Abstract
Since 2016, the invasive halophyte Spartina anglica has been colonizing mudflats along the western coast of South Korea. In order to minimize costs on S. anglica expansion management and waste-treatment of collected biomass, the potential application of the collected biomass of S. anglica was investigated. Ethanolic extracts and subfractions thereof (hexanes, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, and water-soluble) of the aerial and belowground parts of S. anglica showed free radical-scavenging [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)], tyrosinase inhibitory, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities. An ethyl acetate fraction derived from aerial parts (EA-a) showed the most potent radical-scavenging and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities, whereas tyrosinase inhibition was mainly observed in the methylene chloride soluble fractions (MC-bg) and other lipophilic fractions (ethyl acetate and hexanes layers) obtained from belowground parts. The major EA-a compound isolated and identified was 1,3-di-O-trans-feruloyl quinic acid (1) based on spectroscopic analysis, whereas the two major MC-bg compounds were identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2) and N-trans-feruloyltyramine (3). Compounds 1 and 3 scavenged both DPPH and ABTS radicals, whereas 1 and 2 inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. These results indicate that extracts and fractions of S. anglica have antioxidant, anti-obesity, and whitening properties with potential pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and functional food applications.
Highlights
IntroductionE. Hubb (Poaceae) is a herbaceous perennial plant, commonly referred to as “cord-grass”, that inhabits coastal areas of southern England and western
The internal calibrant for quantitative 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), potassium persulfate, Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, gallic acid, tyrosinase, L -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( L -DOPA), kojic acid, porcine pancreatic lipase (Type II), orlistat, 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB), dimethylformamide (DMF), Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), and absolute ethanol were purchased from Sigma
The antioxidant potentials of S. anglica extracts were evaluated based on the scavenging of DPPH free radicals and ABTS radicals
Summary
E. Hubb (Poaceae) is a herbaceous perennial plant, commonly referred to as “cord-grass”, that inhabits coastal areas of southern England and western. Given its dense roots that can tightly bind coastal mud, S. anglica was initially planted with a view toward protecting coastal areas against erosion and has subsequently been used extensively in the reclamation of tidal flats [2]. With the emerging awareness of the ecological importance of mudflats, the detrimental effects of S. anglica on mudflat ecosystems have become increasingly apparent. In areas colonized by S. anglica, the native vegetation is gradually displaced, thereby transforming mudflat habitats into a comparatively ecologically poor monoculture [3]. The invasion of S. anglica disrupts the habitats of mud-inhabiting invertebrates, migratory birds, and breeding fish, while contributing to biochemical modifications, such as hazardous heavy metal
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