Positive Role Models Research Articles

Current Status of ‘Professional Identity Formation’ Education in the Medical Professionalism Curriculum in Korea

This study examined the current status of the medical professionalism curriculum in Korea to suggest a plan to move towards the formation of a professional identity. Professionalism education data from 28 Korean medical schools were analyzed, including the number of courses, required or elective status, corresponding credits, major course contents, and teaching and evaluation methods. Considerable variation was found in the number of courses and credits in the professionalism curriculum between medical schools. The course contents were structured to expand learners’ experiences, including the essence and knowledge of professionalism, understanding of oneself, social interaction with others, and the role of doctors in society and the healthcare system. The most common teaching methods were lectures and discussions, while reflective writing, coaching, feedback, and role models were used by fewer than 50% of medical schools. Written tests, assignments and reports, discussions, and presentations were frequently used as evaluation methods, but portfolio and self-evaluation rates were relatively low. White coat ceremonies were conducted in 96.2% of medical schools, and 22.2% had no code of conduct. Based on the above results, the author suggests that professional identity formation should be explicitly included in learning outcomes and educational contents, and that professional identity formation courses need to be added to each year of the program. The author also proposes the need to expand teaching methods such as reflective writing, feedback, dilemma discussion, and positive role models, to incorporate various evaluation methods such as portfolios, self-assessment, and moral reasoning, and to strengthen faculty development.

Christian Churches and the Prevention of Preadolescent Aggression and Violence in Puerto Rico: Regional Leaders' Perspective.

Preadolescents’ involvement in religious congregations may serve as a distal protective factor against aggression. Interviews were conducted to explore Puerto Rico (PR) Christian church and faith-based organization (FBO) leaders' knowledge and perceptions about preadolescent violence, and the role of congregations in its prevention. Bullying was perceived as the most common type of aggression among PR preadolescents. Education, positive role modeling, and relationships with pro-social adults are considered important in its prevention. While willing to engage in violence prevention efforts, congregations may possess limited knowledge on the topic and its relevance. Findings can help inform the development of collaborative research and prevention efforts at the family and community levels.

Dental Foundation Training (DFT): does it meet the Francis Report Recommendations?

This study evaluates Dental Foundation Training (DFT) in the context of the Francis Report recommendations. Results of questionnaires sent to trainees and educational supervisors involved in DFT highlighted the importance of an educational supervisor as a positive role model, the value of the informal curriculum in developing an organisational culture of professionalism, leadership and ethics, and the developmental benefits of experiential learning. DFT needs to create an optimal learning environment which should promote the benefits of reflection, positive role modelling and active participation by foundation trainees in their professional community and organisational culture. The findings of this study confirm the crucial role DFT plays in the development of safe, ethical and effective practitioners. It also underlines the need for clear and consistent UK wide standards of DFT supported by strong leadership and management, underpinned by skilled, professional educational supervisors, and effectively quality assured.

567-P: The Role of Family History In Self-Management of T2D: A Qualitative Examination

Adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at a younger age are at increased risk for poor outcomes. We examined how family history of diabetes shaped the experiences and self-management perspectives of younger-onset individuals newly diagnosed with T2D. We conducted six focus groups between Nov 2017 and May 2018. Participants (n=41) were members of an integrated healthcare delivery system, had been diagnosed with T2D during the prior two years, and were 21-44 years old at the time of diagnosis. Each group met twice for 60-90 minutes, two weeks apart. Groups were led by an experienced facilitator, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by two reviewers using thematic analysis. The average age of participants was 38.4 years (±5.8 years); 20 were women, 10 self-identified as Latinx, 12 as Black, 12 as White and 7 as multiple or other races. Over 65% had a family history of T2D. Having a family member with T2D facilitated self-management in several ways. First, personal familiarity with T2D and related lifestyle changes, as well as advice from older relatives, led individuals to feel that they were capable of modifying behaviors and made adjusting to the diagnosis easier. In addition, family members with T2D served as both positive and negative role models that motivated individuals to adapt relatives’ health-promoting behaviors and take steps to avoid adverse outcomes. Conversely, for some, the perception that T2D diagnosis was inevitable was a barrier to initial self-care. Perceived lack of control over developing T2D due to family history of the disease led to feelings of self-blame and futility regarding self-management efforts. Our results highlight the importance of recognizing how familial experiences impact patients’ ability to navigate a new T2D diagnosis. Proactively addressing perceived barriers to and facilitators of self-management in the context of family T2D history may aid in efforts to educate and support high-risk, younger patients establish a trajectory towards improved health. Disclosure M. A. Blatchins: None. K. Xu: None. A. Altschuler: None. R. W. Grant: None. A. Gopalan: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK116968); Kaiser Permanente Northern California

Exploring faculty-to-faculty incivility among nursing faculty: Related factors, reasons and solutions.

This study aimed to explore faculty-to-faculty incivility in university nursing programmes and to identify the perceptions of faculty regarding the reasons and solutions for incivility. Incivility is a fundamental problem in nursing educational settings. This cross-sectional and analytic study comprised 330 faculty members from different schools of nursing in Turkey. A personal information form and the 12-item Incivility Scale were used to collect data. The data were analysed by using descriptive analysis, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, Spearman's correlation test, linear regression tests and thematic analysis. Faculty and research assistants who were single and holding master's degrees perceived high incivility (p<.05). There was also a significant, mildly negative relationship between age and incivility scores (r=-0.236). A strict hierarchical structure was revealed to also be a reason for incivility (p<.05). Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of the solutions for faculty-to-faculty incivility. This study can guide administrators regarding the causes and solutions of incivility within academic environments. By implementing strategies to increase awareness, administrators can become positive role models for faculty, providing a respectful and fair work environment to prevent incivility.

“Are you really proud of me?” Influence of stereotype threats on college athletes’ career thoughts

Removing the vulnerability of a stereotype threat can weaken the stereotype’s negative influence. However, stereotype threats can be produced simply by reminding individuals of their stigmatized social identity. In this study, a typical explicit stereotype threat was compared with two types of reports on positive role models to determine whether the influence of stereotypes varied according to the type of report. In total, 178 college athletes were recruited and randomly assigned to the explicit threat group (EX group, n = 46), report on a special case group (RS group, n = 42), report on a general topic group (RG group, n = 46), or neutral report group (control, n = 44). The participants first read a short text with manipulated context. They then completed scales assessing career adaptability and optimism and were asked to choose whether to complete a scholastic test with high or low difficulty or not take the test at all. The career adaptability and optimism scores of the control group were higher than those of the RS and EX group. The career optimism scores of the RG group were higher than those of the EX group. Fewer participants opted for the difficult version of the scholastic text in the EX and RS groups; the majority of participants in these groups chose to not take any test. The results indicated the influence of negative stereotype threats and indicated that reading the news report on the special case did not have a positive and encouraging effect on the participants.

Managing bullying in the workplace: a model of servant leadership, employee resilience and proactive personality

PurposeThis paper develops and tests a model for managing workplace bullying by integrating employee perceived servant leadership, resilience and proactive personality. Specifically, this paper explores servant leadership as an inhibitive factor for workplace bullying, both directly and indirectly in the presence of employee resilience as a mediator. It further explores whether proactive personality moderates the indirect relationship.Design/methodology/approachThis is an empirical study based on analysis of survey data collected from 408 employees working in services and manufacturing sector organisations in Pakistan. Structural equation modelling was used to test the research model.FindingsStructural equation modelling results support the proposition that servant leadership helps in discouraging workplace bullying, both directly and indirectly, in the presence of employee resilience as a mediator. However, employee proactive personality moderates this process, such that the association between resilience and workplace bullying is stronger for individuals with high proactive personality.Research limitations/implicationsThis study's findings illuminate the strong potential of servant leadership for managing workplace bullying. This potential is attributed to positive role modelling in the workplace, which may assist in building followers' resilience. This study provides evidence to support the importance of leadership in the process by which employees develop better psychological resources to combat bullying at work.Originality/valueThis is the first study that examines the direct relationship between servant leadership and bullying at work. In addition, this study introduced the mediating effect of resilience and the moderating effect of proactive personality on this relationship.

Finding a Sense of Gratitude and Purpose in Medicine Through Positive Role Models and a Diversity of Passions, Experiences, and Practices

As burnout is an issue facing our profession, developing and nurturing a greater purpose which promotes a sense of gratitude and purpose in medicine is important for physician wellness and resilience. We often develop our sense of purpose through the internalization of values and ideas of people we have met in life. Mentors play an important role in helping us realize and develop our skills and talents, which may not have been readily apparent to us. In this essay, I, as a physician pursuing dermatology, describe my experiences and what I’ve learned from inspirational teachers and mentors in my education and training that helped me realize the gifts and talents I have to offer the world as a dermatologist. Then, my mentors describe how a specific experience or hobby has helped them develop a greater sense of purpose and gratitude in their careers. These are a few of the infinite possibilities which can nurture a sense of gratitude and purpose in our lives, and our goal is for others to reflect on and to expand on these possibilities and share them with colleagues.

Cardiology, Research and Training: An Interview With Professor Eugene Braunwald

Professor Eugene Braunwald, often referred to as the 'Father of Modern Cardiology', has contributed significantly to medicine and cardiology. He is best known for the acclaimed textbook Braunwald's Heart Disease and for being the founding chairman of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group. Our primary aim is to highlight his experiences and the guidance that he has to offer to future generations of medical trainees and professionals. An interview with Prof. Braunwald provided the authors with an insight into his journey in medicine. A range of questions were posed pertaining to his struggles and accomplishments in cardiology, his perspectives on the future of cardiology and research, as well as his advice to current and future medical professionals.1 Positive role models are an inspiration to all, regardless of the stage in their career. With hard work, unwavering dedication and a strong desire to make a positive difference to patients and the field, the opportunities are endless. Whether it is clinical or bench research, advances in clinical cardiology and research usually go hand-in-hand. Although primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease remain of critical importance, it is now time to focus on primordial prevention to step back and reduce the development of the risk factors for the future development of cardiovascular disease in the first place. There have been significant advances in cardiology over the past two-thirds of the century during which Prof. Braunwald trained and then led the field. However, there is still much work to be done. Mentors and medical institutions alike must work towards a common goal of 'igniting the fire' within the new generation of clinicians and investigators who will then propel this important specialty to ever greater heights.

Influences on physical activity and screen time amongst postpartum women with heightened depressive symptoms: a qualitative study

BackgroundPostpartum women are at higher risk of depression compared to the general population. Despite the mental health benefits an active lifestyle can provide, postpartum women engage in low physical activity and high screen time. Very little research has investigated the social ecological (i.e. individual, social and physical environmental) influences on physical activity and screen time amongst postpartum women, particularly amongst those with depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study sought to examine the influences on physical activity and screen time amongst postpartum women with heightened depressive symptoms.Methods20 mothers (3–9 months postpartum) participating in the Mums on the Move pilot randomised controlled trial who reported being insufficiently active and experiencing heightened depressive symptoms participated in semi-structured telephone interviews exploring their perceptions of the key influences on their physical activity and screen time across various levels of the social ecological model. Strategies for promoting physical activity and reducing screen time were explored with participants. Thematic analyses were undertaken to construct key themes from the qualitative data.ResultsFindings showed that postpartum women with depressive symptoms reported individual (i.e. sleep quality, being housebound, single income), social (i.e. childcare, social support from partner and friends) and physical environmental (i.e. weather, safety in the local neighbourhood) influences on physical activity. Postpartum women reported individual (i.e. screen use out of habit and addiction, enjoyment) and social (i.e. positive role modelling, social isolation) influences on screen-time, but no key themes targeting the physical environmental influences were identified for screen time. Strategies suggested by women to increase physical activity included mother’s physical activity groups, home-based physical activity programs and awareness-raising. Strategies to reduce screen time included the use of screen time tracker apps, increasing social connections and awareness-raising.ConclusionsAmongst postpartum women with heightened depressive symptoms, influences on physical activity encompassed all constructs of the social ecological model. However, screen time was only perceived to be influenced by individual and social factors. Intervention strategies targeting predominantly individual and social factors may be particularly important for this high-risk group. These findings could assist in developing targeted physical activity and screen time interventions for this cohort.

Medical students and clinical placements - a qualitative study of the continuum of professional identity formation

ABSTRACT Background: To explore graduates’ perceptions of significant factors affecting professional identity formation (PIF) throughout their graduate medical school education journey and early practice years. Methods: A qualitative study with medical graduates using non-probability sampling. Data collected with graduates via face to face and telephone interviews. Interviews (n = 9) completed with medical graduates of the School of Medicine, University of Limerick. Results: Graduates described their experiences in general practice, during the early patient contact programme and the longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) as highly influential. The lasting impact of positive role models was highlighted. The importance of socialisation and entering a community of practice were identified as drivers of professional development. Role modelling and mentorship between students and GP tutors were pivotal as part of early clinical years and clinical LIC. This seemed to have a positive influence on graduate’s consideration of general practice as a future career pathway. Conclusion: Professional identity formation occurs for medical students who participate in early patient contact programmes and longitudinal integrated clerkships in GP. Factors such as positive role modelling, good mentorship, communities of practice and a positive learning environment appear to be the main contributors to this process. Experiences as part of longitudinal integrated clerkships are meaningful for graduates, regardless of postgraduate specialisation choices. Educators should acknowledge this when designing medical curricula to ensure that students’ professional identity formation is optimally facilitated. Training should be available to support the educators involved in longitudinal integrated clerkships, as they become role models and mentors to students.

Talking Back to the Research: Indigenous Wellbeing and Resilience Narratives from Urban Australia

ABSTRACT Resilience is instrumental in understanding the wellbeing of Indigenous peoples in colonised countries. Investigator-driven, quantitative descriptive studies can limit capacity for Indigenous people to “talk back” to the research process with their own perspectives of wellbeing and resilience. A Human Development and Capabilities approach can elicit self-determining definitions of wellbeing. This study presents findings from qualitative life history interviews of the self-defined health trajectories from a group of 11 Indigenous adults living in an Australian urban setting. In contrast to the prevailing deficit discourse, interviewees spoke about their strength and resilience. Common areas of health and wellbeing discussion such as socioeconomic disadvantage, family dysfunction, stress, problematic alcohol use and mental illness became transformed into narratives of never being without, the opportunity for upwards social mobility, the importance of family as positive role models and social support, abstinence, learning from past experiences and coping through challenges. Historical context, intergenerational trauma and racism impact wellbeing, yet are often not measured in large quantitative studies. Findings support affirmative action initiatives to reduce socioeconomic disadvantage to improve wellbeing. Narrative-based capability approaches provide contextualisation to how Indigenous people navigate through significant life events to maintain wellbeing.

Women Who Persist: Pathways to Power in Eastern Indonesia

In contrast to accounts that explain increases in women’s political representation by reference to structural and institutional factors, this article draws attention to the agency of women candidates. The number of women elected in the Eastern Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara ( Nusa Tenggara Timur, NTT) increased markedly in 2019. To explain this increase, this article highlights the remarkable persistence of women candidates, many of whom succeeded in 2019 only after competing in multiple prior elections, slowly building their personal political skills and reputations. The article also draws attention to the effects of positive female role models – showing how a female candidate in a gubernatorial race inspired other women politicians – and the positive effects that can arise from co-operation among women candidates. It shows that, despite the emphasis on male dominance and dynastic power in much of the literature on Indonesian politics, there are still pathways to power for women with origins in the grassroots.

Prawnicze wzorce osobowe na kanwie „małpiego procesu” w filmie Inherit the Wind Stanleya Kramera

The article analyses the film Inherit the Wind, directed by Stanley Kramer in 1960, according to a screenplay inspired by events of the so-called Scopes monkey trial, which took place in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee (US). The filmmakers recreated fairly freely the motive of the controversial ‘trial of the century’, offering the viewers an allegory of political events of the 1950s instead of historical accuracy. At the same time, it was a universal essay on the consequences of institutionalization of ideological and religious fundamentalism. The timeless appeal of Kramer’s motion picture can also be seen in the context of his positive commitment to legal ethics. The plot of the film is a clash of legal professionals, whose personalities are similar to two outstanding lawyers who actually participated in the monkey trial: William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow. Kramer’s film presents a positive role model of a lawyer, that is, defence counsel Drummond, contrasting him with the antihero: a lawyer and politician supporting the prosecution, called Brady. The film personalities of Drummond and Brady are reconstructed from the point of view of virtue ethics, using exemplarist moral theory by Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski, which enables giving a fuller picture of the created personages than in case of a deontic assessment of the moral validity of their individual acts.

The Nexus of Homelessness and Incarceration: The Case of Homeless Men in Trenton, NJ

This article explores the nuanced connections between homelessness and incarceration as told through life stories of homeless men in Trenton, New Jersey. A recurrent theme in the stories was the experience of incarceration. This cycle of male homelessness and incarceration has its origins in the structural conditions of poverty, discrimination, and unemployment in Trenton. It is self-replicating because of a cultural process in which people learn and repeat how to engage with the world. Men copy other men; this is how they learn gender. If fathers or other positive male role models are absent, men are prone to learn gender from idealized, hypermasculine images that feed into the cycle of male homelessness and incarceration. When incarcerated men leave prison and return home to fatherless families and impoverished inner city neighborhoods, this has an adverse impact on them, which has an impact on the dynamics of those families and neighborhoods.

A School-Level Examination of the Association between Programs and Policies and Physical Activity Outcomes among Females from the COMPASS Study.

(1) The majority of Canadian youth are not meeting physical activity guidelines, and more female than male youth are falling short of these recommendations. School programs and policies are a viable strategy to improve youth physical activity. However, they may differentially affect female and male activity. This study aimed to examine school-level differences in physical activity outcomes among male and female students and to explore how school programs and policies associate with school-level physical activity outcomes among females. (2) This study used data from 136 schools participating in year 7 (Y7 2018–2019) of the COMPASS study. Data on school programs and policies and on student physical activity were collected. School-level means and percentages for outcomes were calculated and compared between males and females and the impact of physical activity programs and policies on female physical activity outcomes were examined. (3) More males met the guidelines, achieved more strength training days and physical activity minutes compared to females. The number of female varsity sports, community partnerships and fitness ambassadors were all positively and significantly associated with female physical activity. (4) Supportive physical activity environments fostered by offering varsity sports, establishing community partnerships and positive role models may promote physical activity among female youth.

Perception of Health Sciences Students about Impact of Hidden Curriculum on Burnout and Empathy

Objective: The main objectives of this study were to investigate how the implicit curricular aspects such as the hidden curriculum affect student empathy and burnout and we sought to describe the link between them.Methodology: This mixed methods study included validated measures of both empathy and burnout which were distributed in three institutes of three different cities in Pakistan followed by focus group interviews. The study cohort included students of health sciences. 2000 questionnaires were distributed of which complete data of 1100 (55%) were retrieved. The second part of the study included formation of two focus groups of 15 students each per campus for in-depth discussion of aspects relating to the hidden curriculum, burnout and empathy. Descriptive statistics, correlations and frequencies were analyzed by SPSS 22 and focus group discussions underwent thematic analysis after transcription.Results: Medical students followed by and physical therapy students experienced the greatest amount of burnout syndrome (p-value0.02 and p-value0.04, respectively) as compared to the other disciplines Final year students of each discipline reported higher rates of burnout as compared to all other years (p-value0.01).Medical students had lesser empathy as compared to other disciplines of health sciences. This finding showed statistical significance (F=4.66.p-value0.03). Furthermore, results shows females (5.56±0.72) had statistically significant higher empathy scores than male students (4.46±0.65) (p-value 0.04). The focus groups established that the hidden curriculum was a key player in student wellbeing and not just limited to subconscious attributes of the teacher but it also includes administrative issues, patient behavior, peer interaction, sociodemographic and national policy issues.Conclusion: Medical students experienced the greatest amount of burnout and subsequently reported lesser empathy reflecting the negative relation between them. Burnout and hidden curriculum are important factors in determining empathy in health care students. More positive role modeling, better understanding of the surrounding and a good distribution of work load will help the students handle burnout and act as positive factors of the hidden curriculum, hence increasing empathy.

The power of positive role models: youth climate activism in films

Children make the best environmental advocates because they will bear the brunt of climate disruption, they occupy a moral high ground, and they address intergenerational justice by bringing the future into the room. Their messages reach adults’ hearts and they model successes that inspire their peers. This article explores how the successful actions of children and youth, documented in films, act as powerful catalysts for attaining positive environmental change and social justice.

Potential and pitfalls of citizen science with children: Reflections on Pollinators in the Playground project

AbstractEngaging school‐age children in activities involving ‘real‐world’ science and interacting with scientific researchers can promote an interest in appreciating and understanding the natural world and the scientific method. Here, we describe a project involving five female early‐career and PhD researchers who facilitated a citizen science project with school‐age children. Under the guidance of the researchers, across five schools, children created artificial flowers and installed them on school ovals. Over repeated 10‐min observations, students recorded how colour (yellow vs. blue) and configuration (isolated, clumped adjacent, clumped mixed colour and clumped single colour) influenced how many and what taxa of insects visited. Here, we reflect on what we were able to achieve including creating a simple, fun, cost‐effective project; anecdotal student interest in insects, and positive female STEM role models. We also acknowledge constraints and shortcomings, including set curricula resulting in suboptimal season for pollinator studies; confounding of results due to children’s observations; and being unable to verify the data. We offer recommendations for more robust projects in future, which include collecting specimens to verify results, and measuring learning outcomes. If these recommendations are met, researcher–student projects can engage children in conducting scientific experiments with applications for home and school garden management.

The Development of Stereotypical Representations of Gende in Selected Disney Films A Feminist Reading

This paper starts with an introduction illustrating the rationale behind the choice of the topic and the research objectives. Then, literature review spans the books, dissertations and articles both on gender stereotypes and gender role in recent Disney films. Then, through the feminist film theoretical framework, the paper studies Moana as a positive heroine, who is not a princess, but the daughter of the chief of her tribe and Maui, the demi-god, and how the relationship between both of them influences each other in their representation of gender values. Also, this paper aims at analyzing the motifs that portray Moana, as a progressive female character as opposed to Disney princesses, and Maui’s development as a positive role model for the male audience. The study also sheds light on some gender stereotypical traits that still exist in Moana and Maui. Finally, the study ends with a conclusion of how gender stereotypes are portrayed in recent Disney animated films and how those stereotypes have changed over time.