Positive Morality Research Articles

Employee Satisfaction and Client Satisfaction in the Banking Sector

Employee satisfaction is the extent to which employee is happy or satisfied with the jobs. It is an important factor in employee motivation, employee goal achievement and positive employee morale in the workplace. Generally, it is considered that there is a direct link between employee satisfaction and client satisfaction. Employees are the propulsive factor in client satisfaction. It became most critical where employees were directly interacting with customers, as in banking sector. The research is carried out systematically and methodically in order to find out the relationship between employee and client satisfaction in the banking sector in Ludhiana. Samples of employees and clients were taken from the selected branches of banks in Ludhiana. It was found that the satisfaction level of employees with work culture was more at private banks than at public banks. Sufficient opportunity for career growth was provided by the public bank but professional growth and advancement in future was given more importance. The results revealed that there was no significant level of relationship between the two variables. The relationship though positive but was nonsignificant statistically

Development and validation of the (inner) Strength-Based Inventory

ABSTRACT Ten perfections (known as inner strengths) are considered positive psychological characteristics, namely, generosity, morality, mindfulness/meditation, wisdom, perseverance, patience and endurance, truthfulness, determination, loving kindness and equanimity. The goal of this study was to develop a new instrument, the (inner) Strength-Based Inventory (SBI) based on these ten perfections. In all, 947 participants completed the SBI for item evaluation using Rasch analysis, and 556 completed the original version of the SBI comprising 10 items with five to eight response choices. The final version comprising 10 items, with five choices for each item, which were completed by 391 participants for the second evaluation. All 10 items showed a unidimensional construct with good fit statistics, good reliability and targeting. The SBI provided sufficient validity and reliability based on the Rasch measurement model. It may facilitate counselling and psychotherapy by enabling clinicians to use it as an individual’s positive resource. Further investigation among diverse cultures is encouraged.

Implications of Hofstede’s Cultrual Values in The Applications of Accouting Dimensions of Carporate Governance A Field Studay of the Reality of Joint Stock Companies in The Environment of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

This research intention is to analyze the relationship and the effects of Hofstede's six dimensions of cultural differences in applications of accounting dimensions of Corporate Governance. The study is based on certain crucial questions about the nature of the relationship and effects between independent variable (Hofstede's cultural value) and dependent variable (Applications of accounting dimensions of Corporate Governance), for this reason the hypotheses plan was designed through a group of major and minor hypotheses. In order to verify the validity of the hypotheses, the study/plan was tested more than once, and a questionnaire was used for the data collection. This study has followed a descriptive analysis method in describing the major and minor variables as well as analyzing relations and the effects between variables.  Furthermore, the study has represented group of private corporates which are managed by public labor in which the number reaches 13, however, the number for this study's samples covered 10 companies only. Later, the hypotheses were tested through a number of statistical analysis and examinations via SPSS V.22 program. In this perspective, the research has a multiple conclusions and the most prominent one was the existing of positive morale relationship between cultural values of Hofstede's and applications of accounting dimensions of Corporate Governance, also, the existence of effects of cultural values of Hofstede in applications of accounting dimensions of Corporate Governance. After a thorough analysis The research has  revealed  , the key role impact in which the cultural values of Hofstede in accounting and auditing exercises in the working settings of companies in Kurdistan region in Iraq that goes toward lower Power Distance Index , and Collectivism, additionally, lower Uncertainty Avoidance Index and Femininity, Long Term Orientation, future planning and perseverance, and finally, Indulgence. Also, the study suggests some advices and recommendations such as the need considering the cultural element in composing accounting systems for countries and developing them as independent variable from other environmental variables. Besides, the necessity to support and improve awareness and understanding of dimensions of cultural variables of Hofstede and the  importance of its role in establishing accounting and audit values as a component to the accounting perspective in corporate governance. Besides, the importance of doing more researches to find out the logical liaison between culture and managers' direction in the environment of companies in Kurdistan region as the manager's values tend to a great extent is the product to cultural work, that itself, has a direct affect on accountants, auditors and their exercises.

THE CONCEPT OF "PLANTS" IN KAZAKH AND ENGLISH TOPONYMIC SPACE

The purpose of this paper is to present and exploit fundamental information, such as semantic meanings and geographical features, of phytotoponyms (a type of toponym that includes plant names) in Kazakhstan and the UK (United Kingdom). Toponymy data for this study were obtained from the place names database of Kazakhstan and the UK (United Kingdom). The results showed that the most common plant names recognisable in place names are common plants that have a close connection with daily life and positive morals in Kazakh and English culture and literature. The occurrence of plant names can reflect the characteristic plants of a city. The vegetation coverage rate where phytotoponyms are located is higher than that in non-phytotoponym areas. Altitude has a stronger correlation with the number of phytotoponyms than slope and vegetation coverage degree. The toponymic image of the world can be characterized from two sides as the relation to the ethnos (nation, nationality) and to the person (toponymic person, representative of the nation). A phytotoponym is also defined as a unit of vocabular relating to the area of spatial relationships and reflecting the location of a particular specified object.

Qualitative analysis of feminine morality and visible personality characteristics among young adults

This article documents the perceptions and judgments of youth about character of female as ‘good’ or ‘bad’, based on her visible personality characteristics. A qualitative study is carried out among the undergraduate students in two public sector universities. This study highlights contextual factors linked with the choice of clothing and quality of physical appearance among young girls. The judgments about a girl’s character are based on immediate, apparent personality characteristics. This study found that there are two contrasting categories of clothing and visible personality associated with positive and negative feminine morality. Certain expectations are also found to be associated with the attire of young women in Pakistani society which restricts their individual choices. Pakistani and Britain national boys judged girl’s character as immoral or bad based on cosmetics usage, fashion-ability, body exposedness, physical attractiveness, friendliness, bold temperament, and easiness while interaction with boys.

Dissemination and Implementation of THK-ANEKA and SAW-Based Stake Model Evaluation Website

The purpose of this study was to provide information about the dissemination and implementation of the THK-ANEKA and SAW-based Stake model evaluation website at Vocational Schools of IT in Bali. THK is an acronym for Tri Hita Karana. ANEKA is an acronym for Akuntabilitas, Nasionalisme, Etika publik, Komitmen mutu, dan Anti korupsi (in Indonesian) or Accountability, Nationalism, Public ethics, Quality commitment, and Anti-corruption (in English). SAW is an acronym for Simple Additive Weighting. This study used a development approach with the Borg and Gall model which consists of 10 development stages. Research in 2020 was focused on the dissemination and implementation stages. The research location was at several Vocational Schools of IT in Bali Province. The subjects involved in assessing website implementation were 110 respondents. The tool used to assess was a questionnaire. The analysis technique was carried out by interpreting the effectiveness level of dissemination and implementation. It was a reference to the eleven scale effectiveness standard. The research results showed that the dissemination and implementation of the THK-ANEKA and SAW-based Stake model evaluation website at Vocational Schools of IT in Bali had gone well. It was able to be seen from the documentary evidence of the dissemination activities implementation. The percentage results of the website implementing effectiveness were 88.973% and the simulation results of implementing the SAW method which was already accurate. It showed the evaluation aspects that support the realization of positive morals and students’ learning quality.

Kisah Nabi Ibrahim Sebagai Role Model Keluarga

This study aims to describe the concepts of the Muslim family that originate from the story of the Prophet Ibrahim in the Al-Quran as the main standard of family resilience in the era of modern society. This research was conducted using a thematic analysis of Al-Quran verses through the Maudhui 'Tafsir method. This research is considered important because it seeks to explore and embellish the positive characters practiced by Prophet Ibrahim and retold through the Al-Quran, with the aim that everyone who has a Muslim predicate is able to emulate and apply them in the ethics of life. Prophet Ibrahim as a role model for all religions, became a concrete example for every family to instill positive morals. The results of this study indicate that the positive characters possessed by Prophet Ibrahim are classified as pre-family and post-family, with the results of the thematic analysis showing that there are at least 27 noble characters that must be held by the family as guidance and role model.

The Origins of Natural Law Thinking in the Ideas of Ancient Greek Sophists: Protagoras and Antiphon

Protagoras and Antiphon are the first authors known to us who offered their views on the correlation between human nature, on the one hand, and the requirements of the law and positive morality, on the other. With Protagoras and Antiphon, the conventional character of law and morality, as well as the existence of a moral obligation to obey the law, became vital subjects of philosophical discussion. Protagoras, according to Plato’s testimony in the dialogues "Protagoras" and "Theaetetus", attempted to reconcile individual and public interests with the help of the concept of universal virtue, which all citizens of the polis should participate in. This attempt, however, is difficult to regard as successful, since, according to the logic of Protagoras, virtue is only a means for the survival of individuals and ensuring their security. While providing justification of the paramount importance and natural character of civic virtues, Protagoras at the same time allows for the possibility of following them only for appearance, as a cover for selfish motives.Antiphon views the contract between people as the sole and sufficient basis of law and morality. Approaching the problem from an individualistic point of view, Antiphon sharply contrasts nature and convention. Nevertheless, he considers the former rather in terms of benefits and harms of following it, and not as a source of objective moral prescriptions. According to this interpretation, nature and convention are two different worlds; one may chose which of them to follow, but it is impossible to reconcile them. Neither Protagoras, nor Antiphon offers any consistent concept of human nature, and that is why their ideas could not be characterized as natural law in the full sense of the word. Their views of nature do not yet contain fundamental standards, with which human law and conventional morality could be compared. The main weakness of both theories is their inability to give account of the social character of human nature. At the same time, the undoubted merit of Protagoras and Antiphon is the very statement of the question of the priority of nature or the convention, individual or public interests, as well as of the possibility of their harmonization. The ideas of two senior sophists played a decisive role in shaping the intellectual climate, in which, primarily in direct controversy with them, Plato and Aristotle produced much more elaborate concepts of human nature; and the natural law tradition emerged.

TAREKAT SEBAGAI SISTEM PENDIDIKAN TASAWUF

The research of this dissertation was entitled Tarekat As a System of Sufism Education (The Moral Study of the Education System of the Qodiriyah Wa Naqsabandiyah Congregation in Ogan Komering Ilir District). This is motivated by the growth and development of a desire for spiritualism or Sufism in society in the form of tarekat teachings. The teachings of Sufism which were once exclusive and individual can only be learned by special people. In its development the tarekat underwent a shift so that it was inclusive and communal / group that could be learned by all Muslims. The growth of Sufism Majlis became the embryo of the formation of non-formal institutions of Sufism namely tarekat. Qadiriyah wa Naqsabandiyah (TQN) is one of the Sufism educational institutions which consists of educational components that work systemically. So the formulation of the problem is how morality in the spiritual education system of the Qadiriyah wa Naqsabandiyah Order includes aspects; Educational Objectives, Educators, Students, Educational Processes, Curriculum and evaluation. This research is a type of field research (Field Research), while the research approach that I use is the Phenomenological approach. This research includes descriptive qualitative research. In collecting data, the authors used primary and secondary data sources, namely murshid tarekat, students, provincial and district JATMAN administrators, and tarekat guidebooks. Data collection techniques are interview techniques, observation, and documentation. After the data is obtained, then it is analyzed using the descriptive-qualitative method with the technical data collection, data selection process (data reduction), data assessment, and conclusion drawing. This study found that in the Qadiriah Wa Naqsyabandiyah Ogan Komering Ilir Congregation, there are educational components that work systemically, including: Educational Objectives that have a moral characteristically Effective Ritualist, become an Al'Abid al Kamil, a moral educator (Teacher Centered) being the main controller in education, students who have the morality of Resignation Religion, namely surrender fully/have a strong belief in spiritual guidance given by murshid (Rabithah and Wasilah). The Education Process that has an Akhlakistik Religious Internalisation, namely internalizing religious values ​​through Dhikrullah (Dzikir Darajah and Khasanah), and with the method of Mujahadah, Muraqabah, and Musyahadah. The curriculum which has the morality of the subject of Eksperiance Oriented is oriented towards the spiritual experiences of students through the Amaliah and the teachings of the TQN (Aurad Dhikr, Tawajjuhan, Khataman, Shalawat, Istighasah and Manaqiban). Evaluation that has an akhlaqic Collegial Personal in the sense of institutional evaluation and individual (personal) evaluation in terms of the spiritual/inner condition of the student through isyarah murshid. With the findings above, the most important contribution in this research is Practically, this dissertation shows that the existence of the TQN tarekat institution in Kab. Ogan Komering Ilir is one of the Islamic Religious education institutions that focuses on the spiritual formation of the community so that it is able to create positive community morals in the face of the swift currents of globalization/modern civilization values ​​in the present.

Positive morality and the realization of freedom in Kant's moral philosophy

AbstractThis paper argues that recent accounts of Kantian virtue as “strengthened” inner freedom apply much more clearly to the avoidance of violations of perfect duties than to the fulfillment of imperfect duties, leaving us with the question of how inadequate commitment to morally required ends impacts the exercise of inner freedom. The question is answered through the development of a model of inner freedom that emphasizes the relationship between moral self‐governance and participation in an ethical community.

A comparative analysis of the UN declaration, global business compact, and religious morals in determining global values for business and their application to Islamic marketing

Purpose The continued rise of the multinational and debate as to what constitutes global business values is predicated on the UN Declaration and Global Business Compact. This research suggests both documents explicitly exclude the existence of a foundational ethereal power creating morals thereby nullifying two thirds of the general population’s belief system. The authors argue against humanism as a global value beginning and suggest theism as a better origin and use the scientific method to introduce mathematical axioms supporting theism and complimenting humanism. Ontologically, the theist becomes a stronger base for the scientific inquiry into morals, values and business ethics. A comparison of major religious morals revealed eight factors: assurance; candor, fairness and honesty; character, integrity, truthfulness and exacting in truth; charity and compassion; environment; perseverance and tolerance; sacrifice; and seriousness. The research suggests that the UN documents do not adequately reflect these morals suggesting a change for businesses especially in Islamic regions. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive review of religious materials emphasizing morals rather than customs, eternal entity description or negative behaviors yielded 1,243 morals and associated synonyms via six religions (Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism) representing 4.5 billion people. All positive morals were cross-referenced and only common items across all six religions were included. With the 29 common morals, the authors completed a word meaning search and did a second comparison that yielded 8 moral factors or constructs. Findings Eight moral factors were found to be common in all major religions (assurance, fairness/honesty, character/integrity, charity/compassion, environment, tolerance, sacrifice and seriousness). By using the scientific method (Axioms), the authors argue that theism is a better beginning to researching morals and values within business and marketing. Social implications Multinationals should be made aware of the disconnect between the underlying problems of the Global Business Compacts’ values and the global morals identified. The results suggest adopting a codification system based on the pertinent morals as related to economic theories: capitalism, socialism and theism. The use of theism as a base to business and marketing ethics includes billions of customers and employees and their belief systems that should increase the validity and reliability of actions associated with corporate social responsibility, the environment and best practices. Originality/value The UN Declaration and subsequent Global Business Compact are argued to be flawed by its exclusion of religious morals and the historical period in which it was created. By using the scientific method and creating two axioms, the base to all business and marketing ethics must shift to the common moral factors identified.

Moms in medicine: Job satisfaction among physician-mothers in obstetrics and gynecology.

Physician satisfaction is linked to positive patient outcomes. Mothers form an increasing fraction of the obstetrics and gynecology (ob/gyn) workforce. Define factors that affect physician satisfaction among ob/gyn physicians who are also mothers. We constructed and validated a Redcap survey and invited members of online ob/gyn-mom groups to participate. Characteristics of participants' professional and personal lives were evaluated for possible association with the satisfaction outcomes. Comparison testing was performed using Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, Student's t-test for parametric variables, and Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test for non-parametric variables. Responses were received from 232 participants. A majority reported being unsatisfied with their time to spend with children (66%), partner (70%), and on personal hobbies/activites (75%). Eighty-percent rate professional morale as very/somewhat positive. Women who rated their morale as very/somewhat positive worked fewer hours per week than women with neutral/negative responses (43.6 vs 49.7, p = 0.01). Women with positive morale were also less likely to work over 50 h/week (39.5% vs 56.8%, p = 0.04). Ob/gyn physician-mothers have high professional morale but are dissatisfied with time for extra-professional activities. Longer clinical hours correlate with dissatisfaction based on several measurements.

Implication for Humanity Education of The Debate on the Similarity and Difference between Human nature and Thing s nature

본 논문의 목적은 인성물성동이논변의 인성교육적 함의를 밝히는 데 있다. 한원진의 이론과 이간의 동론은 모두 중층구조―理와 만물, 또는 실재와 외양―를 인정한 것처럼 보이지만, 이론은 보편자를 특수자로 환원시킴으로써 ‘위층 없는 아래층’만을, 동론은 보편자를 특수자와 분리시킴으로써 ‘아래층 없는 위층’만을 말한다는 점에서, 엄격한 의미에서의 중층구조에 미달한다고 말해야 한다. 그때, 동론과 이론은 서양의 보편논쟁에서의 실념론과 유명론이 저지른 오류를 저지를 수밖에 없다. 즉, 실재와 외양의 차이만을 강조하여 말하게 되면 외양이 실재로 나아갈 ‘현실적 가능성’이 차단되며, 실재와 외양의 동일성만을 강조하여 말하게 되면 우리가 나아가야 할 ‘이념적 지향성’이 사라지게 된다. 스피노자 윤리학은 실념론과 유명론 사이의 팽팽한 균형을 유지함으로써 동론과 이론의 제3의 종합으로서의 대안적 관점을 시사한다. 이것은 인성교육이론으로서의 인성물성동이논변이 나아가야 할 전망을 보여준다.The purpose of this study is to reveal the implication for humanity education of The debate on the similarity and difference between human nature and thing s nature (人性物性同異論辨), arose between Han Won-Jin(韓元震) and Yi Gan(李柬) both of whom were disciplines of Kwon Sang-Ha(權尙夏), were the most distinguished and leading scholar in the debate. The debate dealt with two main questions. The one is whether human nature is similar to that of things such as animals and trees, and the other is whether there is good and evil in Unaroused(未發). The central concepts of the debate are Nature(性) and Unaroused(未發). Unaroused(未發) is important concept to clarify the status of Nature(性) in the neo-Confucian theory of human mind-nature(心性論). The point of the debate is whether Unaroused Nature is standard(大本) of emotions(情) which are aroused. Both of them commonly agree that there is the Substance of real world, i. e. One Transcendental Origin (天理), but dissent from each other whether One Origin is similar to Nature. The debate suggests that there can be two kinds of morality, i. e. positive morality and negative morality, and then that two kinds of humanity education can result from them. Positive morality can be regarded as the final aim of moral practice, which is determined before practice and leads practice. But negative morality can be regarded as the ideal form , which is realized imperfectly in our life and must be established as aroused standard through practice. The former humanity education focused moral action to be agreed with norms, the latter focused mind to be agreed with One Origin or God.

Telaah Peran Etis Agama-agama di Indonesia Perspektif Civil Religion

This article seeks to figure out socio-religious reciprocity pertinent to the pluralistic context of Indonesia within its various dimensions of life, especially the religious aspect, through what so-called civil religion. The very notion of civil religion reflects religious, social, and political maturity. The religions, in this context, function as a pivotal source of moral-ethics which generate spirit to build a strong nation-state to pursue its objectives. At this point, the state becomes a shared sacred home to all of its citizens which is free of fear and anxiety. The state plays an undoubtedly important role to protects its people and provide them a means of development in order to allow them to exhume religious freedom and reach a holy meaningful life. It will subsequently enhance and strengthen culture of dialog. This article supports an argument that in order to bring about the vision of civil religion in Indonesia we require three least possible conditions, namely heterogeneous religions which generate positive morality, the culture of sincere dialog, and freedom of religion.

Moms in Medicine: Factors Associated with Job Satisfaction Among Physician-Mothers in Obstetrics & Gynecology [11G

INTRODUCTION: Physician satisfaction is linked to improved patient outcomes. While the proportion of physicians who are also mothers is increasing, little information is available regarding the impact of motherhood on physician satisfaction. Our study aims to assess factors that affect physician satisfaction among ob/gyn physicians who are also mothers. METHODS: We constructed and validated a Redcap survey and invited members of an online ob/gyn-mom group to participate. Characteristics of participants’ professional and personal lives were evaluated for possible association with the satisfaction outcomes. These characteristics were reported as frequency (%) or mean (standard error). Comparison testing was performed using Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, Student’s t-test for parametric variables, and Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test for non-parametric variables. RESULTS: Responses were received from 232 participants. Women who rated their morale as very or somewhat positive worked fewer hours per week than women who with neutral or negative responses (43.6 vs 49.7, p=0.01). Women with positive morale were also less likely to work over 50 h/week (39.5% vs 56.8%, p=0.04). Women who said they would chose medicine again as a career were more likely to have a physician-spouse (29.8% vs 7.7%, p=0.01) and were more likely to use a nanny/au-pair for childcare (45.1% vs 13.9%, p=0.01). Longer clinical hours, especially over 50 h/week, correlated with dissatisfaction regarding time spent with children, spouse, and on personal activities. CONCLUSION: Longer clinical hours strongly correlate with personal and professional satisfaction based on several measurements. Spouse occupation and childcare method may also contribute to satisfaction.

What School Leaders Are Doing to Support a Culture of Character: An Exploratory Study With Preschools in Singapore

This article discusses an exploratory study, reporting the practices of five principals leading character development in early childhood centers in Singapore. Acknowledging variations in leadership style, the pooled focus group findings show the common denominator is the principals' paradigm of authentic leadership informing a service-oriented culture. Insights into the practices of these principals identify meaningful ways of building and sustaining a shared vision of respect, connectedness, cohesiveness, trust, positive morale, care, and courtesy built on the principles of integrity, trust, hope, and love. Findings identify the contribution of five visionary principals working with character development in early education spaces in Singapore preschools.

Prawo międzynarodowe a uniwersalność pojęcia systemu

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONCEPT OF THE SYSTEMThe key feature of international law is that states are primary subjects of this law. This results in other features of international law like high relevance of customary law, ambiguous meaning of the term “treaty”, considerable role of soft law, uncertainty about the effects of reservations to treaties, and above all, the lack of collision rules when two or more treaties bind partly different parties. This all supports the weaker thesis about systemness of international law. The weaker thesis about systemness of international law is not the answer to all questions that can be put in this respect. This is particularly evident in the case of consistency of international law which is seriously jeopardized by the progressive fragmentation. But the conviction of the systemness of international law has also somewhat different purpose than it seems. Namely, it strengthens the argument that international law is the law in the proper sense of the word. It fulfils therefore, to some extent, a persuasive function. International law confronted with domestic law is a kind of so-called “positive morality” for many lawyers. Therefore, the thesis about systemness of international law is so important. For similar reasons, H. Kelsen so firmly stressed that war is a sanction, what justified the view that international law is the law in the proper sense of the word.

The Value Question and Legal Doctrine: The Inescapability of Ethics

The authors investigate the value question in the context of international criminal law and legal doctrine. One objective is to use the distinction between global imperatives and context-specific characteristics as the basis for an attempt to capture the subtle nuances in the reasoning of different theorists. Another objective is to look at the case of incommunicado detention with a view to distilling those notions of legal reality that inform the position on jus cogens norms. Although some legal doctrines – like the community-centric and integrated approaches – are the contributions of contemporary theorists, the discussion that they are involved in still divides them along the traditional fence markers for legal positivism and natural law theory. In the course of comparing various doctrines, the authors concentrate on a criticism of the community-centric approach for the purpose of illustrating the inescapability of legal ethics and ethics proper as opposed to positive morality and/or law.

Practice patterns, satisfaction, and demographics of reproductive endocrinologists: results of the 2014 Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Workforce Survey

To identify the current and future state of the practice of reproductive medicine. Cross-sectional survey. Not applicable. None. Not applicable. The survey included 57 questions designed to assess practice patterns/metrics and professional satisfaction and morale. A total of 336/1,100 (31%) responded, and they were 38% women, 61% men, and 76% Caucasian, with a mean age of 54. Respondents averaged 2.3 jobs and averaged 53hours of work per week: 44% work in academia and 50% in private groups. Average practice size was 5.5, with an average of 470 fresh IVF cycles performed per year. Percent effort included 63% infertility, 10% endocrinology, 10% surgery, and 9% research. Respondents performed an average of 13 major surgeries, 69 minor surgeries, and 128 oocyte retrievals per year. A total of 60% were salaried, and 40% were equity partners. Compensation was highly skewed. Greater than 84% had a positive morale and had a positive view of the future, and 92% would again choose REI as a career. The most satisfying areas of employment were patient interactions, intellectual stimulation, interactions with colleagues, and work schedule. The least satisfying areas were work schedule and financial compensation. Training was felt to be too focused on female factor infertility and basic research with insufficient training on embryology, genetics, male factor infertility, and clinical research. In the next 5years, 57% suggested that the need for specialists would stay the same, while 20% predicted a decrease. A total of 58% felt we are training the correct number of fellows (37% felt we are training a surplus). Compared with academia, those in private practice reported higher compensation, less major surgery, more IVF, less endocrinology, and less research. Men worked more hours, conducted more surgery and IVF cycles, and had higher compensation than women. Morale was similar across age, gender, practice type, and geography. Our subspecialty has an extremely high morale. We are a middle-aged subspecialty with disparate compensation and a focused practice. Some respondents sense a need for a change in our training, and most anticipate only mild growth in our field.

A Study on the Effects of Authentic Leadership on Psychological Capital and Knowledge Sharing in China Association for NGO Cooperation

Regardless of public sectors, private enterprises, or non-profit organizations, breach of good faith and violation of regulation are emerging endlessly in past years. A genuine and honest leader is a key success factor in maintaining organizational running. Authentic leadership is regarded as the foundation of business success. An authentic leader applies positive morality and has the highmorality and value behaviors and languages be the paradigm. It is considered in this study that a non-profit organization could effectively affect the first-line administrators and organizational volunteers, through a leader’s authentic leadership style, transform the degree of psychological capital and knowledge sharing intention and further enhance the operating performance of the non-profit organization. The leaders and administrators in China Association for NGO Cooperation, as the research samples, are distributed the questionnaires, and 428 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 71%. The research results are summarized as following. 1. Authentic leadership shows significant correlations with psychological capital. 2. Psychological capital reveals remarkable correlations with knowledge sharing. 3. Authentic leadership presents notable correlations with knowledge sharing. 4. Psychological capital appears mediating effects on the relation between authentic leadership and knowledge sharing. This study intends to discuss whether authentic leaders in non-profit organizations could enhance the employees willing to actively share knowledge through psychological capital, provide reference opinions for the practical operation of non-profit organizations, and propose suggestions for possible directions.