Exhaustive Exercise Increases Spontaneous but Not fMLP-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Circulating Phagocytes in Amateur Sportsmen.

Adam Chmielecki,Hanna Jerczynska,Gianluca Padula,Dariusz Nowak,Szymon Galczynski,Robert Stawski,Krzysztof Bortnik

doi:10.3390/biology11010103

Adam Chmielecki, Hanna Jerczynska + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010103

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Journal: Biology	Publication Date: Jan 10, 2022
Citations: 2	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Medical University of Lodz

Abstract

Simple SummaryStrenuous exercise can alter various functions of circulating phagocytes. We tested whether exhaustive exercise could influence spontaneous and fMLP-induced oxidant production (measured with luminol enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (LBCL) normalized per phagocyte count) by blood phagocytes in amateur sportsmen. Exhaustive exercise transiently enhanced (no more than one hour from the end of bout) spontaneous oxidants generation by circulating phagocytes, while response to fMLP was decreased up to 24 h post exercise. It is suggested that a short lived increase in spontaneous oxidants production can switch on various mechanisms leading to an increase in antioxidant activity in regularly training subjects.Strenuous exercise alters the oxidative response of blood phagocytes to various agonists. However, little is known about spontaneous post exercise oxidant production by these cells. In this cross-over trial, we tested whether an exhaustive treadmill run at a speed corresponding to 70% of VO2max affects spontaneous and fMLP-provoked oxidant production by phagocytes in 18 amateur sportsmen. Blood was collected before, just after, and 1, 3, 5 and 24 h post exercise for determination of absolute and normalized per phagocyte count spontaneous (a-rLBCL, rLBCL) and fMLP-induced luminol-enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (a-fMLP-LBCL, fMLP-LBCL). a-rLBCL and rLBCL increased by 2.5- and 1.5-times just after exercise (p < 0.05) and then returned to baseline or decreased by about 2-times at the remaining time-points, respectively. a-fMLP-LBCL increased 1.7- and 1.6-times just after and at 3 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), respectively, while fMLP-LBCL was suppressed by 1.5- to 2.3-times at 1, 3, 5 and 24 h post-exercise. No correlations were found between elevated post-exercise a-rLBCL, a-fMLP-LBCL and run distance to exhaustion. No changes of oxidants production were observed in the control arm (1 h resting instead of exercise). Exhaustive exercise decreased the blood phagocyte-specific oxidative response to fMLP while increasing transiently spontaneous oxidant generation, which could be a factor inducing secondary rise in antioxidant enzymes activity.

Highlights

We found that the exhaustive treadmill run increased transiently absolute resting LBCL (a-rLBCL) and afMLP-LBCL in male amateur athletes practicing soccer or powerlifting
Since in patients with blood malignancy, who were treated with autologous stem cell transplantation, both a-rLBCL and a-fMLP-LBCL were deeply suppressed and did not differ each other when circulating Gran and Mon were not detectable, it seems that these cells could be the culprit of this phenomenon
When LBCL was normalized per phagocyte count, the transient increase in rLBCL was still visible, while fMLP-LBCL just-after exercise was not increased and, what is more, the significant decrease in fMLP-LBCL was noted at the remaining post-exercise time-points. These results are in agreement with those previously described showing augmentation, no effect or even the inhibition in agonist-provoked reactive oxygen species (ROS) either in the whole blood or in experiments with isolated Gran collected at various time-points after a single bout of exercise (Table 1). These findings suggest that an essential part of phagocytes recruited from marginated pool and bone marrow in response to exercise [1]

Summary

Introduction

Exercise can substantially influence innate and acquired immunity of the human body [1]. Shear stress and catecholamines seem to be responsible for the first peak of granulophilia due to demargination [1], while the second could be caused by cortisol-induced and cytokine-induced release of Gran from bone marrow [1,4]. These cells undergo degranulation, which results in increased levels of granular enzymes (e.g., myeloperoxidase) in circulating blood and post-exercise urine [3,5]. Recently, it was found that a certain subset of neutrophils forms neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) under the influence of exercise with subsequent increase in circulating cell-free nuclear DNA (cf-nDNA), antibacterial granular enzymes and cell-free citrullinated H3 histone [6,7].

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