Structural Position Research Articles

Localization of the position of vital anatomical structures in the lateral wall of maxillary sinus during different surgical intervention using cone beam computed tomography

Background: Proper information about the anatomy of the maxillary sinus is required to avoid any unexpected complications that may arise due to the close relation between the maxillary sinus and posterior superior alveolar artery. Objective: To the current study used cone beam computed tomography CBCT imaging to assess the position of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) in relationship to the alveolar ridge and the flour of maxillary sinus. Patients and Methods: A number of 95 Iraqi patients participated in this prospective study (53 females, 42 males; age range 20-49 years). From January 2021 to February 2022, attended a 2nd specialised dentistry institution in Baquba city for CBCT scanning for numerous diagnostic and management purposes. Results: According to our study, we detected the presences of artery in (83.68%) of the sample. females showed higher PSAA prevalence than men on both sides, and the difference was significant overall, Also, the existence of artery for each side and total in the intramembranous locating in females is greater than that in males, which may demonstrate that the probability of Bleeding and other side effects is higher in males, since the existence of artery in the intramembranous area in females will reduce the likelihood of traumatic injury throughout any surgical treatment. Conclusion: This research used CBCT to determine the precise location of PSAA in the Iraqi population. This data could assist in decreasing the likelihood of hemorrhage as well as other complications which may happen throughout any surgical treatment, such as dental implant placement, ridge expansion.As well as other surgical interventions in this region. Keywords: Maxillary sinus walls, posterior superior alveolar artery, cone beam computed tomography

Localization of the position of vital anatomical structures in the lateral wall of maxillary sinus during different surgical intervention using cone beam computed tomography

Background: Proper information about the anatomy of the maxillary sinus is required to avoid any unexpected complications that may arise due to the close relation between the maxillary sinus and posterior superior alveolar artery.
 Objective: To the current study used cone beam computed tomography CBCT imaging to assess the position of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) in relationship to the alveolar ridge and the flour of maxillary sinus.
 Patients and Methods: A number of 95 Iraqi patients participated in this prospective study (53 females, 42 males; age range 20-49 years). From January 2021 to February 2022, attended a 2nd specialised dentistry institution in Baquba city for CBCT scanning for numerous diagnostic and management purposes.
 Results: According to our study, we detected the presences of artery in (83.68%) of the sample. females showed higher PSAA prevalence than men on both sides, and the difference was significant overall, Also, the existence of artery for each side and total in the intramembranous locating in females is greater than that in males, which may demonstrate that the probability of Bleeding and other side effects is higher in males, since the existence of artery in the intramembranous area in females will reduce the likelihood of traumatic injury throughout any surgical treatment.
 Conclusion: This research used CBCT to determine the precise location of PSAA in the Iraqi population. This data could assist in decreasing the likelihood of hemorrhage as well as other complications which may happen throughout any surgical treatment, such as dental implant placement, ridge expansion.As well as other surgical interventions in this region.

Signature of Topological semimetal in harmonic-honeycomb ReO3

Transition-metal honeycomb compounds are capturing scientific attention due to their distinctive electronic configurations, underscored by the triangular-lattice spin-orbit coupling and competition between multiple interactions, paving the way for potential manifestations of phenomena such as Dirac semimetal, superconductivity, and quantum spin liquid states. These compounds can undergo discernible pressure-induced alterations in their crystallographic and electronic paradigms, as exemplified by our high-pressure (HP) synthesis and exploration of the honeycomb polymorph of ReO3 (P6322). This HP-P6322 polymorph bears a phase transition from P6322 to P63/mmc upon cooling around Tp = 250 K, as evidenced by the evolution of temperature-dependent magnetization (M-T curves), cell dimension and conductivity initiated by an inherent bifurcation of the oxygen position in the ab plane. Insightful analysis of its band structure positions suggests this HP-P6322 polymorph being a plausible candidate for Dirac semimetal properties. This phase transition evokes anomalies in the temperature-dependent variation of paramagnetism (non-linearity) and a crossover from semiconductor to temperature-independent metal, showing a temperature independent conductivity behavior below ∼200 K. Under increasing external pressure, both the Tp and resistance of this HP-polymorph are slightly magnetic-field dependent and undergo a “V”-style evolution (decreasing and then increasing) before becoming pressure independent up to 20.2 GPa. Theoretical calculations pinpoint this anionic disorder as a probable catalyst for the decrement in the conductive efficiency and muted temperature-dependent conductivity response.

Analyzing Earth's Position based on the Anisotropic Characteristics of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

This paper elaborates on the results of an exhaustive study regarding the Earth's position in the universe based on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation map, which is the latest discovery in modern astronomy. CMB radiation provides crucial insights into the early distribution of mass and energy in the universe. The aim of this research is to understand the theory and mechanisms behind the formation of polarity structures in the CMB and analyze their correlation with Earth's position in the overall structure of the universe. Intensity measurement data of CMB radiation published by COBE, WMAP, and Planck present temperature distribution data in coordinates in FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) format files. Subsequently, a spherical harmonic transformation is performed to obtain spherical harmonic coefficients a_lm as equations that represent dipole, quadrupole, octupole models, and various other multipole models. The analysis of the correlation in the temperature distribution of CMB radiation involves detailing various patterns found in the dipole, quadrupole, and octopole models, demonstrating quasi-symmetry characteristics with Earth at its center. An analysis of anisotropic CMB data yields an interesting hypothesis that the Earth's position plays a role in shaping the structure of the universe on a certain scale. Even more extremely, it can be said that Earth is at the center of the universe. This finding prompts profound contemplation about Earth's position in the structure of the cosmos, opening the door for further research in this field.

Single-Layer Wide-Angle Scanning Linear Phased Arrays Based on Multimode Microstrip Patch Elements.

This paper introduces a novel single-layer microstrip patch element designed to achieve a wide beamwidth, in order to address the growing demand for wide-angle scanning capabilities in modern phased array systems. The proposed element, comprising a slot-etched circular patch and an array of metallized holes arranged in square rings, offers a unique approach to beam shaping. By carefully adjusting parameters such as the slot structure and feeding position, our element is engineered to simultaneously excite both the TM01 and TM21 modes, a key feature that contributes to its wide beamwidth characteristics. Through the constructive interference of these modes, our element demonstrates a remarkable 3 dB beamwidth of approximately 150° in both principal planes, showcasing its potential for wide-angle scanning applications. To validate the practical performance of this proposed element, two linear phased arrays are manufactured and experimentally evaluated. The simulation results confirm the wide-angle scanning capability of the antennas in both the E-plane and H-plane. Furthermore, the experimental assessment demonstrates that these linear phased arrays can effectively generate scanning beams within a frequency range of 25 GHz to 28 GHz, covering a wide angular range from -60° to 60°, while maintaining a gain loss within 3 dB. This innovative design approach not only offers a promising solution for achieving a wide beamwidth in microstrip patch elements, but also holds significant potential for the development of cost-effective phased arrays with wide-angle scanning capabilities, making it a valuable contribution to the advancement of phased array technology.

Understanding the State Agency Policies toward RAP Usage in the United States: State of Practice

The usage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material is a highly resource-conservative, economical, and sustainable practice in flexible pavement construction. However, its usage in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is capped at 25% by the majority of state transportation agencies due to its aging levels, stiffness characteristics, and handling capabilities, which may result in early-age pavement distress. Though researchers suggest methodologies to increase RAP usage, higher RAP percentages in asphalt pavements require the support of state authorities. The main objective of this paper is to provide information on how different states design their mixtures with high RAP percentages. This study reviewed the current state of practice of fifty (50) state DOTs in the United States (US) with respect to RAP usage and the factors governing its regulations. It was observed that the limit of RAP content is mainly governed by traffic levels, gradation, binder content, and stiffness contributed by RAP and layer position in a pavement structure. The specifications also suggest that apart from volumetric and performance justification, blending charts, fractionation, and virgin binder grade selection would facilitate the use of higher RAP content in HMA. Controlled mixture design abiding by state specifications can increase the allowable RAP to 40–100%.

How long have we been mistaken? Multi-tools shedding light into the systematics of the widespread deep-water genus Madrepora Linnaeus, 1758 (Scleractinia)

Deep-water coral reefs are found worldwide and harbor biodiversity levels that are comparable to their shallow-water counterparts. However, the genetic diversity and population structure of deep-water species remain poorly explored, and historical taxonomical issues still need to be resolved. Here we used microsatellite markers as well as ultraconserved elements (UCE) and exons to shed light on the population structure, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic position of the genus Madrepora, which contains M. oculata, one of the most widespread scleractinian species. Population structure of 107 samples from three Southwestern Atlantic sedimentary basins revealed the occurrence of a cryptic species, herein named M. piresae sp. nov. (authored by Kitahara, Capel and Zilberberg), which can be found in sympatry with M. oculata. Phylogeny reconstructions based on 134 UCEs and exon regions corroborated the population genetic data, with the recovery of two well-supported groups, and reinforced the polyphyly of the family Oculinidae. In order to better accommodate the genus Madrepora, while reducing taxonomical confusion associated with the name Madreporidae, we propose the monogeneric family Bathyporidae fam. nov. (authored by Kitahara, Capel, Zilberberg and Cairns). Our findings advance the knowledge on the widespread deep-water genus Madrepora, resolve a long-standing question regarding the phylogenetic position of the genus, and highlight the need of a worldwide review of the genus.

The regional provision of population with specialized medical care according to profile of cardiovascular surgery

The diseases of circulatory system take leading position in structure of mortality. The efficiency of development of scientifically-proved and modern models of medical care support is to be based on data of monitoring of level, dynamics and structure of corresponding pathology. The accessibility and timeliness of high-tech medical care support directly depends on degree of influence of relevant regional characteristics.The purpose of study was to estimate demand and accessibility of specialized high-tech medical care to residents of the Astrakhan Oblast related to leading nosological forms of diseases of circulatory system.The monographic, statistical, logical and system analysis methods were applied. The research was carried out applying continuous methodology and included data from reporting forms № 12 and № 14 in the Astrakhan Oblast in 2010-2019. The Absolute and average values, extensive indicators that model structure as well as methods of dynamic numbers derivation were applied. The mathematical methods based on specialized statistical software STATISTICA 10 were implemented too.The indicator of circulatory system general morbidity decreased up to 8,5% in 2010-2019. The leading positions are taken by cerebrovascular diseases (29,2%), ischemic heart diseases (23,8%) and diseases characterized by increasing of blood pressure (17,8%). The indicator of general morbidity of these nosological forms increased up to 16,9% and primary morbidity up to 43,9%. The average long-term level of prevalence comprised 55,3±1,23%0. At that, specialized medical care within the mentioned direction decreased from 44,9% to 30,0% and implementation of high-tech medical care increased from 2,2% to 4,0%.

Effect of clearance position of torque link structure on nose landing gear shimmy

The clearance of the torque link will affect the stability of landing gear shimmy. In this paper, a six-degree-of-freedom mathematical model of dual-wheel nose landing gear shimmy including longitudinal bending and axial displacement of the strut is established. The shimmy characteristics of five different positions of clearance at the central connecting pin of the lower torque link and connection between the lower torque link and the inner cylinder of the strut are analyzed by bifurcation diagram, limit cycle and time history diagram. The results show that: there is a clearance on both sides of the head of the lower torque link, compared with the clearance exists only on one side (left or right), the range of the torsional shimmy of the nose landing gear is larger; when there is a clearance on one side (left or right) near 2 mm at the connection between the lower torque link and the inner cylinder of the strut, the torsional shimmy appears a period doubling phenomenon.

Genomic exploration and functional insights into the diversification of the Snf2 gene family in subgenomes of Triticum aestivum

Sucrose nonfermenting 2 (Snf2) family proteins function as the ATP-dependent catalytic engines of chromatin remodeling complexes, which harness ATP hydrolysis energy to alter chromatin structure and nucleosome positioning, enabling regulatory factor access to DNA. Plant genomes contain numerous Snf2 family proteins, several of which have been demonstrated to act as key developmental regulators at different stages in model plants like Arabidopsis and rice. Despite their vital roles, the Snf2 genes in Triticum aestivum remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we report the identification of 112 wheat Snf2 genes that were unevenly distributed across the 21 chromosomes, with 40 genes on the A subgenome, 33 on the B subgenome, and 39 on the D subgenome, and phylogenetically classified these Snf2 genes into 18 subfamilies related to the 6 Snf2 groups in Arabidopsis. Evolutionary analysis revealed that purifying selection has largely driven the evolution of Snf2 genes, acting as the primary selective force shaping the Snf2 gene family in wheat, while segmental duplications have served as the main mechanism for expanding the gene family. All identified Snf2 proteins contained at least one Helicase_C and SNF2_N domain among 10 conserved domains, and their gene structures consisted of 3–38 exons. Tissue-specific expression analysis uncovered distinct expression patterns among Snf2 gene family members, including some with enhanced reproductive tissue expression, while analysis under various abiotic and biotic stresses revealed differential regulation of specific family members in response to these conditions. Overall, these systematic analyses including identification, evolutionary relationships, and expression profiling provide valuable insights into the wheat Snf2 family while establishing a genomic framework to elucidate Snf2 functional roles in wheat growth, development, and stress responses.

Metal-Assisted Chemical etching for the direct synthesis of bimetallic Cu-Pd nanoparticles on silicon

An original study is presented for the synthesis of Cu100-xPdx nanoparticles directly on silicon by Metal Assisted Chemical Etching (MACE). CuPd is chosen as a representative bimetallic system on account of its interest and potential applications in catalysis and electrocatalysis, among others. The proposed methodology allows precise control of the nanoparticle bimetallic composition and structure. Thus, we demonstrate that Cu100-xPdx solid solutions and phase-separated nanoparticles can be synthesized at will by simply changing the deposition conditions. In-depth physical characterization of the synthesized material (structure, morphology, composition, oxidation state and d-band center position) is carried out by XRD, SEM-EDX and XPS. Finally, band bending simulations at the nanoscale in combination with electrochemical measurements help to interpret some of the peculiarities of the Pd, Cu and Cu100-xPdx deposits. The new method can be easily implemented, used for various silicon substrate geometries and extended to any bimetallic system whose metals are suitable for MACE of silicon.

Flexural wave rainbow trapping effect in the periodic non-uniform Euler-Bernoulli beams and its application in energy harvesting

The rainbow trapping of elastic wave enables spatial frequency shunting and energy concentration phenomenon, which implies that the broadband vibration will forbid propagating forward and occur energy concentration at different positions of metamaterial structure. This paper proposes a novel metamaterial consisting of the periodic non-uniform Euler-Bernoulli beams with an arbitrary profile section to achieve the rainbow trapping effect of flexural wave and application in piezoelectric energy harvester. Firstly, the differential quadrature method is introduced to solve a partial differential equation with variable coefficients. The convergence of this method is systematically demonstrated, and the correctness of band structures is validated by comparing theoretical results calculated by the differential quadrature method with those from the finite element method for different profiles. Based on band structures analysis, the working mechanism of the flexural wave rainbow trapping effect is attributed to the group velocity modulation; thereby, the constructed periodic array of non-uniform beams achieves integration of specific-band vibration reduction and energy enhancement at specific positions. Secondly, simulations indicate that the resonance rainbow trapping frequencies demonstrate more intense concentration of flexural wave energy compared to the counterpart with initial frequencies. Finally, the resonance rainbow trapping phenomenon demonstrates superiority in vibration energy harvesting. Specifically, when piezoelectric films are pasted on specific-position with enhanced energy density, the maximum output voltage in the independent circuit connection reaches up to 2.30V for the resonance rainbow trapping frequency of 8752Hz and the PVDF film position of x = 670 mm. Furthermore, simulations illustrate that the maximum output voltage and power are up to 4.52V and 1894.12 nW for the Series-A circuit connection, respectively, which is approximately the sum of the individual maximum output electrical energy generated by independent circuit connection at positions A and B. The proposed metamaterial beams can offer new selection guidelines for high-performance vibration energy harvesters.

Multiphase SPH analysis of a breaking wave impact on elevated structures with vertical and inclined walls

Elevated structures are prevalent along shorelines that are susceptible to storm surge flooding to improve coastal resilience. In this work, we explore the influence of front wall inclination on the pressures and forces attracted by an elevated structure in response to extreme wave impact. Multiphase smoothed-particle hydrodynamics was used to examine a typical two-story building 6 m high and 10 m long with three different frontal wall inclinations impinged by a single breaking wave propagating landwards (from left to right). Relative to a vertical surface, both positive (clockwise) and negative (counterclockwise) inclinations of the front wall altered breaking wave pressures depending on the structure's position relative to the still-water level (SWL). When the bottom of the structure is located below the SWL (negative air gap), a positive inclination decreased breaking wave loads by up to 21 %, while a negative inclination may result in 50 % higher pressure maxima. However, for a structure elevated above the SWL (positive air gap), negative and positive inclinations witnessed reductions to the pressure maxima of 35 % and 10 %, respectively, when compared with a vertical surface.

Christianity, Helping People in Poverty, and Embodied Relationships

AbstractThis article demonstrates that people animated by Christianity draw on faith to help people in poverty through building relationships. Contrasting with the literature that presents relationships as a means to change people, including through evangelizing, we find that relationships are conceived as an end in and of themselves. Drawing on an Australian ethnographic study with pastors and volunteers in church‐based community centers and people living in poverty, we illustrate how the realities of poverty subvert relationships. People in poverty prioritize their material needs. The challenges developing relationships notwithstanding, the article argues that elements of relationships found in this research represent an opportunity to advance knowledge of what it means to draw on faith to help people in poverty. Relationships can be a vehicle to change oppressive systems, but the capacity to do so must be assessed in the contexts of religion's position in dominant political and power structures.

A computational method for small molecule-RNA binding sites identification by utilizing position specificity and complex network information

Some computational methods have been given for small molecule-RNA binding site identification due to that it plays a significant role in revealing biology function researches. However, it is still challenging to design an accurate model, especially for MCC. We designed a feature extraction technology from two aspects (position specificity and complex network information). Specifically, complex network was employed to express the space topological structure and sequence position information for improving prediction effect. Then, the features fused position specificity and complex network information were input into random forest classifier for model construction. The AUC of 88.22%, 77.92% and 81.46% were obtained on three independent datasets (RB19, CS71, RB78). Compared with the existing method, the best MCC were obtained on three datasets, which were 8.19%, 0.59% and 4.35% higher than the state-of-the-art prediction methods, respectively. The outstanding performances show that our method is a powerful tool to identify RNA binding sites, helping to the design RNA-targeting small molecule drugs. The data and resource codes are available at https://github.com/Kangxiaoneuq/PCN_RNAsite.

Heating and storage of structured acylglycerols with succinyl-linked stigmasterol residue does not cause negative chemical or biological changes

Four structured acylglycerols with stigmasterol bonded by a succinyl linker were investigated and their stability were analyzed. Samples were heated to 60 °C and kept at that temperature to simulate storage, and to 180 °C to simulate frying conditions. The degradation of the synthesized compounds and formed derivatives was determined, and their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on normal human cells from the digestive system was determined. Holding at 180 °C resulted in greater degradation of the compounds than holding at 60 °C. The most stable compound in each sample proved to be one with oleic acid in its structure—1,3-dioleoyl-2-stigmasterylsuccinoyl-sn-glycerol (DO2SSt) at 60 °C and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-stigmasterylsuccinoyl-sn-glycerol (DO3SSt) at 180 °C. These results indicate that the type of fatty acid in the molecule is more important than its position in the glycerol structure. None of the diacylmonostigmasterylsuccinoyl-sn-glycerols (DASStGs) before or after heating exhibited cytotoxic or genotoxic potential to small intestine and colon mucosa cells.

Tectonic position of the Ukrainian shield

Statement of the general problem. The analysis of the geological structure of Europe indicates a wide development of Laramian (post-Cretaceous - pre-Cenozoic) deformations in non-Alpine regions. They are traced by the regional angular unconformity between the folded Mesozoic and non-folded Cenozoic from the Caspian Sea to Great Britain. The area of development of the Laramie folding of Europe also covers the Ukrainian shield. An unsolved part of the overall problem. The Ukrainian crystalline shield is described as "uplift of the crystalline foundation of the East European platform", where Precambrian rocks come to the surface. But the same rocks can also be traced far beyond its borders. The question arises - what structural position does the Ukrainian shield occupy in the structure of the Laramie folded region? Analysis of recent research and publications. On the geological maps of the pre-Cenozoic formations of Ukraine, the northern border of the Laramie folded region can be traced along the Chernihiv-Lysychansk line. Mesozoic folds and an angular unconformity in the Cenozoic basement disappear further north. To the south, the Laramie deformations intensify, but unevenly. The purpose of the article is identification of modern structural position of Ukrainian crystalline shield. Research materials and methods. Were involved more than 120 geological maps of Ukrainian regions and author's digital geological model of East Ukraine. Presentation of the main research material. A band of Mesozoic folds and NW vergence thrusts tens to hundreds of kilometers long is developed immediately south of the border of the folded region. The amplitude of the folds is 1.5–2 km. The band of development of these folds and thrusts with a width of about 100 km limits the Ukrainian shield from the northeast. To the south of the Ukrainian Shield, on the shelves of the Black and Azov Seas and in Northern Crimea, a sub-latitude band of Laramie thrusts and folds with a width of 150–200 kilometers has been established. Amplitudes of thrust folds reach 1–2 km, amplitudes of separate thrusts reach 8–10 km. This band of folds and thrusts limits the southern slope of the Ukrainian shield from the south. These Laramie folds and thrusts are overlain by Cenozoic sediments. To the south, in the Mountainous Crimea, the deformations are still intensifying. Folds and thrusts are replaced by wide and extended mélange zones of northwestern vergence. The Ukrainian shield is bypassed by the development of folds and thrusts from the northeast, east, and south. On the slopes of the Ukrainian shield, Mesozoic fold deformations subside, and the Mesozoic there lies gently sloping and monoclinally. Such poorly deformed blocks within folded regions are called middle massifs. This middle massif of the Laramie fold region within Ukraine has an anteclise structure. In the core of the anteclise, Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks emerge from under the sedimentary cover. The western wing of the anteclise is overlain by younger thrusts of the Carpathian folded structure of Attic (post-Miocene) age. Scientific novelty. In the modern geological structure, the Ukrainian shield is the core of the anteclise of the middle massif in the Laramie folded region. Conclusions. As a tectonic uplift, shield was formed in the Paleocene. In the Late Cretaceous, it was still buried under shelf carbonate deposits. Erosion of this uplift formed the Cenozoic deposits of Ukraine with a specific mineragenic specialization. Taking into account the Laramian folding allows us to reconcile the diverse geological phenomena of the region into a single system without contradictions.

Justice and the Politics of Identity

Abstract In this article I recuperate a structure-oriented account of a politics of becoming from the work of Iris Young, one that rejects identity politics to focus instead on redressing structural injustice. Young offers a theorization of democracy that at once acknowledges our inner multiplicity and our individual capacity to shape our identity, and views equality and inclusion as important political goals that require eliminating structural injustice. For Young, fully embracing the multiplicity and fluidity of groups entails a shift away from conceptualizing groups in terms of identity, toward viewing groups as structural positions. Emancipation thus cannot be achieved through including marginalized identities (e.g., through group-based representation) but only through attention to how particular social positions become the site of structural advantage or disadvantage.

Determining the Location of Steel Reinforcement in Thick Concrete Walls by Non-Destructive Inspection

Abstract Concrete cover is the thickness of the concrete layer that protects the reinforcing steel bars (rebar) within a reinforced concrete structure. It acts as a barrier against external elements such as moisture, chemicals, and environmental factors, safeguarding the rebar from corrosion. Concrete cover measurement is performed by using various nondestructive tests such as GPS (Ground Penetrating Radar), electromagnetic test and ultrasonic. The main benefit of the concrete cover thickness measurement is to explain the causes of corrosion and identify areas that have the capability to corrode faster. This paper discusses the possibilities to measure the concrete cover depth and determine the location of steel bars of a thick-walled concrete structure by using different nondestructive testing methods. The methods studied are a concrete cover meter, Ground Penetrating Radar, which is based on propagation radar waves in concrete, and Ultrasonic Pulse Echo tomography based on stress waves produced by ultrasonic pulses. The paper demonstrates the use of these methods for in-situ measurements on a thick-walled reinforced concrete structure. The concrete cover depth and the location for the reinforcement bars received by different methods are compared and the strong and weak points of the methods are discussed. The results indicate that the concrete cover meter is suitable for measuring the thickness of concrete cover, while the Ground Penetrating Radar and the Ultrasonic Pulse Echo device were able to identify and locate the reinforcement bars position in the concrete structure.

Youth Culture: Influence of Media and Globalization

The emergence of youth as a specific cohort of population is associated with industrialization and is linked with the need for extended training and education for entering the labour market. Rising prosperity, high educational demands of the economy and rapid social change have collectively contributed to the emergence of a stage of life called youth. The youth occupy the in-between space between school and work. Many of them enter college. The congregation of large number of similar aged people sharing the same position in the social structure heightens the generational identification. Generational consciousness also entails a feeling of psychological disconnection from previous generations, their life situations, and their ideologies. This creates ripe conditions for the emergence of youth cultures. Youth cultures are profoundly influenced by media and globalization. In this research paper describe the features of youth culture; and discuss the impact of globalization and media on youth culture.