Post Emergency Research Articles

Contribution of economics in business sustainability

Keeping considering the necessities of things to come age, business supportability is an exertion that includes business improvement in the current climate without consumption of the normal assets in the climate. With regards to the feasible advancement of business we can notice an interconnection of climate including a harmony between shortages of assets and resolving the issues like environment changes, Global warming and accomplishing the designated development pace of the business movement utilizing the advances. Climate being a fundamental piece of our reality, working together, receiving climate cordial choices is unavoidable and fostering the green innovation measures is the indispensable way for eco-accommodating manageable business. The wide vision and the innate job of MSMEs in the economy have gotten more extensive in the post pandemic financial emergency. The weigh up truth of the meaning of MSMEs is acknowledged again in the development far away present scale all the more generally connected with business openings with adjusted turn of events and country's flourishing. In any case, "Make in India" with zero imperfection and zero impact drive by the Government of India is a huge advance towards:monetary development + supportability + social incorporation. This paper enlightens on the drive by the Government of India as a critical advance in reinforcing MSMEs and the financial arrangements under the exceptional proportion of Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan, basically taken to make MSMEs' business reasonable.

Breastfeeding and humanitarian emergencies: the experiences of pregnant and lactating women during the earthquake in Abruzzo, Italy

BackgroundEmergencies have a great impact on infant and young child feeding. Despite the evidence, the recommended feeding practices are often not implemented in the emergency response, undermining infant and maternal health. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of pregnant and lactating women during the earthquake emergency that occurred in L’Aquila on 6 April 2009.MethodsThe study design was qualitative descriptive. Data were collected by individual semi-structured interviews, investigating the mother’s experiences of pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, infant formula or complementary feeding during the emergency and the post emergency phase. Data analysis was categorical and was performed by using N-Vivo software.ResultsSix women who were pregnant at the time of the earthquake were interviewed in January 2010. In addition to the essential needs of pregnant and lactating women, such as those related to the emergency shelters conditions, the main findings emerged from this study were: the reconfiguration of relationships and the central role of partners and family support; the need of spaces for sharing experiences and practices with other mothers; the lack of breastfeeding support after the hospital discharge; the inappropriate donations and distribution of Breast Milk Substitutes.ConclusionsDuring and after L’Aquila earthquake, several aspects of infant and young child feeding did not comply with standard practices and recommendations. The response system appeared not always able to address the specific needs of pregnant and lactating women. It is urgent to develop management plans, policies and procedures and provide communication, sensitization, and training on infant and young child feeding at all levels and sectors of the emergency response.

Fire impacts on soil and post fire emergency stabilization treatments in Mediterranean-climate regions

Wildfires are non-controlled large-scale fires of various vegetation types that have long affected the Mediterranean- climate regions, but their increased frequency and severity has led to the degradation of the ecosystems. Particularly in Chile, 147 major wildfires in 2017, were responsible of burning 546 678 ha, which included 28 729 ha of traditional small-scale non irrigated agricultural systems, highlighting the vulnerability of these agricultural soils to wildfires. Soil biological properties are more sensitive to heating than physicochemical properties. Thus, a reduction of microbial communities and associated enzyme activities generally occur in low-intensity fires (< 200 °C). Most significant changes in physicochemical properties of soil occurring in moderately intense fires (250 to 450 °C) are increases of soil pH, nutrient availability, bulk density and soil water repellency, whereas soil aggregate stability and water holding capacity generally decrease. When vegetation cover is completely destroyed by fire, emergency stabilization treatments such as mulching and seeding provide an immediate ground cover to reduce soil erosion and preserve nutrients. Therefore, it is important to define the impacts of wildfire on soil properties of agricultural lands to establish a roadmap to implement an adequate and viable restoration.

Inclusive, collaborative and personalised professional development process for the post–emergency remote teaching era: The importance of virtual professional learning networks

Emergency remote teaching process was initiated as a solution to the crisis of Covid–9 pandemic in order to ensure the sustainability of education. While being expected to quickly adapt to the sudden changes brought by the pandemic, educational institutions, teachers, students and parents were observed to come across many challenges during this process. The review article aims to focus on the types of challenges teachers experience during the emergency remote teaching process and identify the characteristics of the professional development process they require in this period. Considering the pedagogical, psychological and student–related difficulties, it is suggested that the professional development support teachers need should be provided with a multidimensional and holistic approach. Specifically, this paper highlights how virtual professional learning networks can play an important role in meeting the professional development needs of teachers arising both during and in the post Covid–19 pandemic period.

Narrative Review: Addressing Covid-19 Vaccine Concerns in Special and Vulnerable Populations.

Public health advocates and healthcare professionals (HCPs) have been challenged with vaccine hesitancy and addressing misinformation. In order for HCPs and pharmacists, in particular, to serve as effective stewards of COVID-19 vaccine science in the interest of the public good, it is imperative for HCPs to appreciate the various factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy and vaccine distrust. A PubMed search was performed and relevant articles on COVID-19 vaccine in populations of interest were included. Information from health agencies, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as established professional health societies was incorporated for guidance. This review focuses on COVID-19 vaccine concerns in the populations of children, pregnancy and lactation, immunocompromised, and religious and ethnic disparities. We also discuss post emergency use authorization experience with respect to vaccine safety including annotations on Guillain-Barré Syndrome, myocarditis and pericarditis, and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome.

Deconstructing the challenges and opportunities for blended learning in the post emergency learning era

ABSTRACT This paper, as part of a European Commission-funded project entitled REBEL (Repurposing Education through Blended Learning), deconstructs school communities understanding of the challenges and opportunities for blended learning in the school sector in Ireland with perceptions shaped by experiences of enforced school closures during the pandemic. It provides an overview of five case studies in primary and post-primary schools in Ireland. The findings from this research indicate that the emergency remote teaching experience has cast an unhelpful shadow on blended learning. To avoid stigmatising online teaching and learning based on less than ideal experiences, in spring 2020, Hodges and co-authors referred to this period as ‘emergency remote teaching.’ (Hodges et al., 2020). Perhaps blended learning is also the victim of a similar stigmatising effect. The paper makes several contributions, including a need to differentiate between blended learning, emergency remote teaching and the suite of additional factors that impacted the school closure experience for teachers and schools. In addition, the findings signpost some succinct questions for consideration, that is, what conditions, social, cognitive, and teacher presence, resources and supports are necessary for effective intentional blended learning in schools.

Effectiveness of preoperative bath using chloroxylenol antiseptic soap on the incidence of post emergency cesarean section surgical site infection at Mbarara Regional Referral hospital, Uganda: a randomized controlled trial.

IntroductionSurgical Site Infections (SSIs) constitute 15%-45% of hospital acquired infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Cesarean section (CS) increases the risk of developing sepsis by 5-20 times and is highest when the operation is emergency. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the effect of chloroxylenol in reducing the incidence of post cesarean SSIs at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH).Methodsa randomized controlled trial was conducted at MRRH maternity ward and mothers were randomized into either control or intervention arms. The intervention was a complete body bath with chloroxylenol antiseptic soap before the operation, while the control arm participants received a standard ward pre-operative preparation procedures. All participants were followed up for 30 days and assessed using an SSI screening tool.Resultsninety-six women were randomized, and 48 were assigned to each arm. The overall incidence of SSI was 30.21%. The incidence of SSI was significantly lower in the intervention compared to the control arm (6.25% in the intervention arm versus 54.17% in the control arm) (p-value <0.001). Chloroxylenol bath was protective of SSI with a 90% risk reduction for SSI (95% confidence interval of 67%–97%).Conclusiona preoperative bath with chloroxylenol for pregnant mothers is associated with a significantly lower risk of post cesarean section surgical site infections. Health facilities with a high burden of post SSI should consider adding this simple and effective intervention to the existing infection prevention measures. Clinical Trials.gov registration (NCT03544710).

Post-COVID-19 assessment in a specialist clinical service: a 12-month, single-centre, prospective study in 1325 individuals

IntroductionPost-COVID-19 complications require simultaneous characterisation and management to plan policy and health system responses. We describe the 12-month experience of the first UK dedicated post-COVID-19 clinical service to include hospitalised...

Telemedicine: first steps in a north-eastern Italian region during first year of pandemic

BackgroundCovid-19 pandemic imposed searching for innovative solutions to ensure safety access to outpatient services. In March 2020 first cases were reported in Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) region, in Italy; in April 2020 FVG included teleconsultation in the healthcare offer. This study evaluated in-presence medical consultations (IPCs) delivered in FVG before and after first cases reported in region and correlation between IPCs, teleconsultations and new admissions to Covid-19 wards during pandemic.MethodsIPCs were analysed dividing in pre (February 1st, 2019-February 29th, 2020) and post (March 1st, 2020-March 31st, 2021) Covid-19 emergency period and comparing mean months values with t-test. IPCs and teleconsultations delivered during emergency (March 1st, 2020-March 31st, 2021) were divided in months and correlated with new admissions to Covid-19 wards in the same period with Pearson test.ResultsIPCs delivered in pre-Covid-19 period compared with post were 1,105,823 vs 973,350 (-12%), peaking in October (98,980 vs 86,821; -12.3%) and minimum in April (82,061 vs 61,523; -25.1%). Pre-Covid-19 mean IPCs were significantly different compared to post (85,063 vs 74,873; p=.003). Focusing on emergency period, IPCs were negatively related to teleconsultations (973,350 vs 2140; r=-.43; p=.13). The negative correlation found between new admissions to Covid-19 wards (9154) and IPCs was weak and not significant (r=-.12; p=.69), while a positive and significant correlation was found between teleconsultations and new admissions to Covid-19 wards (r=.59; p=.03).ConclusionsResults showed a significant reduction of post-Covid-19 IPCs compared to pre and a significant correlation between teleconsultations and new admissions to Covid-19 wards in FVG during first year of Covid-19 emergency. Contagion containment measures and fear probably influenced access to outpatient services while teleconsultation should be considered as an alternative to face-to-face during pandemic period.Key messages A reduction of in-presence medical consultations was found in a north-eastern Italian region during first year of pandemic.Teleconsultation could be a valid solution in case of increasing Covid-19 hospitalizations.

The indications for and timing of haemodialysis in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). It is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The optimal timing of renal replacement therapy (RRT) remains unknown, resulting in a wide variation in observed current practices. There is a paucity of data on current practices within ICUs in South Africa. Objectives To describe current practices in the timing of RRT in patients with AKI admitted to the ICU. The secondary objectives were to describe the patient characteristics, severity of illness scores, staging at initiation of RRT, outcome at ICU discharge, and to estimate and describe delays in the initiation of RRT. Methods A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted in an adult academic ICU in Soweto from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2015. Results There were 2 152 ICU admissions over the 2 years. Less than a tenth of the patients (3.5%; n=76) required RRT and the majority had sepsis (83%). The most common indication for RRT was oliguria/anuria (50%; n=38), followed by worsening urea/creatinine (29%; n=22), metabolic acidosis (11.8%; n=9), refractory hyperkalaemia (5.3%; n=4), fluid overload (2.6%; n=2) and other (1.3%; n=1). More than half of the patients (55%; n=42) had RRT instituted on admission day (D0 ), while 45% (n=34) had RRT initiated after D0 (D1-21). RRT was initiated at stage 3 AKI in 90% and 94% of D0 RRT group and D1-21 RRT group, respectively. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) time to starting RRT was 4 (4) hours once the decision to initiate RRT was made. The composite outcome of death, RRT dependence and diuretic dependence at ICU discharge was 21% and there was no difference between the two groups (p=0.22). The ICU mortality was 3%. Conclusion The sampled population was young, predominantly male and had post emergency surgery with a high burden of sepsis and HIV. The observed current threshold for RRT was late (stage 3 AKI with classic/emergent indications) with outcomes comparable with the reviewed literature. Contributions of the studyThe present study adds insight into the practice of initiating RRT in patients admitted to the ICU with AKI. These data have previously not been described in the South African context. The patient population differed from the literature in that they were young, predominantly male and had post-emergency surgery with a high burden of sepsis and HIV.

Emergency Oil Spill Response: Data Collection Automation, and Dissemination

ABSTRACT The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) has employed Geographic Information System (GIS) technology for oil spill planning and response since the early 1990's, adding remote sensing tools to the mix by the turn of the Century. Discussed herein are OSPR's current smartphone and tablet-based field data collection applications. We use an off-the-shelf tool for pre-response protection strategy planning and use customized tools developed in-house for California Sea Otter Surveys, Wildlife Search and Collection and the Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT). The benefits of automated field data collection include the omission of transcription errors during manual data input and streamlined data processing. This results in accurate and timely information delivered to responders, thus enhancing their capability for informed decision making. OSPR uses the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Environmental Response Management Application® (ERMA), a web-based GIS data viewer as the Common Operational Picture (COP) for data dissemination throughout the incident response community during an oil spill event, and for the post emergency response cooperative Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). OSPR also uses ERMA a planning tool by uploading significant data layers from the U.S Coast Guard's (USCG) six Area Contingency Plans (ACP) for coastal California and OSPR's Geographic Response Plans for inland waters of the state with higher risk of an oil spill. These response planning data are freely downloadable from the ERMA platform. In the Summer/Fall of 2019 at the Cymric Oil Field in Kern County, California, over 1,000,000 gallons of oil, mud and steam seeped into a dry stream bed from several “surface expressions”. Direct access to the spill site was not permitted for Health and Safety concerns. OSPR used an off-the-shelf small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS, aka drone) equipped with a standard high definition (HD) camera and a thermal infrared camera for SCAT reconnaissance, resources at risk evaluations, and regularly scheduled mapping missions for overall site situational awareness.

ROLE OF SUBCUTANEOUS SUCTION DRAIN IN REDUCING SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS AFTER EMERGENCY LAPAROTOMY AT SKMCH, MUZAFFARPUR, BIHAR

Background: One of important morbidity postoperatively is surgical site infection and the important cause is collection of blood and serous uids which can get infected and this factor is even more important in emergency laparotomies. our prospective randomised study compares the incidence of surgical site infection in post emergency abdominal surgical wounds with subcutaneous suction drains versus those in whom drain was not placed. Methods: A prospective interventional study of 100 subjects done in department of surgery at Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. On the basis of exclusion and inclusion criteria patient were randomly selected for cases (with post-operative suction drain) and controls. subcutaneous drain in emergency setting play signicant role in reducing the incidence of surgical site infection which is signicant statistically. Results: 24% of patients in drain group develop surgical site infections. 50% of patients in non-drain group develop infection. Incidence of infection in drain group was lower than the no drain group (p value 0.05) and was statistically signicant. Conclusions: Subcutaneous drain in emergency laparotomy play signicant role in reducing the incidence of surgical site infection

Causes of Problems in Post-Disaster Emergency Re-Construction Projects—Iraq as a Case Study

This study examines the causes of time delays and cost overruns in a selection of thirty post-disaster reconstruction projects in Iraq. Although delay factors have been studied in many countries and contexts, little data exists from countries under the conditions characterizing Iraq during the last 10-15 years. A case study approach was used, with thirty construction projects of different types and sizes selected from the Baghdad region. Project data was gathered from a survey which was used to build statistical relationships between time and cost delay ratios and delay factors in post disaster projects. The most important delay factors identified were contractor failure, redesigning of designs/plans and change orders, security issues, selection of low-price bids, weather factors, and owner failures. Some of these are in line with findings from similar studies in other countries and regions, but some are unique to the Iraqi project sample, such as security issues and low-price bid selection. While many studies have examined factors causing delays and cost overruns, this study offers unique insights into factors that need to be considered when implementing projects for post disaster emergency reconstruction in areas impacted by wars and terrorism.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON METHODS TO CALCULATE DYNAMIC RESERVES OF SLOPE EROSIONING MATERIALS TRANSPORTED BY POST-FIRE DEBRIS FLOW

Severe forest fire often greatly increases soil erosion rate. The existing methods to predict the soil loss on the slope are not suitable for the post-fire debris flow. However, the soil erosion prediction models are essential for planning post fire emergency responses. We attempt to use the RUSLE model to estimate the potential post fire soil loss for the D4 basin in Ba Jiaolou town, China, burnt in 2018. We comprehensively carry out the field investigation, indoor and outdoor experiments, and remote sensing interpretation. Results show that the total volume of the soil loss on the slope during the first five years post fire in D4 watershed is 3.28×104 m3, and the contribution from the heavy and moderate burnt area reaches up to 93.90%. By comparing the investigating data and the predicting data, we finally conclude that the RUSLE modle is effective for predicting the volume of the soil loss transported by the post-fire debris flow. It can provide some references for emergency response to the post-fire debris flow.

Study of incidence and risk factors of surgical site infections in lower segment caesarean section cases of tertiary care hospital of north India

ObjectivesTo determine the incidence density, risk factors and common pathogens associated with surgical site infections (SSI) following lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) surgeries. MethodsIn this Non-interventional prospective observational study, a total of 611 post caesarean emergency and elective cases were enrolled among the 1018 LSCS cases conducted for the period of May–August 2016. The demographic, risk factors and clinical data for appearance of signs and symptoms of SSI were recorded in a preformatted proforma. SSI's were classified as superficial, deep and organ space as per Centre for Disease Control (CDC), USA definitions. Pus specimens were processed and antimicrobial susceptibility results of the organisms were determined as standard microbiological techniques. ResultsThe SSI rate was found to be 10.3 per 100 surgeries in our study with superficial SSI (66.7%) being most common. Inappropriate pre-surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, anaemia, previous LSCS as indication of LSCS, intra-operative blood transfusion and comorbid illness like heart disease, hypothyroidism, chronic liver and kidney disease were found to be significantly associated with SSI. Predominance of gram negative isolates (55.3%) was seen in comparison to gram positive isolates (44.7%) as cause of surgical site infections. ConclusionsSSIs rates observed are much higher than those observed in NHSN participating hospitals. Many of the risk factors identified are low hanging fruits and can be targeted to effectively reduce SSI rates.

S3275 Y90 Radioembolization: A Case Series in a Community-Based Setting

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the second-most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide and the most common primary liver cancer in the United States. Loco-regional therapies (LRT) with curative intent include resection, energy ablation, chemo or radioembolization, and liver transplantation. Frequently sequencing of different therapeutic modalities is required for cure or prolongation of survival. Trans arterial LRT include chemoembolization (TACE) and Yttrium-90 radioembolization (Y-90 TARE) have been successfully utilized in the management of primary multicentric HCC, recurrent HCC after other LRT, as well as metastatic colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine carcinoma. Current scientific literature describes the methodology, safety and clinical outcomes from major academic centers. Our series describes the experience in the management of primary and secondary liver malignancies with Y-90 TARE a community hospital. METHODS: After IRB approval, we conducted a retrospective review. De-identified data was collected for patients treated with Y-90 TARE with primary, multicentric HCC, and patients with metastatic cancer who did not meet criteria for any other LRT. Baseline patient and tumor characteristics pre Y-90 TARE were assessed (Table 1). This series report the initial experience with forty-two patients. Of those, 20 patients that had complete data suitable for analysis Modified Resist criteria (mRESIST) was utilized to assess radiographic response within the first year of treatment. Complications that required post treatment emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalization within 30 and 90 days after Y-90 TARE were recorded. RESULTS: Of the twenty patients with pre and post therapy imaging, 40% had partial and stable responses, 15% had a complete response, and 5% had progressive disease. Of the 42 patients initially treated with Y-90 TARE, 52% did not undergo subsequent radioembolization treatment, 38% underwent one additional treatment and 10% required two or more. 5% of the patients required ED of hospitalization in the first 90 days after y 90 TARE. There were no deaths (Table 2). CONCLUSION: The management of hepatocellular carcinoma varies tremendously without one single modality being ideal. Surgical resection and transplantation remain as the gold standard for cure. Our series documents, Y-90 TARE to be a safe, reproducible technique in a community hospital with minimal morbidity and no mortality.Table 1.: Pre treatment baseline characteristicsTable 2.: Post treatment outcomes

Chain of Survival in Industrial Emergencies and Industrial Disasters.

The Chain of Survival in Industrial Emergencies and Disasters is similar to the cardiac arrest chain of survival of the American Heart Association (AHA) and the trauma chain of survival. It is a sequence of five inter-linked rings, which when practiced, decreases the mortality and morbidity in the concerned population. The first ring is Early Prevention, which should be a combined effort of healthcare professionals and industrial authorities. The second ring is Early Recognition. Industrial workers and surrounding communities should be equally trained in hazard and risk analysis along with vulnerability assessment. The third ring is Access to Care by the Early Response System, involving a universal emergency response number and early intervention by on-site trained medical professionals. This ring emphasizes the importance of a link with the surrounding communities, as they are the first responders and the front-line victims. The fourth ring is Early Advanced Care by EMS for transportation to hospitals or by Emergency Department personnel in referral hospitals. The fifth and the last ring is Early Rehabilitation, which includes integrated post emergency care, overall rehabilitation and early return to work. The key to successful implementation of Chain of Survival is to have identified components of care, training and quality monitoring. When practiced diligently, this could help prevent industrial disasters, and mitigate their harmful effects on occurrence.

A Utility Driven Post Disaster Emergency Resource Allocation System Using DTN

Two of the most dominant challenges in post disaster emergency resource allocation are: 1) understanding the exact utility, i.e., exigency, of emergency resources and 2) collecting and transmitting the need for these resources to the control station from where resources are allocated. Measuring the utility of resources with precision becomes tricky in a dynamic post disaster scenario, where demands are constantly evolving and supplies trickle in at an uncertain rate. Moreover, collection and transmission of resource needs of far-flung areas are easier said than done owing to the post disaster disruption of communication infrastructure. These result in the ad-hoc allocation of emergency resources to the shelters. In this paper, we first derive a utility function for dynamically enumerating the shelter specific utility of each emergency resource. Subsequently, we propose an opportunistic knowledge sharing scheme for gathering and disseminating resource needs to the control station using a smartphone-based delay tolerant network. Finally, based on these opportunistically transmitted needs, we formulate a utility driven optimal resource allocation model which minimizes overall resource deficit and total resource deployment time. The proposed system optimally assigns constrained emergency resources to different shelters, so that high-utility resources are deployed fast. The effectiveness of the proposed system is evaluated using ONE simulator and LINGO optimization modeling tool. Exhaustive simulation is done to evaluate the comparative performance of our system with a number of competing schemes. Results show that our system outperforms all these schemes in a fully connected scenario. It is also observed that even in an intermittently connected environment, the performance of our system is almost at par with the competing schemes.

Emergency Medicine Education at a Medical Institute in Nepal: Breaking the Frontiers.

Emergency medicine, globally, is a developing specialty. The President of International Federation for Emergency Medicine penned down in a 2007 editorial that emergency medicine is rapidly becoming a global specialty. There are an increasing number of countries which are exploring ways to further build emergency medicine. The Hybrid International Emergency Medicine Training Program is the first collaborative international Emergency Medicine training developed in the UK. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed among Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospital, UK, International Centre for Emergency Medicine UK, International Academy of Medical Leadership, UK and Chitwan Medical College, Nepal.The HIEM program has been executed by CMC from November 15, 2018. As per the MOU, the International Training Registrars of HIEM Program will undergo 1st and 4rth Year of training at CMC, Nepal and the 2nd year and 3rd year of training at DBTH, UK. The HIEM Training Program is the first of its kind in the country; HIEM is the first post graduate emergency medicine program in Nepal which also has an international recognition and is unique in the sense that the programme is integrated with training in leadership and management.The HIEM Training Program is recognized by Royal College of Emergency Medicine, UK. CMC has committed to improving emergency care in Nepal by pioneering the HIEM Training Program. We are committed to fulfilling our moral and social responsibility to improve emergency care systems in the country through building up of a cadre of adequately trained Emergency Physicians. Keywords: Emergencies; emergency care; emergency medicine; Nepal.

UAV and Structure from Motion Approach to Monitor the Maierato Landslide Evolution

In February 2010 a large landslide affected the Maierato municipality (Calabria, Italy). The landslide, mainly caused by a period of prolonged and intense rainfalls, produced a mass displacement of about 5 million m³ and several damages to farmlands, houses and infrastructures. In the aftermath several conventional monitoring actions were carried out. In the current post emergency phase, the monitoring was resumed by carrying out unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) flights in order to describe the recent behavior of the landslide and to assess residual risk. Thanks to the potentialities of the structure from motion algorithms and the availability of post emergency reconnaissance photos and a previous 3D dataset, the three-dimensional evolution of the area was computed. Moreover, an experimental multispectral flight was carried out and its results supported the interpretation of local phenomena. The dataset allowed to quantify the elevation losses and raises in several peculiar sectors of the landslide. The obtained results confirm that the UAV monitoring and the structure from motion approach can effectively contribute to manage residual risk in the medium and long term within an integrated geotechnical monitoring network.