Positive Cognitions Research Articles

Personality and Post-traumatic Growth of Adolescents 42 Months after the Wenchuan Earthquake: A Mediated Model.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of teenagers’ post-traumatic growth (PTG) and personality and coping style by developing a mediating model with matched data from 772 adolescents. The sample consisted of 772 adolescents (mean age = 12.93, SD = 1.80) from several middle schools located in the areas that were most severely affected by the earthquake. Five factor model of personality, Coping Style Scale and Post-traumatic Growth Inventory were used to measure personality, coping and PTG of adolescents respectively. The results showed that the mean of PTG is 2.87 (SD = 0.93). Moreover, the relationship between personality and PTG is mediated by cognitive coping. The model’s fit indices indicated a good fit (CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.962, NFI = 0.994, RMSEA = 0.055). Results showed that a positive cognition coping style mediated the relationship between personality and PTG.

Illness cognitions and the associated socio-demographic and clinical factors in Chinese women with breast cancer.

Illness cognitions are important mediators between disease and psychological adjustment. Evidence related to illness cognitions among patients with breast cancer remains limited. The purpose of this study was to examine illness cognitions among Chinese women with breast cancer and associations with socio-demographic and clinical factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 313 women with breast cancer recruited from a general hospital and a social cancer support club in Beijing from October 2016 to May 2017. Data were collected using the Illness Cognition Questionnaire. Participants reported positive overall cognition regarding breast cancer (helplessness, 13.70±4.24; acceptance, 16.86±4.30; perceived benefits, 17.93±3.86). A multiple regression model indicated that six factors were associated with illness cognitions: treatment phase of disease, having no children, not returning to work (positive associations with helplessness, negative associations with acceptance; age (negative associations with helplessness, positive associations with acceptance); treatment phase of disease, having no medical insurance (negative associations with perceived benefit); and disease duration (positive associations with acceptance). This study reports on the presence of different illness cognitions in Chinese women with breast cancer and the associated factors, and the results could help oncology medical and nursing staff identify risk factors for poor emotional adjustment to breast cancer and the patients who may benefit from interventions aimed at improving the presence of positive illness cognitions.

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Ambivalence and Task Performance: The Cross-Domain Buffering Role of Social Support

Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory proposes that leaders develop different quality relationships with those they manage and this is predictive of work performance. While LMX quality has been viewed as univalent (ranging from low to high quality), this paper proposes that it can also be bivalent in nature (i.e., coexisting positive and negative thoughts towards the relationship), which we refer to as LMX ambivalence. A survey measure of LMX ambivalence is developed, and through three validation and two main studies, it is shown to have construct, discriminant, and incremental predictive validity beyond that of LMX quality. Hypotheses concerning LMX ambivalence and task performance are tested in two main studies and show that (1) LMX ambivalence is negatively related to performance regardless of LMX quality, (2) high levels of perceived support from the organization (Study 1) or coworkers (Study 2) nullify the negative association between LMX ambivalence and performance, and (3) high LMX ambivalence leads to more negative affect and in turn lower task performance, but only when coworker support is low (Study 2). These results show the importance of viewing LMX quality not only in terms of its absolute level (low vs. high quality) but also as a bivalent construct where both positive and negative cognitions can coexist. They also demonstrate the value of social support in buffering the negative effects of LMX ambivalence. Furthermore, our findings extend a central tenet of LMX theory by implying that LMX quality varies not only within groups (i.e., LMX differentiation) but also within leader-follower dyads.

A cross-sectional examination of psychological distress, positive mental health and their predictors in medical students in their clinical clerkships

BackgroundMedical students can experience the transition from theory to clinical clerkships as stressful. Scientific literature on the mental health of clinical clerkship students is scarce and mental health is usually defined as absence of psychological distress without assessing psychological, emotional and social wellbeing, together called ‘positive mental health’. This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence of psychological distress and positive mental health and explores possible predictors in a Dutch sample of clinical clerkship students.MethodsFourth-year medical students in their first year of clinical clerkships were invited to complete an online questionnaire assessing demographics, psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory), positive mental health (Mental Health Continuum- SF), dysfunctional cognitions (Irrational Beliefs Inventory) and dispositional mindfulness skills (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore relationships between psychological distress, positive mental health (dependent variables) and demographics, dysfunctional cognitions and dispositional mindfulness skills (predictors).ResultsOf 454 eligible students, 406 (89%) completed the assessment of whom 21% scored in the clinical range of psychological distress and 41% reported a flourishing mental health. These proportions partially overlap each other. Female students reported a significantly higher mean level of psychological distress than males. In the regression analysis the strongest predictors of psychological distress were ‘acting with awareness’ (negative) and ‘worrying’ (positive). Strongest predictors of positive mental health were ‘problem avoidance’ (negative) and ‘emotional irresponsibility’ (negative).ConclusionsThe prevalence of psychopathology in our sample of Dutch clinical clerkship students is slightly higher than in the general population. Our results support conclusions of previous research that psychological distress and positive mental health are not two ends of one continuum but partially overlap. Although no conclusion on causality can be drawn, this study supports the idea that self-awareness and active, nonavoidant coping strategies are related to lower distress and higher positive mental health.

Trait perfectionism and attitudes towards people with disabilities

Attitudes towards people with disabilities play an integral role in determining social inclusion. Unfortunately, attitudes are often negative and based on views of disability that are focused on impairment. The current study aimed to examine whether a commitment to perfection and flawlessness, in the form of trait perfectionism, predicted attitudes towards people with disabilities. A cross-sectional survey-based design was used. One hundred and eighty-eight university students completed measures of trait perfectionism (self-oriented, socially prescribed, and other-oriented) and an indirect measure of attitudes towards people with disabilities (negative affect, interpersonal stress, calm, positive cognitions and distancing behavior). A series of multiple regression analyses revealed that socially prescribed perfectionism positively predicted negative affect, interpersonal stress, and distancing behavior. The other two trait dimensions of perfectionism did not predict any aspect of attitudes towards people with disabilities. The findings can be explained by the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and difficulties interacting with others generally or, alternatively, the projection of socially prescribed beliefs on to others when measuring attitudes in an indirect fashion (i.e., others are perceived to have negative attitudes towards people with disabilities).

Modulatory Effects of Positive Mood on Cognition: Lessons From Attention and Error Monitoring

The importance of positive mood for health and well-being is a truism. However, we still lack clear understanding of the nature and range of modulatory effects created by positive mood on cognition in humans. Here, we briefly review two recent research lines that have attempted to address this question systematically. Specifically, research on attention has explored the boundaries of the so-called broadening of attention with positive mood. Likewise, effects of positive mood on error monitoring have been scrutinized lately. The new empirical findings gathered in these two separate research domains concur on the assumption that positive mood is not merely adding noise to cognition. Instead, this mood state seems to provide the organism with meaningful (internal) information, which allows for timely and flexible exploration of new opportunities in the (external) environment and alters the motivational significance of negative events, such as response errors, in a rather flexible way. As such, these new findings provide information about the existence of complex interaction effects between positive mood and cognition and may help, in turn, to better appraise the actual role and function of this protective mood state for health and cognition.

Positive Psychosocial Factors and Cognition in Ethnically Diverse Older Adults.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from largely non-Hispanic White cohorts suggests that positive psychosocial factors, particularly self-efficacy and social support, may protect against late-life cognitive decline. Identifying potentially protective factors in racial/ethnic minority elders is of high importance due to their increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. The overall goal of this study was to characterize cross-sectional associations between positive psychosocial factors and cognitive domains among Black, Hispanic, and White older adults. A total of 548 older adults (41% Black, 28% Hispanic, 31% White) in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project completed cognitive and psychosocial measures from the NIH Toolbox and standard neuropsychological tests. Multiple-group regressions were used to compare cross-sectional associations between positive psychosocial factors and cognition across racial/ethnic groups, independent of demographics, depressive symptoms, and physical health. Positive associations between self-efficacy and language did not significantly differ across race/ethnicity, although the bivariate association between self-efficacy and language was not significant among Hispanics. Additional positive associations were observed for Whites and Blacks, but not Hispanics. Negative associations between emotional support and purpose in life and working memory were seen only in Hispanics. Results confirm and extend the link between self-efficacy and cognition in late life, particularly for White and Black older adults. Previous studies on positive psychosocial factors in cognitive aging may not be generalizable to Hispanics. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to determine whether negative relationships between certain psychosocial factors and cognition in Hispanics reflect reverse causation, threshold effects, and/or negative aspects of having a strong social network. (JINS, 2018, 24, 294-304).

Positive cognition: The Relationship between positive and negative self-reference traits and positivity

Positive cognition: The Relationship between positive and negative self-reference traits and positivity

Organizational Resilience and Positive Leadership: An Integrative Framework

Adopting a positive organizational scholarship (POS) perspective, we develop a theoretical model of the impact of positive leadership on organizational resilience. We take a fine-grained look at organizational resilience in order to describe how positive leadership creates the structural conditions (i.e. a positive infrastructure), which facilitate the processes of organizational resilience. We offer a fresh perspective on organizational resilience by highlighting the under- examined ways in which positive leadership provides organizational members with emotional and cognitive resources and by examining how the resulting collective positive emotions and cognitions fuel the processes of organizational resilience.

Hookah use among adolescents: Differential cognitions about hookah and cigarettes

BackgroundHookah use is prevalent among adolescent and young adult populations. The study assessed how positive cognitions toward cigarettes moderate the impact of positive hookah cognitions on past 30day hookah use among a representative sample of youth. Understanding cognitions about products can contribute to effective interventions.MethodsData from the 2015 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey was used to determine cognitions and use patterns among high school students. Weighted means and proportions were used for demographic comparisons for cognitions about products. t-Tests and chi-square analysis were conducted for differences between users and non-users. Logistic regressions were conducted for the modeling of interaction between hookah and cigarette cognition.ResultsNearly one out of ten (9.6%) of adolescents reported current hookah use. Across all cognition measures, positive hookah cognitions were associated with current hookah use. Additionally, there was a pattern of hookah cognitions being more strongly associated with current hookah use among those students that did not endorse the equivalent cognition for traditional cigarettes.ConclusionsHookah cognitions were generally more associated with hookah use among youth who did not endorse positive cognitions for cigarettes compared to those that did endorse positive cognitions for cigarettes. This finding is novel given youth who feel negatively about cigarettes are more influenced by their hookah-specific cognitions. Youth who believe cigarettes pose harm may benefit from messaging about the harms of hookah. Interventions or prevention efforts that draw strong comparisons between cigarettes and hookah may be effective among youth.

La puissance des répétitions des phrases des pensées positives (RPPP) : un outil efficace de traitement contre les troubles psychologiques (dépression, anxiété et stress). Une étude pilote contrôlée et randomisée

IntroductionMental and psychological troubles are common symptoms in students. Depression, anxiety and stress in mental and psychological troubles (MPSYT) takes a predominantly verbal form, as if talking to oneself about possible negative outcomes. We suggested that verbal depression, verbal anxiety and verbal stress may be a strategy to avoid more distressing emotional representations, such as negative thinking or images. Verbal depression, anxiety and stress lead to temporary reductions in MPSYT, it can maintain negative thought intrusions in the longer term. This suggests that verbal thinking style plays a causal role in maintaining intrusions, perhaps serving to trigger subsequent depressive and anxious episodes and psychological distress. ObjectiveThe current study examined alternative approaches to reducing depression, anxiety and stress by allocating volunteers to conditions in which they either practiced replacing the usual form of depression, anxiety and stress with repeating phrases of Positive Thoughts (RPPT) represented verbally. This research aims to attract the attention of carers on the positive cognitions as an effective treatment against various psychological disorders among students. The objective of this study was the first to evaluate the short-term effects of the method of Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts (RPPT). MethodThe total sample consisted of 44 students (11 men and 33 women) from the University of Caen, aged 18 to 23 years. It is composed of two groups: experimental group (21 persons aged 18 to 23 years) and control group (23 participants aged 18 to 23 years). The method of RPPT involved generating positive thoughts related or not related to MPSYT. Participants received training in the designated method and then practiced it for one week, before attending for reassessment. ResultsExperimental group benefited from training, with decreases in depression, anxiety and stress, and significant differences between experimental and control groups. The results show a significant improvement in psychological disturbances throughout the experimental group (p<0.05) and a significant reduction in stress following the RPPT protocol (p<0.01), less anxiety (p<0.001) and also less depression (p<0.05). The short-term effect RPPT (repeating phrases positive thoughts) is significant. Female gender and a low score of psychological disorders have emerged as two independent variables predictive of a good response to treatment (Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts: RPPT). The replacement of depression anxiety or stress with different forms of positive cognitions and ideation, even when unrelated to the content of depression itself, anxiety itself or stress itself, seems to have similar beneficial effects, suggesting that any form of positive cognitions and ideation can be used to effectively counter psychological troubles. Treatment and remission of depression are implemented by repetition of positive thoughts. They allow to significantly reduce depressive symptoms, anxious and stress, with a maintained effect and significant short term and thus can improve the mental health of subjects. ConclusionThe positive cognitions can improve the treatment of depression, anxiety and stress among students, their psychological well-being and quality of life. The RPTs are proposed here as a fast treatment against MPSYT. This effective tool can be offered in therapy and has great ease of implementation. These results must be confirmed by clinical and comparative studies. The results show improved stress control capabilities, improved mood and anxiety. So RPPT of intervention has proved beneficial for students. More subjects repeat phrases with a very positive sense, more depression, anxiety and stress decreases. Unlike medicinal treatments, there is no consumption limit or adverse side effects. Considering the possible positive effects on prognosis, detection, diagnosis levels and assessment of change in psychotherapy, more studies should be addressed in this regard.

A cluster randomised controlled trial of an intervention based on the Health Action Process Approach for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in Iranian adolescents

Objective: To evaluate an intervention programme based on the Health Action Process Approach and designed to increase the intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V) among Iranian adolescents aged 13 to 18.Design: A randomised controlled trial with three arms examined the short- (1 month) and long-term (6 months) effects of the intervention. There were two intervention groups (one included adolescents only [A group; n = 510]; the second included mothers and adolescents [M + A group; n = 462]) and a control group (n = 483). All participants were recruited from schools.Main outcome measures: Social cognitions, self-regulatory processes and F&V intake.Results: The intervention led to an increase in F&V intake for adolescents in the short and long terms. Adolescents in the M + A group increased their F& V intake more than adolescents in the A group. Outcome expectancies, self-monitoring, intentions, action and coping planning, perceived social support and behavioural automaticity mediated the effect of the intervention on F&V intake.Conclusion: The theory-based intervention led to an increase in F&V intake and promoted more positive social cognitions and self-regulatory processes among Iranian adolescents. The findings also provide evidence that involving mothers in an intervention can confer additional benefit.

Towards a positive pedagogy: designing pedagogical practices that facilitate positivity within the classroom

Students flourish by having positive learning experiences at school. Here we describe an action research study undertaken in an Australian primary school that was intended to promote the development of students’ positive learning identities and resources. We partnered with classroom teachers to devise pedagogical practices that explicitly targeted the development of students’ positive cognitions, positive emotions and positive experiences. Two main lines of inquiry guided the action research: (i) what might ‘positivity’ look like in relation to learning, for students within primary school classrooms? and (ii) what kinds of pedagogical practices promote positivity within the classroom? Data were collected over an 18-month period and drew from two cycles of action research which generated teacher reflections and interviews, observations of classroom teaching and learning episodes, rich descriptive field notes, anecdotal feedback from parents, as well as student reflections and student focus group interviews. Practice theory was used to analyse the data. Our findings indicate that there are explicit learning behaviours and dispositions that represent positivity in a learning context; and we identify pedagogical practices effective for fostering these behaviours and dispositions. These practices, referred to here as positive pedagogies, include teacher talk, social and emotional resources for students, the supplementation of lessons with resource building materials and the development of individualised learning goals that target the development of positive cognitions, emotions and experiences. We provide a detailed commentary of the action research cycles (and related professional learning) that classroom teachers undertook in the process of contributing to the ‘positive pedagogies’ presented.

The protective role of maternal posttraumatic growth and cognitive trauma processing among Palestinian mothers and infants

War survivors use multiple cognitive and emotional processes to protect their mental health from the negative impacts of trauma. Because mothers and infants may be especially vulnerable to trauma in conditions of war, it is urgent to determine which cognitive and emotional processes are effective for preventing negative trauma impacts.” This study examined whether mothers’ high posttraumatic growth (PTG) and positive posttraumatic cognitions (PTC) protected (a) their own mental health and (b) their infants’ stress regulation and sensorimotor and language development from the effects of war trauma. The participants were 511 Palestinian mothers and their infants living in the Gaza strip. The mothers were interviewed in their second trimester of pregnancy (T1) as well as when the infant was four months (T2) and twelve months (T3). Mothers reported posttraumatic growth (PTG; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) at T1 and posttraumatic cognitions (PTCI; Foa et al., 1999) at T2. They also reported their exposure to traumatic war events both at T1 and T3 and described their mental health conditions (e.g., PTSD and/or depressive and dissociation symptoms) at T3. The Infant Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ) was used to measure infants’ stress regulation at T2 and sensorimotor and language development at T3. The results, based on regression analyses with interaction terms between trauma and PTG, showed that high levels of traumatic war events were not associated with high levels of PTSD, depressive, or dissociation symptoms among mothers showing high levels of PTG. This suggests that PTG may protect maternal mental health from the effects of trauma. In turn, positive maternal PTCs appeared to protect the infants’ stress regulation from the effects of war trauma. The study concludes by discussing ways to develop and implement preventive interventions for mother-infant dyads in war conditions.

The meaning of labour pain: how the social environment and other contextual factors shape women\u2019s experiences

BackgroundThe majority of women experience pain during labour and childbirth, however not all women experience it in the same way. In order to develop a more complete understanding of labour pain, this study aimed to examine women’s experiences within the perspective of modern pain science. A more complete understanding of this phenomenon can then guide the development of interventions to enhance women’s experiences and potentially reduce their need for pharmacological intervention.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted using phenomenology as the theoretical framework. Data were collected from 21 nulliparous women, birthing at one of two large maternity services, through face-to-face interviews and written questionnaires. Data were analysed using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach.ResultsThe data from this study suggest that a determining factor of a woman’s experience of pain during labour is the meaning she ascribes to it. When women interpret the pain as productive and purposeful, it is associated with positive cognitions and emotions, and they are more likely to feel they can cope. Alternatively, when women interpret the pain as threatening, it is associated with negative cognitions and emotions and they tend to feel they need help from external methods of pain control. The social environment seems particularly important in shaping a woman’s pain experience by influencing her interpretation of the context of the pain, and in doing so can change its meaning. The context and social environment are dynamic and can also change throughout labour.ConclusionA determining factor in a woman’s experience of pain during labour is its perceived meaning which can then influence how the woman responds to the pain. The meaning of the pain is shaped by the social environment and other contextual factors within which it is experienced. Focussed promotion of labour pain as a productive and purposeful pain and efforts to empower women to utilise their inner capacity to cope, as well as careful attention to women’s cognitions and the social environment around them may improve women’s experiences of labour pain and decrease their need for pain interventions.

Confrontation to Humiliation Complex Causing the Violence, Crime, Uncivilized, Non-Citizenship and Extremism by Positive Education and Cognitions

The individual is the initial unit of society. So, building positive society begins within positive characters of its individuals. The education of the individual must be from a childhood in a positive way, and learn to define goals clearly (presence of clear life goals) and know the meaning in life (Presence and Search for Meaning in Life) and the creation of a purpose in life. This develops a positive, conscious and social personality in the individual who forms society and the world. The absence of positivity, purpose in life and/or meaning in life in individual plays a role in the creation of sadism, negative-sadomasochism personality disorder, barbarism, crime, brutality and extremism among Man who seeks behind the creation of war and destruction and savoring the pains of girls, young people, women and children as Syrian War. Man is not extremist, oblique and criminal by the innate. But, family, parents and their psychological aspect, friends, schools, universities, environmental and media make this oblique and criminal Man. In addition, education of the Civilized Man in life is made to develop his Negative Thought instead of develop his Positive Thought. The result is quite catastrophic. People are most of the time unable to live intensely a happy moment so much they are inhibited from all that is positive. So, Man becomes oblique and criminal by his environment. Crime, uncivilized and extremism have an impact on local communities all over the world. Environmental and their risk factors such as economic difficulties, no activity and no job, negative emotions (disillusioned, resentment, emptiness, boredom, loneliness, or feeling lost and abandoned, no clear purpose in life and no life’s meaning, etc.), absence of coping skills to withstand life stressors, psychological and cognitive development, and ability to make prudent decisions lead acceptance of violent extremist ideologies as crime, uncivilized, violence and extremism. Good citizenship, crime, uncivilized, extremism and violence extremism are the important social issues that might be affected by patterns of thinking (positive or negative) in individuals, institutions, and communities. Positive thinking is as a way for developing good citizenship behavior and confronts the crime, uncivilized, abuse and extremism. Positive thinking about oneself would lead to positive thinking about society; hence develop the link between individuals and their environmental and society by using the positive thinking. So, the RPPT (Repetitions Phrases of Positive Thoughts) can be an effective tool for promoting positive thinking and so building positive identity and positive expectation. Therefore, practicing RPPT, as an educational tool for positive thinking, reinforces positive thoughts which lead the citizenship for better future and a better community. TRPPT (Treatment of Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts) contributes in building personal resilience and positive sense of identity that are essential components to prevent violent extremism.

Anal Pain and Penetration Cognitions in Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Pilot Study

Anodyspareunia is described as recurrent and persistent anal pain during receptive anal sex (Rosser et al., 1998), and is a frequently reported sexual problem amongst men who have sex with men (MSM) (Peixoto & Nobre, 2014). Research on female sexual pain suggests that negative penetration cognitions are associated with greater impairment in female sexual and pain outcomes, and positive cognitions about penetration are associated with improved sexual and pain outcomes (Anderson et al., 2016). The role of penetration cognitions in anal pain, however, has yet to be investigated. The current study examined the associations between anal penetration cognitions and sexual well-being outcomes in MSM self-reporting anal pain during receptive penetration. A sample of N = 70 MSM completed online measures assessing anal penetration cognitions, including subscales assessing (a) control cognitions, (b) catastrophic and pain cognitions, (c) negative self-image cognitions, and (d) positive cognitions. Participants also completed measures of the frequency, severity, and distress of their anal pain, sexual satisfaction, and sexual functioning.

긍정심리개입이 외상경험 대학생들의 심리적 건강 및 외상 후 성장에 미치는 효과

본 연구는 긍정심리개입이 외상경험 대학생들의 심리적 건강 및 외상 후 성장에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 총 63명의 대학생(긍정심리개입 집단 30명, 무처치 통제집단 33명)이 참여하였고, 긍정심리개입은 총 8회기에 걸쳐 한 회기당 120분 동안 진행 되었으며, 무처치 통제집단은 심리학 교양과목을 이수하는 학생들로 이루어졌다. 긍정심리개입 집단의 참가자들은 총 4번(개입 전, 4회기 후, 개입 직후, 1개월후) 탄력성, 외상 후 성장, 정신적 웰빙, 삶의 의미, 외상 후 스트레스증상, 우울증상 및 외상 후 인지를 측정하는 척도들을 작성하였으며, 무처치 통제집단의 참가자들은 총 3번(개입 전, 4회기 후, 개입 직후) 동일한 척도들을 작성하였다. 분석 결과, 무처치 통제집단에 비해 긍정심리개입은 탄력성, 외상 후 성장, 정신적 웰빙, 삶의 의미, 우울증상 및 외상 후 인지 수준을 변화시키는데 더 효과적이었으며, 이러한 효과는1개월 동안 유지되었다. 하지만 종결 직후 두 집단 간 비교 결과, 외상 후 스트레스증상 수준은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이 결과들은긍정심리개입이 외상경험 대학생들의 우울증상을 완화하고, 탄력성, 외상 후 성장 및 긍정적인 정신건강을 증진시키는데 효과적일 수 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 의의뿐만 아니라, 그 한계점에 기초하여 미래 연구방향에 관해 논의하였다.

Understanding self-report Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward People with Disabilities: An exploratory analysis.

This study aimed to explore the factor structure of the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward People With Disabilities (MAS) using participants from South Korea and assess the impact of participants' social desirability on this South Korean version of the MAS (MAS-K). Research Method/Design: One hundred eighty-nine college students without disabilities from 4 universities in South Korea completed an online survey. Among them, 75 were females. Participants completed the MAS-K and a social desirability scale. We used principal axis factoring with promax rotation to examine the factor structure of the MAS-K, and correlations between factors and social desirability measure. We obtained a 27-item 4-factor MAS-K. Four factors were negative affect (α = .89), ease-unease (α = .75), positive cognition (α = .86), and avoidant behavior (α = .88). The interfactor correlations ranged from .18 to .61. The correlations between the social desirability measure and the 4 factors in the MAS-K ranged from -.23 to -.33. The MAS-K retrieved from this study may help researchers identify unique attitudinal factors that need to be addressed to promote social inclusion of PWD in South Korea. Moreover, the emergence of the MAS-K highlights the necessity to develop culturally relevant versions of the MAS. This line of research will facilitate researchers' worldwide investigations regarding attitudes toward PWD and discussions about the rights of PWD. Finally, this study also pointed out the potential impact of social desirability on attitude measurement using the MAS. (PsycINFO Database Record

0532 TEXT MESSAGE REMINDERS AND INTENSIVE EDUCATION IMPROVES POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE COMPLIANCE AND COGNITION IN VETERANS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA: ANNIE PILOT STUDY

Previous research has shown that patients with both traumatic brain injury (TBI) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have more cognitive problems than patients with TBI alone. Our objective was to determine if intensive education and text message reminders improved positive airway pressure (PAP) compliance and cognition in veterans with OSA and TBI. In this randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, nineteen veterans with chronic stage TBI and newly diagnosed OSA were assigned to receive intensive education at the initial visit and nightly text message reminders to use PAP (reminder group) or to a standard-of-care (SOC) group. Mean percentage overall PAP compliance was averaged over the first seven days and at one month. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and cognitive tests were administered at baseline and 1 month. Effect sizes that incorporated both pre/post and between group differences were calculated. The reminder group was significantly more compliant with PAP over the first seven days compared to the SOC group (83.94% vs. 55.35%, p=0.04). Reminder group compliance was also greater at 30 days, although not significant (58.85% vs. 36.86%). Twelve patients completed the ESS and cognitive testing at 1 month. Compared to baseline, reminder group ESS scores improved to the normal range (10.14 ± 5.08 to 7.29 ± 4.89) with a medium effect size (dppc2 = -0.39). Medium effect sizes were observed in the cognitive domains of attention on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test List B (dppc2=0.52), verbal speed of information processing on the Stroop Color Naming test (dppc2=0.48), and speeded inhibition on the Stroop Color Word Test (dppc2=0.38), which is a measure of executive function. Intensive education and text message reminders significantly improved PAP compliance. The reminder group showed clinically relevant improvements on subjective sleepiness and on cognitive measures of attention, processing speed and executive function in veterans with TBI and OSA. Supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, 2015 VISN 5 New Investigator Award.