Post Exercise Research Articles

Supplementation of Specific Collagen Peptides Following High-Load Resistance Exercise Upregulates Gene Expression in Pathways Involved in Skeletal Muscle Signal Transduction.

Previous evidence suggests that resistance training in combination with specific collagen peptides (CP) improves adaptive responses of the muscular apparatus. Although beneficial effects have been repeatedly demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, the primary objective of the present randomized trial was to elucidate differences in gene expression pathways related to skeletal muscle signal transduction following acute high-load resistance exercise with and without CP intake. Recreationally active male participants were equally randomized to high-load leg extension exercise in combination with 15 g CP or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained at baseline as well as 1, 4 and 24 h post exercise to investigate gene expression using next generation sequencing analysis. Several important anabolic pathways including PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways were significantly upregulated at 1 and 4 h post-exercise. Significant between-group differences for both pathways were identified at the 4 h time point demonstrating a more pronounced effect after CP intake. Gene expression related to the mTOR pathway demonstrated a higher visual increase in the CP group compared to PLA by trend, but failed to achieve statistically significant group differences. The current findings revealed a significantly higher upregulation of key anabolic pathways (PI3K-Akt, MAPK) in human skeletal muscle 4 h following an acute resistance training combined with intake of 15 g of specific collagen peptides compared to placebo. Further investigations should examine potential relationships between upregulated gene expression and changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis as well as potential long-term effects on anabolic pathways on the protein level.

Minimal important difference of two methods for assessment of quadriceps femoris strength post exercise program in individuals with COPD

BackgroundThe assessment of quadriceps femoris (QF) strength is recommended by international guidelines as an outcome of exercise training (ET) programs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ObjectivesTo identify the minimal important difference (MID) of two methods for the assessment of improvement of QF strength after a high-intensity ET program in individuals with COPD: 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). MethodsIndividuals with moderate to very-severe stable COPD were submitted to high-intensity ET (3 days/week, 36 sessions). Lung function (spirometry), exercise capacity (6-minute walk test [6MWT]) and QF strength (1RM test and MVC by using a strain-gauge) were assessed before and after the ET program. ResultsTwenty-one individuals were studied (65±8 years, BMI 27±6; FEV1 51±16%predicted). At the end of the ET program, QF strength improved significantly (10±4 Nm for MVC and 8 ± 6 kg for 1RM) (P<0.05 for both). The MID for improvement of the QF strength calculated by distribution-based methods ranged from 9.4 to 16 Nm (between 7.4% and 12.6% increase from baseline) for the MVC and from 2.5 to 3 kg (between 12% and 15% increase from baseline) for the 1RM test. Anchor-based MIDs could not be calculated since there was no correlation between the improvement of QF strength and the improvement of the proposed anchor (6MWT). ConclusionsThe MID for improvement of QF strength after a high-intensity ET program in individuals with moderate-to-severe stable COPD ranges between 9.4 and 16 Nm for the MVC assessed with a strain gauge and between 2.5 and 3 kg for the 1RM test.

IDF21-0335 Does serum vitamin D level effects post exercise heart rate recovery in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is very common irrespective of age, race, and geographic location. Studies showed that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is higher in people with diabetes than those without diabetes. Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. Autonomic dysfunction has been associated with all-cause mortality, cardiac disease morbidity, and mortality in diabetes. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) both are the measures of autonomic nervous system function.

PARASYMPATHETIC INFLUENCE ON THE MYOCARDIUM TO THE ONSET OF EXERCISE AND IMMEDIATE POST EXERCISE RECOVERY

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate after the onset of exercise and immediate post exercise recovery. The heart rate is one of the most important cardiovascular parameter, which is very commonly used in sports to measure athletic performance. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the major factors controlling the heart rate response due to exercise or any other stressful activity. It is also found that parasympathetic nervous system has a trainable characteristic. Hence the study focused on relating the heart rate response to the parasympathetic nervous system during the onset of exercise and immediate post exercise recovery. Methodology: This study followed an experimental approach to the problem through the analysis of archived data in the form of heart rate response to incremental workloads to volitional fatigue. The subjects in the archived data comprised of past research data measured during cycle ergometry testing to volitional fatigue. The demography of the subjects was determined via the archived data. The data consisted of 33 healthy male subjects between 19 and 47 years of age. The subjects were divided into two groups: very fit and moderately fit group, based on their VO2 max. The 50th percentile of the MaxVO2 was determined by using the median for the group. The median value obtained was 57.2 ml/kg/min. The subjects with the MaxVO2 above 57.2 ml/kg/min were grouped into a very fit category of the individuals, and the subjects with MaxVO2 below 57.2 ml/kg/min were grouped into moderately fit category. There were sixteen (n=16) subjects in the very fit group and seventeen (n=17) subjects in the moderately fit group. The outcome of the test was measured in heart rate. The parasympathetic withdrawal includes the heart rate data collected during the first three minutes of exercise. The parasympathetic reinfusion includes the heart rate data collected during the last three minutes of exercise. The statistical analysis comprised of correlation analysis and the t-test for independent samples. The results were: the correlation coefficient for very fit group parasympathetic withdrawal versus parasympathetic reinfusion is -0.81 at p &lt; 0.05 and was found to be significant. The correlation coefficient for moderately fit group parasympathetic withdrawal versus parasympathetic reinfusion is 0.65 at p &lt; 0.05 and was found to be non significant. A t-test for independent samples was used to determine the difference between the heart rate response due to parasympathetic withdrawal and heart rate response due to parasympathetic reinfusion for the very fit group of subjects, and the difference was found to be statistically significant at p value of 0.002. A t-test for independent samples was used to determine the difference between the heart rate response due to parasympathetic withdrawal and the heart rate response due to parasympathetic reinfusion for the moderately fit group of subjects, and the difference was found to be statistically significant at p value of 0.001. The conclusion is that there is significant association between heart rate response due parasympathetic withdrawal and heart rate response due to parasympathetic reinfusion for very fit group of subjects. But there is no significant association between heart rate response due to parasympathetic withdrawal and heart rate response due to parasympathetic reinfusion for moderately fit group of subjects. There exists a significant difference between the heart rate response due to parasympathetic withdrawal and heart rate response due to parasympathetic reinfusion in both very fit and moderately fit group of subjects.

Mobility Disability and Exercise: Health Outcomes of an Accessible Community-Based Center.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine how support and guidance provided by trained professionals during a 12-week, community-based transition exercise program, impact health outcomes and continued engagement in physical activity for persons with a mobility disability (PwMD).DesignA single arm pre-post design was used.SettingAccessible community-based health and wellness center.ParticipantsThe study included 244 PwMD using a mobility device.InterventionsParticipants completed a 12-week transition exercise program provided through an accessible community facility that provided education and support to complete endurance and strength related exercises as well as programming to encourage transition to self-directed engagement in exercise.Main Outcome MeasuresBodyweight, BMI, pain, perceived exertion, speed, and distance during cardiovascular fitness testing, and strength were measured pre and post exercise program. The number of participants that signed up for a monthly membership after the program was also monitored.ResultsFor the total group, average pain reported over previous 30 days decreased significantly (p < 0.01), current daily pain decreased significantly (p < 0.05), perceived exertion at the end of the 9-min endurance test decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and the four upper extremity strength exercises showed large, significant strength gains (p < 0.01) after the program. There was no significant change in bodyweight, BMI, or speed and distance completed during endurance testing. At the completion of the program, 76% of participants enrolled in a monthly membership at the facility with the intentions to continue to exercise regularly.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that an accessible community-based exercise program, with a transitional component supported by trained professionals, can support the exercise goals of PwMD and improve strength, decrease pain, and may promote regular exercise adoption for PwMD.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression and cytokine profiling in patients with intermittent claudication who exhibit exercise induced acute renal injury.

BackgroundIntermittent claudication (IC) is a common manifestation of peripheral arterial disease. Some patients with IC experience a rise in Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG)/ Creatinine (Cr) ratio, a marker of renal injury, following exercise. In this study, we aim to investigate whether peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with IC who exhibit a rise in urinary NAG/ Cr ratio following exercise exhibit differential IL-10/ IL-12 ratio and gene expression compared to those who do not have a rise in NAG/ Cr ratio.MethodsWe conducted a single center observational cohort study of patients diagnosed with IC. Blood and urine samples were collected at rest and following a standardised treadmill exercise protocol. For comparative analysis patients were separated into those with any rise in NAG/Cr ratio (Group 1) and those with no rise in NAG/Cr ratio (Group 2) post exercise. Isolated PBMC from pre- and post-exercise blood samples were analysed using flow cytometry. PBMC were also cultured for 20 hours to perform further analysis of IL-10 and IL-12 cytokine levels. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes between the groups.Results20 patients were recruited (Group 1, n = 8; Group 2, n = 12). We observed a significantly higher IL-10/IL-12 ratio in cell supernatant from participants in Group 1, as compared to Group 2, on exercise at 20 hours incubation; 47.24 (IQR 9.70–65.83) vs 6.13 (4.88–12.24), p = 0.04. 328 genes were significantly differentially expressed between Group 1 and 2. The modulated genes had signatures encompassing hypoxia, metabolic adaptation to starvation, inflammatory activation, renal protection, and oxidative stress.DiscussionOur results suggest that some patients with IC have an altered immune status making them ‘vulnerable’ to systemic inflammation and renal injury following exercise. We have identified a panel of genes which are differentially expressed in this group of patients.

Secretion of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), Heart Reconditioning and Remolding in Elite Endurance Trained Athletes

Aim / Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maximal exercise on the level of cardiac remolding and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in elite athletes as compared to sedentary healthy subjects and correlation of ANP with the adaptation of athlete’s heart and cardiac remodeling (if any) Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out at the Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, with collaboration of Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology (AFIC) Rawalpindi from June 2003 to May 2004. Methodology: A total number of 44 subjects were included in this study. These comprised of 22 elite endurance athletes and 22 healthy sedentary volunteers as controls. All subjects were examined clinically to rule out the cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases on the basis of medical history, physical examination, and echocardiography. All the selected subjects were examined on a Toshiba Power Vision 6000 echocardiograph for assessing and measuring their LV end-diastolic internal diameter (LVIDd), Diastolic interventricular septal thickness (IVSTd), diastolic posterior wall thickness (PWTd). The left ventricular mass was (LVM) was calculated by using the Devereux formula. They were subject to go for ergometer cycle exercise before breakfast. The Blood samples were drawn before and after exercise to assess the level of ANP in their samples. Results: It was found that LVIDd, IVSTd, PWTd, LVM were higher in athletes as compared to their age, sex and BMI matched controls. The ANP levels in athlete’s plasma were also high in post and pre exercise sample as compared to controls. Conclusion: Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure and heart rate are lower in endurance elite athletes than matched sedentary controls. The maximal Exercise increases the level of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in elite athletes significantly as compared to sedentary healthy controls. There was a Positive correlations between ANP and LVIDd, IVSTd, PWTd, and LVM while there was negative correlation between ANP and heart rate, ANP and Blood pressure. However, none of correlation was found to be statistically significant. Keywords: Athlete’s Heart, ANP, Cardiac remodeling in athletes, Echocardiography of heart

Central and Peripheral Thermal Signatures of Brain-Derived Fatigue during Unilateral Resistance Exercise: A Preliminary Study.

Simple SummaryFatigue is considered a brain-derived emotion that could impact performance during the execution of physical exercises. Infrared thermography is a valuable technique able to measure the psychophysiological state associated with emotions in a contactless manner. The aim of the study is to test the capability of infrared thermography to evaluate the central and peripheral physiological effect of fatigue through facial skin and muscle temperature modulations collected during the execution of a unilateral resistance exercise of the lower limb. Both time- and frequency-domain analyses were performed on the temperature time course of the face and limbs. Particularly, significant correlations between features extracted from the thermal signals and the perceived exertion were found. These findings confirmed the ability of thermal imaging to detect both peripheral and central effects of fatigue in response to physical exercises. These results could foster the employment of infrared thermography to monitor the psychophysiological state of the athletes during training. The possibility to calibrate the training load in accordance with the psychophysiological conditions could improve the performance of the athletes during the training process and competitions.Infrared thermography (IRT) allows to evaluate the psychophysiological state associated with emotions from facial temperature modulations. As fatigue is a brain-derived emotion, it is possible to hypothesize that facial temperature could provide information regarding the fatigue related to exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the capability of IRT to assess the central and peripheral physiological effect of fatigue by measuring facial skin and muscle temperature modulations in response to a unilateral knee extension exercise until exhaustion. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded at the end of the exercise. Both time- (∆TROI: pre–post exercise temperature variation) and frequency-domain (∆PSD: pre–post exercise power spectral density variation of specific frequency bands) analyses were performed to extract features from regions of interest (ROIs) positioned on the exercised and nonexercised leg, nose tip, and corrugator. The ANOVA-RM revealed a significant difference between ∆TROI (F(1.41,9.81) = 15.14; p = 0.0018), and between ∆PSD of myogenic (F(1.34,9.39) = 15.20; p = 0.0021) and neurogenic bands (F(1.75,12.26) = 9.96; p = 0.0034) of different ROIs. Moreover, significant correlations between thermal features and RPE were found. These findings suggest that IRT could assess both peripheral and central responses to physical exercise. Its applicability in monitoring the psychophysiological responses to exercise should be further explored

Heat shock protein response during fixed intensity and self-paced exercise in the heat in young, healthy women on oral contraceptives compared with young healthy men.

Heat shock proteins respond to a variety of physiological and environmental stresses, including heat stress, ischemia and endotoxic shock. Hormonal changes during the female menstrual cycle can have a thermogenic effect on body temperature. The monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) pill provides low doses of progesterone and oestrogen over the course of the normal menstrual phase. There is little evidence regarding the combined effects of OC on exercise performance and heat stress with respect to heat shock protein response. This study aimed to determine the response of heat shock proteins (Hsp72) during fixed-intensity and self-paced exercise in the heat in young, healthy women on oral contraceptives compared with young healthy men. Sixteen physically active men and women performed 30 min fixed-intensity cycling at 50% of maximum workload, followed by 30 min of a self-paced time trial (TT) interspersed by 30 s maximal sprint at 9, 19 and 29 min respectively. Trials were undertaken in cool (20°C; 48±3% relative humidity (RH)) and warm (32°C; 66±2% RH) ambient conditions. Core (T c) and skin temperature, heart rate (HR) and subjective responses were measured before, during and post exercise. The distance, mean and peak power output, mean and peak speed during the self-paced time trial showed no difference between the ambient temperatures for men and women. Hsp72 in females was higher than males at all sample points at both 20°C and 32°C, except for pre-exercise at 20°C (p< 0.04). Women also attained a higher T c than men at the end of the TT in the heat (38.5°C v 37.9°C for women and men, respectively; p<0.03), higher mean HR and perceived exertion. This study indicates that females who use oral contraceptives (OC) had higher levels of Hsp72 than males when tested under the same environmental conditions.

Interpretation of exercise-induced changes in human skeletal muscle mRNA expression depends on the timing of the post-exercise biopsies.

BackgroundExercise elicits a range of adaptive responses in skeletal muscle, which include changes in mRNA expression. To better understand the health benefits of exercise training, it is important to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. However, most studies have assessed the molecular events at only a few time-points within a short time frame post-exercise, and the variations of gene expression kinetics have not been addressed systematically.MethodsWe assessed the mRNA expression of 23 gene isoforms implicated in the adaptive response to exercise at six time-points (0, 3, 9, 24, 48, and 72 h post exercise) over a 3-day period following a single session of high-intensity interval exercise.ResultsThe temporal patterns of target gene expression were highly variable and the expression of mRNA transcripts detected was largely dependent on the timing of muscle sampling. The largest fold change in mRNA expression of each tested target gene was observed between 3 and 72 h post-exercise.Discussion and ConclusionsOur findings highlight an important gap in knowledge regarding the molecular response to exercise, where the use of limited time-points within a short period post-exercise has led to an incomplete understanding of the molecular response to exercise. Muscle sampling timing for individual studies needs to be carefully chosen based on existing literature and preliminary analysis of the molecular targets of interest. We propose that a comprehensive time-course analysis on the exercise-induced transcriptional response in humans will significantly benefit the field of exercise molecular biology.

Acute cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to leg and arm isometric exercise.

Acute cardiovascular responses following a single session of isometric exercise (IE) have been shown to predict chronic adaptations in blood pressure (BP) regulation. It was hypothesised that exercises which recruit more muscle mass induce greater reductions in BP compared to exercises using smaller muscle mass. To test this hypothesis, the current study aimed to compare the acute haemodynamic and autonomic responses to a single session of isometric wall squat (IWS) and isometric handgrip (IHG) training. Twenty-six sedentary participants performed a single IWS and IHG session in a randomised cross-over design, with training composed of 4 × 2-min contractions, with 2-min rest, at 95 HRpeak and 30% MVC respectively. Haemodynamic and cardiac autonomic variables were recorded pre, during, immediately post, and 1-h post-exercise, with the change from baseline for each variable used for comparative analysis. During IWS exercise, there was a significantly greater increase in systolic BP (P < 0.001), diastolic BP (P < 0.001), mean BP (P < 0.001), heart rate (P < 0.001), and cardiac output (P < 0.001), and a contrasting decrease in baroreflex effectiveness index (BEI) and cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity (cBRS). In the 10-min recovery period following IWS exercise, there was a significantly greater reduction in systolic BP (P = 0.005), diastolic BP (P = 0.006), mean BP (P = 0.003), total peripheral resistance (TPR) (P < 0.001), BEI (P = 0.003), and power spectral density (PSD-RRI) (P < 0.001). There were no differences in any variables between conditions 1-h post exercise. Isometric wall squat exercise involving larger muscle mass is associated with a significantly greater post-exercise hypotensive response during a 10-min recovery window compared to smaller muscle mass IHG exercise. The significantly greater reduction in TPR may be an important mechanism for the differences in BP response.

Assessment of Physical Fitness in Medical Students

Introduction: Physical activity promotes cerebral blood flow during cognitive tasks and possibly enhances performance. It is relevant to find relationship between post exercise recovery heart rate (RHR) and resting pulse rate in medical students.&#x0D; Aims: To assess physical fitness in medical students.&#x0D; Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 57 consenting healthy medical students, age 1730 years, underwent 3-Minutes Step Test to assess their physical fitness. Students were divided into four fitness groups based on RHR; good (n=9, RHR=50-84 bpm), satisfactory (n=17, RHR=88-100 bpm), poor (n=12, RHR=102-107 bpm), and very poor (n= 19, RHR=111-157 bpm) groups. The groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: Results showed that there were few numbers of students who fall in good fitness group (n= 9, Resting pulse rate mean 72.00 ± 9.29) in comparison to satisfactory fitness group (n= 17, Resting pulse rate mean (68.35 ± 5.95), poor fitness group (n= 12, Resting pulse rate mean 75.67 ± 6.88) and very poor fitness group (n=19, Resting pulse rate mean 78.89 ± 7.67). The level of significance between satisfactory fitness group and very poor fitness group, p &lt;0.05 was statistically significant.&#x0D; Conclusion: Most of the medical students fall under very poor fitness group. Satisfactory fitness group have less resting pulse rate in compare to very poor fitness group of medical students.

Effect of Exercise on Acute Senescent Lymphocyte Counts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Highly differentiated, senescent lymphocytes are pro-inflammatory and contribute to age-related systemic inflammation, called inflammageing. There are several reports of acute changes in senescent lymphocyte counts post exercise, which potentially have consequences for systemic inflammation. However, there is little consensus since the studies differ with respect to participants, exercise protocols, cellular markers assessed, and the time point of assessment post exercise. Objective: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of exercise on senescent lymphocyte counts in blood immediately, 1 h and 2 h post exercise. Methods: The search was performed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane, on January 11, 2021. The 13 studies selected tested aerobic exercise effects, mainly in young men. They assessed the counts of lymphocytes (CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and NK cells), with the following immune cell marker combinations: KLRG1+, CD57+ (only NK cells), EMRA T cells (CD45RA+CCR7−CD28−CD27−), CD28−CD27−, KLRG1+CD28−, and CD28−. Independent extraction of articles was done by 2 researchers. Results: Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval between baseline and post exercise showed significant increase (SMD >0.9, p < 0.003) in all types of senescent lymphocytes counts immediately post exercise. At 1 h post exercise, senescent CD4 T cells returned to baseline values (p = 0.74), CD8 T cells were reduced (−0.26 [−0.41; −0.11], p = 0.001), and senescent NK cells were raised (0.62 [0.14; 1.10], p = 0.01) above baseline. By 2 h post exercise, senescent CD4 T cells were reduced (−0.94 [−1.40; −0.48], p < 0.001), CD8 T cells remained below baseline (−0.53 [−1.04; −0.009], p = 0.04), and NK cells had returned to baseline values (−0.29 [−0.64; 0.07], p = 0.11). The main determinants of heterogeneity between studies were cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus and the characteristics of exercise protocols. CMV+ individuals had a higher immediate lymphocytosis and 1 h post lymphopenia than CMV− individuals. Exercise performed at higher intensities and shorter durations led to higher magnitude of change in senescent lymphocyte counts at all time-points. Conclusion: The differing effects of exercise on senescent NK cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells suggest differing susceptibility to factors modulating lymphocyte extravasation such as adrenaline and exercise intensity.

Exhaustive Exercise Increases Spontaneous but Not fMLP-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Circulating Phagocytes in Amateur Sportsmen.

Simple SummaryStrenuous exercise can alter various functions of circulating phagocytes. We tested whether exhaustive exercise could influence spontaneous and fMLP-induced oxidant production (measured with luminol enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (LBCL) normalized per phagocyte count) by blood phagocytes in amateur sportsmen. Exhaustive exercise transiently enhanced (no more than one hour from the end of bout) spontaneous oxidants generation by circulating phagocytes, while response to fMLP was decreased up to 24 h post exercise. It is suggested that a short lived increase in spontaneous oxidants production can switch on various mechanisms leading to an increase in antioxidant activity in regularly training subjects.Strenuous exercise alters the oxidative response of blood phagocytes to various agonists. However, little is known about spontaneous post exercise oxidant production by these cells. In this cross-over trial, we tested whether an exhaustive treadmill run at a speed corresponding to 70% of VO2max affects spontaneous and fMLP-provoked oxidant production by phagocytes in 18 amateur sportsmen. Blood was collected before, just after, and 1, 3, 5 and 24 h post exercise for determination of absolute and normalized per phagocyte count spontaneous (a-rLBCL, rLBCL) and fMLP-induced luminol-enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (a-fMLP-LBCL, fMLP-LBCL). a-rLBCL and rLBCL increased by 2.5- and 1.5-times just after exercise (p < 0.05) and then returned to baseline or decreased by about 2-times at the remaining time-points, respectively. a-fMLP-LBCL increased 1.7- and 1.6-times just after and at 3 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), respectively, while fMLP-LBCL was suppressed by 1.5- to 2.3-times at 1, 3, 5 and 24 h post-exercise. No correlations were found between elevated post-exercise a-rLBCL, a-fMLP-LBCL and run distance to exhaustion. No changes of oxidants production were observed in the control arm (1 h resting instead of exercise). Exhaustive exercise decreased the blood phagocyte-specific oxidative response to fMLP while increasing transiently spontaneous oxidant generation, which could be a factor inducing secondary rise in antioxidant enzymes activity.

A Cross Sectional Study to Identify Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Physical Activity and Exercise Participation of People with Post Stroke Depression

Background: Physical activity and exercises after stroke may prevent the disability and stroke recurrence; yet,psychological impairments like depression may inhibit post stroke exercise and subsequently limit recovery.Though it remains less clear how best is to encourage exercise uptake by individuals with depression after stroke.Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity andexercise participation among post stroke depressed individuals.Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted using purposive sampling of stroke survivors. Fiftystroke survivors were screened and identified for depression using HAM-D.25 depressed and 25 non- depressedstroke survivors have been grouped into active and inactive groups based on exercise and physical activityguidelines. IPAQ scale has grouped them into physically active and physically inactive based on 3 METs. Using theEBBS scale, the percentage of positive responses for different domains for benefit and barrier scale was calculated.The significant difference in the percentage of response in barrier and benefit domains was analyzed using Chisquaretest.Results: There was significant difference in percentage of response in each benefit domain of EBBS betweendepressed and non- depressed active groups. Similarly there was significant difference in percentage of responsein each barrier domain of EBBS between depressed and non depressed inactive groups. Ten major perceivedbarriers were reported in depressed non-active group in which exercising cause fatigue (100%) was the highlyreported response.Conclusion: The study concluded that interventions could be designed for promoting the facilitators moreand addressing the barriers to exercise and time management which is likely to reduce the healthcare costs ofmanagement of stroke.

Respostas fisiológicas de três métodos de treinamento de força em indivíduos treinados

Abstract Strength training is an integral part of training programs for aesthetics and sports performance. Although experiments compare the responses of some methods, there is a lack of studies that analyze the time of execution, the recovery and perceptions of pain and exertion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the metabolic and physiological responses of traditional, drop set and blood flow restriction training. The sample consisted of 16 trained men aged 32 ± 10,5 and minimum of 3 years of continuous and regular practice of ST. Data were collected in 4 days, being the first one assigned to maximum load testing and the following 3 days we analyzed randomly the drop set, blood flow restriction and traditional training methods. Blood lactate was analyzed after the training session. Pre and post intervention arm circumference, heart rate and total time, perceived pain and exertion rating scales, repetition and total volumes. Results showed no significant difference on repetitions number between blood flow restriction and drop set methods but total volume and time were significantly higher on drop set. The highest blood lactate value was found on drop set despite the other methods also show high values. Blood flow restriction and drop set showed significant difference regarding to traditional method on post exercise subjective exertion rating scale, a fact that relates with the highest total volume, mostly on drop set.

Racial Differences On Post Exercise Heart Rate Recovery In Healthy Sedentary Adult Males-- A Meta-Analysis Study

Introduction: Post-exercise heart rate recovery (PEHRR) is the measure of parasympathetic function of heart which decreases the heart rate as the person stops exercising. The post exercise heart rate recovery is easily measurable index of heart parasympathetic activity. The post – exercise heart rate recovery is computed as peak heart rate minus the heart rate measured after 1 min of termination of exercise. The risk of cardiovascular disease in individual with African background is greater as compared to Caucasians and Asian population. The aim of this study was to analyze the difference in post exercise heart rate recovery in individuals from different ethnic backgrounds. Methods: A thorough literature search was carried out on PubMed, Google Scholar and PakMediNet with articles published between 2007 till 2021. The articles with post – exercise heart rate recovery in male adults with different ethnic backgrounds were included. A total of 8 studies were included after meeting the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The studies that measured heart rate recovery after 1 minute of termination of exercise were included. Results: Out of 174 subjects 51 individuals were Africans, 104 were Asians and 19 were Caucasians. The post exercise heart raterecovery was not found to be statistically significant between the individuals from different ethnic groups (p value-0.258). Conclusion: The post – exercise heart rate recovery is not influenced by the racial differences. Further research on larger scale assessing the impact of parasympathetic activity in terms of heart rate recovery in individual from different ethnic background is required as very limited data is available till date.

The Effect of Structured Exercise Compared with Education on Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms in People at Risk of Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background and Objectives: Lifestyle interventions such as exercise prescription and education may play a role in the management of peripheral neuropathy in people with diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of undertaking an exercise program in comparison with an education program on the signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in people with diabetes at risk of neuropathic foot ulceration. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four adult participants with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were enrolled in this parallel-group, assessor blinded, randomised clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated to one of two 8-week lifestyle interventions, exercise or education. The primary outcome measures were the two-part Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) and vibratory perception threshold (VPT). Secondary outcome measures included aerobic fitness, balance and lower limb muscular endurance. Results: Participants in both lifestyle interventions significantly improved over time for MNSI clinical signs (MD: −1.04, 95% CI: −1.68 to −0.40), MNSI symptoms (MD: −1.11, 95% CI: −1.89 to −0.33) and VPT (MD: −4.22, 95% CI: −8.04 to −0.40). Although the interaction effects did not reach significance, changes in values from pre to post intervention favoured exercise in comparison to control for MNSI clinical signs (MD −0.42, 95% CI −1.72 to 0.90), MNSI clinical symptoms (MD −0.38, 95% CI −1.96 to 1.2) and VPT (MD −4.22, 95% CI −12.09 to 3.65). Conclusions: Eight weeks of exercise training or lifestyle education can improve neuropathic signs and symptoms in people with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. These findings support a role for lifestyle interventions in the management of peripheral neuropathy.

582 Changes on diastolic and atrial functions following a single bout of two different exercise modalities in patients with hypertension and ischaemic heart disease

Abstract Aims Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise (RAE) and high intensive interval exercise (HIIE) are both effective on inducing post-exercise hypotension (PEH) in patients with hypertension. However central haemodynamic changes associated to PEH in hypertensive subjects with underlying ischaemic heart disease (IHD) have been poorly investigated. To compare the acute effects produced by these two exercise modalities on left ventricular diastolic function and left atrial function. Methods and results Twenty untrained male patients with history of hypertension and IHD under stable pharmacological therapy were enrolled. Each patient underwent three exercise sessions: RAE, HIIE, and a control session without exercise each lasting 45 min. Echocardiography examination was performed before and between 30 and 40 min from the end of the exercise sessions. In the first hour post exercise, BP values decreased in a similar way in RAE and HIIE and were unchanged after control. Compared to pre-session, E/E1 ratio increased after HIIE and remained unchanged after both RAE and control sessions (between-sessions P 0.002). PALS increased slightly after RAE (+1.4 ± 1.1%), decreased after HIIE (−4.6 ± 2.4%). and was unchanged after control. (between-sessions P 0.03). PACS was mildly increased after RAE, was reduced after HIIE, and was unchanged after control. Atrial volume was unchanged after both sessions. Left ventricular and left atrial stiffness increased significantly after HIEE while remained unchanged after RAE and control. Stroke volume and cardiac output increased after RAE, decreased after HIIE, and were unchanged after control. Conclusions Single sessions of RAE and HIIE determined similar PEHs in hypertensive subjects with IHD, while they evoked different central haemodynamic adjustments. Given its neutral effects of on diastolic and atrial functions, RAE seems more suitable for reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients with IHD.

Secretion of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (Anp), Heart Reconditioning and Remolding in Elite Endurance Trained Athletes

Aim / Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maximal exercise on the level of cardiac remolding and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in elite athletes as compared to sedentary healthy subjects and correlation of ANP with the adaptation of athlete’s heart and cardiac remodeling (if any) Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out at the Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, with collaboration of Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology (AFIC) Rawalpindi from June 2003 to May 2004. Methodology: A total number of 44 subjects were included in this study. These comprised of 22 elite endurance athletes and 22 healthy sedentary volunteers as controls. All subjects were examined clinically to rule out the cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases on the basis of medical history, physical examination, and echocardiography. All the selected subjects were examined on a Toshiba Power Vision 6000 echocardiograph for assessing and measuring their LV end-diastolic internal diameter (LVIDd), Diastolic interventricular septal thickness (IVSTd), diastolic posterior wall thickness (PWTd). The left ventricular mass was (LVM) was calculated by using the Devereux formula. They were subject to go for ergometer cycle exercise before breakfast. The Blood samples were drawn before and after exercise to assess the level of ANP in their samples. Results: It was found that LVIDd, IVSTd, PWTd, LVM were higher in athletes as compared to their age, sex and BMI matched controls. The ANP levels in athlete’s plasma were also high in post and pre exercise sample as compared to controls. Conclusion: Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure and heart rate are lower in endurance elite athletes than matched sedentary controls. The maximal Exercise increases the level of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in elite athletes significantly as compared to sedentary healthy controls. There was a Positive correlations between ANP and LVIDd, IVSTd, PWTd, and LVM while there was negative correlation between ANP and heart rate, ANP and Blood pressure. However, none of correlation was found to be statistically significant. Keywords: Athlete’s Heart, ANP, Cardiac remodeling in athletes, Echocardiography of heart