalol A, alone or combined, had high free radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity against S. cerevisiae a-glucosidase, suggesting that VBP and trifuhalol A could be used as candidates for the development of natural antidiabetic drugs or functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present study showed that VBP and trifuhalol A, alone or combined, had potential antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, suggesting that VBP and trifuhalol A could be developed to a novel nutraceutical or natural antidiabetic drugs in the management of obesity or diabetes. This finding will be beneficial for all peoples who are directly or indirectly associated with obesity or diabetes.

Biogenically proficient synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles employing marine procured fungi Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus along with their antibacterial and antioxidative potency.

To assess the extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using marine derived fungi Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus with their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was estimated by the change in color from light yellow to dark brown within 36h as the reaction progressed. UV-Visible spectroscopy exhibited its stability at 411nm; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy depicted the functional group responsible for its production; X-Ray Diffraction denoted its crystalline FCC structure resembling the peaks in XRD pattern, corresponding to [111], [200], [220], [311] and [222] planes; TEM imaging revealed its spherical morphology with the particle size ranging from 0.72 to 15.21nm and Tauc's plot analysis that disclosed its band gap energy as 2.44eV that manifested the potential of AgNPs to be semiconductors. The characterization data henceforth, confirmed the efficient production of silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesized AgNPs expressed strong antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. They also proved to possess higher antioxidative potentials by showing their potent radical scavenging activity against DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The study unfolds the prospect for further utilization of this mycogenically synthesized AgNPs as antibacterial, antioxidative and anticancer agents.

In vitro screening of antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities, and characterization of bioactive substances from freshwater cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 and Phormidium sp. SSCM02

Cyanobacteria are rich sources of structurally novel and biologically active metabolites with antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and toxicity potential of freshwater filamentous cyanobacterial species isolated from a freshwater source in Kancheepuram district and Thiruverumbur, Tamilnadu. Among the tested two cyanobacterial species, methanol-chloroform extracts of Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 exhibits higher antibacterial activity than Phormidium sp. SSCM02. Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 exhibited higher inhibition activity of bacterial growth at 31.2 μg/mL and 7.8 μg/mL as MIC value against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, respectively, and for Candida albicans at 125 μg/mL. Antioxidant activity of Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 extract assessed by DPPH assay exhibited potent radical scavenging activity of 48% inhibition at 60 μg/mL concentration. Two cyanobacterial extracts exhibited significant activity against brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina). The active fraction was subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), bioactive compounds like hexadecanoic acid (66.3%), 1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, and dibutyl phthalate were detected in Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01. Thus, our findings indicate that freshwater cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 has an inherent capability that might make it beneficial as a promising source of antimicrobial and antioxidant therapeutic agents.

Propargylated monocarbonyl curcumin analogues: synthesis, bioevaluation and molecular docking study

In the current experimental study, we have synthesised new monocarbonyl curcumin analogues bearing propargyl ether moiety in their structure and evaluated for in vitro antifungal and radical scavenging activity. The antifungal activity was carried out against five human pathogenic fungal strains such as Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Cryptococcus neoformans. Most of the curcumin analogues displayed excellent to moderate fungicidal activity when compared with standard drug Miconazole. Also, synthesised analogues exhibited potential radical scavenging activity as compared with standard antioxidant Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). Based on biological data, structure-activity relationship (SAR) were also discussed. Furthermore, in silico computational study was carried out to know binding interactions of synthesised analogues in the active sites of enzyme sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51).

New N-phenylacetamide-linked 1,2,3-triazole-tethered coumarin conjugates: Synthesis, bioevaluation, and molecular docking study.

A series of new 1,2,3-triazole-tethered coumarin conjugates linked by N-phenylacetamide was efficiently synthesized via the click chemistry approach in excellent yields. The synthesized conjugates were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activities. Antifungal activity determination was carried out against fungal strains such as Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Cryptococcus neoformans. Compounds 7b, 7d, 7e, 8b and 8e displayed higher potency than the standard drug miconazole, with lower minimum inhibitory concentration values. Also, compound 7a exhibited potential radical scavenging activity as compared with the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. In addition, a molecular docking study of the newly synthesized compounds was carried out, and the results showed a good binding mode at the active site of the fungal (C. albicans) P450 cytochrome lanosterol 14α-demethylase enzyme. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were also tested for ADME properties, and they demonstrated potential as good candidates for oral drugs.

Antioxidant activities of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz leaf extracts and theirmajorcomponents.

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant properties of the extracts and subfractions of various polarities from Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz leaves and the related phenolic compound profiles. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) showed the most potent radical-scavenging activity for DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals, and superoxide anion (O2·-) radicals as well as the highest reducing power of the fractions tested; the n-butyl alcohol fraction (BAF) was the most effective in scavenging hydroxyl radical (OH·), and the dichloromethane fraction (DMF) exhibited the highest ferrous ion chelating activity. Twelve phenolic components were identified from the EAF of C. cyrtophyllum. Additionally, acteoside (1) was found to be a major component (0.803 g, 0.54%) and show DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 79.65±3.4 and 23.00±1.5 μg/ml, indicating it is principally responsible for the significant total antioxidant effect of C. cyrtophyllum. Our work offers a theoretical basis for further utilization of C. cyrtophyllum as a potential source of natural, green antioxidants derived from plants.

Investigation of Compounds and Biological Activity of Selected Indonesian Marine Sponges

Background: Marine sponges provided a great source of natural products with promising biological activity. This study was aimed to investigate the chemical constituents of methanol extracts of selected Indonesian marine sponges (Callyspongia sp., Clathria sp., Melophlus sarasinorum, and Xestospongia sp.), collected from the Saponda Islands, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia as well as to evaluate their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Methods: LCMS/MS analysis used to identify the compounds. Agar well diffusion and DPPH assays were used to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Results: Chemical screening reported alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins from all investigated sponges. The LC-MS/MS analysis identified various compounds which mainly contained steroids. Antimicrobial activity (against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Candida albicans) was only shown by the Xestospongia sp. extract. Meanwhile, extracts of M. sarasinorum, Xestospongia sp., and Callyspongia sp. exhibited potent radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: The study concluded that the selected sponges could provide various groups of compounds. Methanol extracts of these sponges could be used as sources of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.