Structural Position Research Articles

Understanding Effects of Matrix Organization Using SPSS Statistics

Matrix Organization, while being complicated, the matrix organisational structure helps achieve the fundamental goal, which is to boost productivity. It has a lot of benefits. These organisations are used by companies that offer a wide range of goods and services. It gives the company more flexibility and disrupts the routine. Employees cooperate with coworkers from diverse departments who are proficient in a variety of tasks. Whenever people from different departments work together, problems get solved faster. Even though everyone is exposed to a variety of roles from outside their primary profession, this does help to advance the workforce as a whole. A matrix organisation is one in which two or more people share administrative responsibility and responsibility. But, depending on whom you question and the field you work in, the significance of the term "matrix" differs greatly. There are frequently two chromatins of command in a matrix, one corresponding to functional departments and the other to project, market, or customer lines. Other chains of command may also exist, such as those based on location. The project leader may have a very powerful management position in a matrix organisational structure, or he may only have a facilitating role. To illustrate organisational ideas, a grid with a power balance between tasks versus function managers will first be examined. SPSS statistics is a data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation developed by IBM for a statistical software package. A long time, spa inc. was created by, IBM purchased it in 2009. The brand name for the most recent versions is IBM SPSS statistics. Co-operation, Confirmation, Avoidance, Competition, Effective management, Constructive conflict. The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .683 which indicates 68% reliability. From the literature review, the above 49% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. the outcome of Cronbach's Alpha Reliability. The model's total Cronbach's Alpha score is .683, which denotes a 68% dependability level. The 49% Cronbach's Alpha value model mentioned above from the literature review may be used for analysis.

The relationship between oxidative degradation and ammonia emission of carbon capture amines based on their chemical structures

Abstract This work investigates the effect of chemical structural positioning of different functional groups in 29 amines covering primary, secondary and tertiary alkanolamines as well as multi-alkylamines and cyclic amines on both amine degradation and ammonia (NH3) emissions during post-combustion amine-based carbon dioxide capture. The results helped to elucidate possible relationships between degradation and emissions as related to the chemical structure of the amine. The results showed that longer alkyl chain lengths in multi-alkylamines caused a more drastic decrease in both degradation and NH3 emissions followed by secondary alkanolamines. The decrease in those activities for primary and tertiary alkanolamines as well as cyclic amines was low and more so for NH3 emissions. In contrast, the increase in hydroxyl groups in secondary alkanolamines caused a drastic increase in degradation and NH3 emissions. On the other hand, having more hydroxyl groups in sterically hindered primary and tertiary alkanolamines caused a more drastic decrease in degradation and a smaller decrease in NH3 emissions due to the steric hindrance within their structure. An increase in the number of amino groups in an amine caused an increase in both degradation and NH3 emission rates because these provided the reactive sites for the formation of free radicals. This effect was not as large in alkyl-cyclic amines as in multi-alkylamines due to the ability of the former to resist oxidative degradation. Furthermore, branched alkyl groups between amino and hydroxyl groups more drastically increased both the degradation and NH3 emission activities than branched alkyl groups located at the nitrogen atom.

Gender Representation Within Communication among Officials at State Islamic University in Indonesia

This research aims to see gender representation within communication among officials in State Islamic University in Indonesia and how women occupying structural positions at State Islamic University in Indonesia are viewed. This is qualitative descriptive research carried out in UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin, and UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Data were obtained from observation and interviews. The theory used in this study follows Max Weber's bureaucratic theory regarding gender representation in organizational communication, namely the existence of authority, specialization and regulations in organizations (universities). This is in accordance with research findings that the bureaucracy of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin and UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta in accordance with Max Weber's theory has fulfilled the characteristics of bureaucracy, namely having authority or power, specialization in the division of work (fields) without distinguishing between men and women, and there are regulations that all university personnel must obey. The most important results of this study include are: (1) there is representation of women occupying structural positions in higher education, (2) women have the right to occupy structural positions in higher education based on their ability; (3) there is no differentiation in communication between men and women who hold positions in universities; (4) communication among officials in universities prioritizes integrity, friendship, kinship, responsibility and professionalism without discriminating gender and positions (members or leaders).

IDENTIFIKASI FAKTOR GLASS CEILING PADA PEREMPUAN PENDETA

The Reformed Church reconstructed a new identity for women as equal to men. The church reforms provided a bridge to the acceptance of women as pastors. If pastoral status is no longer a major issue in most denominations, the structural strategic status of the church is not. The number of women pastors who have succeeded in occupying structural strategic positions is still low. This condition indicates the occurrence of a glass ceiling. Glass ceiling is a metaphor that describes the existence of an invisible barrier in the form of a glass ceiling that prevents minorities such as women from occupying strategic positions.This paper is intended to identify the factors that contribute to the glass ceiling in women pastors. Identification was conducted using the qualitative method of a literature review of several journals and books. The results revealed that there are four glass ceiling factors. The first is the internal factor, self-efficacy (self-confidence, intention to persevere and self-development, ambition, education and experience, adaptability, and cognitive ability). Second is institutional/organizational factors (work environment), such as masculine work environment and culture, "queen bee" syndrome, and the threat of sexual harassment. Third, the preference factor (women's sex role), namely the double role (double burden) causes women to experience overwork. Fourth, stereotypes are the result of patriarchal culture (sociological aspect) and church teachings (theological aspect).

Highlights of orthognathic surgery in class II patients: a systematic review

Introduction: Orthognathic surgery is indicated to modify the position of the maxillomandibular structure, which may cause changes in the sagittal position of the mandibular condyle in individuals with retrognathism and mandibular prognathism. In the context of orthognathic surgery, anterior open bite (AOB) is an easily recognized malocclusion and presents only aesthetic and functional problems. Objective: Foi desenvolver uma revisão sistemática para apresentar as principais considerações da cirurgia ortognática em pacientes classe II. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from October to December 2023 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 88 articles were found, 40 articles were evaluated in full and 20 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 21 studies with a high risk of bias and 21 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies did not show homogeneity in their results, with X2=57.5%>50%. The etiology of anterior open bite is multifactorial and may be caused by environmental and hereditary factors. Class II patients may have significantly greater amounts of lateral and inferior translation than class III patients. Two-jaw surgery for open bite correction led to different directions and amounts of condylar rotational displacement in patients with skeletal class II malocclusion. Treatment can be carried out through preventive, interceptive, corrective, or even surgical treatments. The differentiated bonding of brackets to the anterior teeth is also a very useful resource for the treatment of anterior open bite.

A study of financial market resilience in China — From a hot money shock perspective

Given the huge impact of hot money on the China's financial market, it is crucial to evaluate and improve the ability to withstand such shocks. This paper measures the resilience of China's financial markets to hot money shocks, and examines the connectedness mechanism among submarket resilience. Our findings indicate that, first, China's overall financial market resilience is characterized by cyclical changes. Among all markets, the bond market exhibits the strongest ability to absorb shocks, while the real estate market shows the weakest. Second, there is a considerable association between financial submarket resilience, which is further strengthened by panic and pessimistic expectations in tail scenarios. The stock market holds the central position in the resilience connectedness structure and shows the greatest impact on other markets. This study suggests that focusing on real estate and stock market conditions is the key to accelerating financial market recovery from hot money shocks.

Analisis Beban Kerja Fore-Log Plant B PT XYZ Menggunakan Metode Workload Indicator Of Staffing Needs

PT XYZ is a specialty chemical manufacturing company with various products for Paper, Water Treatment, Oil Mining, Mining, Plastic, Masterbatch, Agriculture, Home Care, and other industries. PT XYZ in planning its Human Resources must be careful to get optimal workers and high work productivity, so a Workload Analysis is needed to optimize the existing workforce at PT XYZ. In the research process, researchers found the phenomenon of multiple positions in the organizational structure of the Logistics Department of PT XYZ, namely by fore log plant B. This research was conducted with a qualitative method with interviews, observations, and data processing of the daily report of the Foreman Logistic Plant B of PT XYZ. The workload analysis method used in this research is the Workload Indicator of Staffing Needs (WISN) method. With the WISN method, the standard workload can be determined to determine the appropriate number of workers. From the results of research conducted in August 2023, it shows that the standard workload fore log plant B is included in the fit or in accordance with the workload standards set by the company, namely 1.3 so that duplicate positions are allowed.

Micro-crosslinked polyimide nanocomposites with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss for microwave antenna with molecular dynamics

Low dielectric polyimide (PI) is a crucial component of interlayer dielectric materials in modern electronic devices, which effectively mitigates signal delay and power loss issues arising from the high integration. Herein, low dielectric nanocomposite with micro-crosslinked structure is prepared through in-situ polymerization of fluorinated PI (f-PI) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). Four f-PIs with different positions of trifluoromethyl and structure of backbone, and three functionalized POSS are studied by density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to reveal the effects of the PI structure and the interfacial interaction of POSS with PI on dielelectric constant. Specifically, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of 3 wt% 8NH2-POSS/PI1 at 1 kHz are reduced to 2.40 and 0.0017, respectively. The micro-crosslinked structure provides better thermal stability (513.3 °C), coefficient of thermal expansion (42.14 ppm °C−1), and acid resistance, meeting the requirements of integrated circuits (ICs) processing. In comparison to commercial epoxy boards (FR4), the 3 wt% 8NH2-POSS/PI exhibits lower S11 signal loss (−10.874 dB) and provides greater magnetic fields (2.00 G) near 3.0 GHz as the substrate of Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers sensor. This well-performing low dielectric nanocomposite offers a promising medium for ICs.

Where do opportunity beliefs come from? Implications of intergenerational social mobility for beliefs about the distribution system in China

People’s understanding of the drivers of inequality is a function of their position in the social structure. Nevertheless, the ways in which intergenerational social mobility is associated with opportunity beliefs remain under researched. Recent findings in cultural sociology suggest that individuals seldom update their beliefs, and that settled dispositions lead people to reproduce their beliefs in their adulthood. This study used a probabilistic and representative survey of Chinese citizens to explore how intergenerational social mobility relates to opportunity beliefs. China presents an interesting context to explore this question, since Chinese society is considered to be highly unequal yet highly tolerant of social inequalities. Our results indicate a U-shaped relationship between social class and opportunity beliefs. The upper class and farmers exhibit stronger meritocratic beliefs than middle-classes. Moreover, upwardly and downwardly mobile individuals show greater weights for origin and destination, respectively. Thus, opportunity beliefs are explained by the social class where they rank lower. These findings suggest that when beliefs are updated through social mobility, they interact with the mobility trajectory. In addition, the stronger meritocratic beliefs of the farmers’ class and the greater weight of social origin for upwardly mobile individuals could help explain the dormant social volcano in China.

Intra-abdominal Content Movement in Prone Versus Lateral Decubitus Position Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LLIF).

A prospective, anatomical imaging study of healthy volunteer subjects in accurate surgical positions. To establish if there is a change in the position of the abdominal contents in the lateral decubitus (LD) versus prone position. Lateral transpsoas lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) in the LD position has been validated anatomically and for procedural safety, specifically in relation to visceral risks. Recently, LLIF with the patient in the prone position has been suggested as an alternative to LLIF in the LD position. Subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral region in the right LD position with the hips flexed and the prone position with the legs extended. Anatomical measurements were performed on axial magnetic resonance images at the L4-5 disc space. Thirty-four subjects were included. The distance from the skin to the lateral disc surface was 134.9mm in prone compared with 118.7mm in LD ( P <0.0001). The distance between the posterior aspect of the disc and the colon was 20.3mm in the prone compared with 41.1mm in LD ( P <0.0001). The colon migrated more posteriorly in relation to the anterior margin of the psoas in the prone compared with LD (21.7 vs . 5.5mm, respectively; P <0.0001). 100% of subjects had posterior migration of the colon in the prone compared with the LD position, as measured by the distance from the quadratum lumborum to the colon (44.4 vs . 20.5mm, respectively; P <0.001). There were profound changes in the position of visceral structures between the prone and LD patient positions in relation to the LLIF approach corridor. Compared with LD LLIF, the prone position results in a longer surgical corridor with a substantially smaller working window free of the colon, as evidenced by the significant and uniform posterior migration of the colon. Surgeons should be aware of the potential for increased visceral risks when performing LLIF in the prone position. Level II-prospective anatomical cohort study.

Numerical study on a novel solar-thermal-reaction system for clean hydrogen production of methanol-steam reforming

Renewable energy-driven hydrogen production methods offer a promising solution for mitigating energy crises. The present study introduces a new solar-driven hydrogen production system that within methanol steam reforming (MSR) process. The numerical analysis is carried out using a cylindrical Fresnel linear concentrator coupled with a solar thermal reactor (STR). A comprehensive kinetic model of the MSR reaction was constructed and combined with analytical methods based on Monte Carlo ray tracing methods and finite volume methods to analyze the multi-physical properties involved in the reaction process. The results indicate that a novel solar-driven MSR-STR system can generate a sufficient driving force after adjusting the concentrator structure and relative position to match the energy demand of the MSR reaction. The accuracy of the model is compared with the experimental values, and the average error is 7.8 %. Tracking error of the component should be maintained below 1.5° to ensure the optical efficiency. The annual hydrogen production was analyzed and the levelized cost of hydrogen is $1.77/kg. Finally, a comparison is presented between the proposed MSR-STR system and parabolic trough concentrator based MSR hydrogen production system to evaluate the feasibility of the former in terms of the economics of implementation.

Distribution of neurovascular structures within the prostate gland and their relationship to complications after radical prostatectomy.

Radical prostatectomy remains the main choice of treatment for prostate cancer. However, despite improvements in surgical techniques and neurovascular sparing procedures, rates of erectile dysfunction, and urinary incontinence remain variable. This is due, at least in part, to an incomplete understanding of neurovascular structures associated with the prostate. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive, detailed histological overview of the distribution of nerves and blood vessels within the prostate, facilitating subsequent correlation of prostatic neurovascular structures with patients' clinical outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Neurovascular structures within the prostate were investigated in a total of 309 slides obtained from 15 patients who underwent non-nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify and distinguish between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, whereas hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to identify blood vessels. The total number, density, and relative position of nerves and blood vessels were established using quantitative morphometry and illustrated using visualization approaches. Patient-specific outcome data were then used to establish whether the internal distribution of nerves and blood vessels within the prostate correlated with the nature and extent of complications after surgery. One-way analysis of variance tests and unpaired ttests were applied to establish statistically significant differences across the measured variables. Nerves and blood vessels were present across all prostatic levels and regions. However, their number and density varied considerably between regions. Assessment of the precise positioning of neurovascular structures revealed that the majority of nerve fibers were located within the dorsal and peripheral aspects of the gland. In contrast, blood vessels were predominantly located within ventral and dorsal midline regions. The number of intraprostatic nerves was found to be significantly lower in patients who recovered their continence within 12 months of surgery, compared to those whose recovery took 12 months or longer. We report an unexpected disconnect between the localization and positioning of nerve fibers and blood vessels within the prostate. Moreover, individual variability in the density of intraprostatic neurovascular structures appears to correlate with the successful recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy, suggesting that differences in intrinsic neurovascular arrangements of the prostate influence postoperative outcomes.

Robustness of open source community multi-project knowledge collaboration network based on structural hole theory.

Nodes in the structural hole position play a key role in the multi-project network of the open source community (OSC). This paper studies the robustness of this network based on structural hole theory. First, a semantic-based multi-project KCN is constructed, and four node types are identified: knowledge contribution nodes, knowledge dissemination nodes, structural hole nodes (SHNs) and opinion leader nodes. Second, a robustness analysis model of the edge failures of these four key nodes is constructed. Third, a simulation test is conducted on the proposed model using empirical data from the Local Motors multi-project OSC. The results show that the KCN has the lowest robustness when facing the edge failure of opinion leader nodes, followed by knowledge dissemination nodes, knowledge contribution nodes, SHNs and random nodes. The edge failure of opinion leader nodes causes the lowest network robustness because of the propagation effect of these nodes. Additionally, SHN failure has only a small initial impact on connectivity, whereas knowledge collaboration efficiency decreases rapidly (i.e., the edge failure of SHNs causes the network to enter a state of high connectivity and low efficiency). The proposed model can be used to provide comprehensive and targeted management guidance for OSC development.

Board Interlock Networks and Corporate Low-Carbon Innovation in China: Does Position Matter?

Through combining the resource dependence theory and social network theory, this study sheds light on how two major kinds of interlocking network positions—central network position and structural holes position—drive corporate low-carbon innovation. We consider the mediating effect of information asymmetry and knowledge absorptive capacity to reap benefits from occupying the two advantageous network positions. We have empirically investigated a sample of 3365 listed firms over the period of 2009–2018 drawn from China, the largest emerging market economy as well as the biggest carbon dioxide emitter. Our main results show that either holding a central network position or spanning a structural holes position plays a significant role in stimulating low-carbon technologies, and the promotion effect can be partially channeled through downward information asymmetry and upward knowledge absorptive capacity. Our findings differ from earlier work because of our emphasis on network position, and our specific focus on corporate low-carbon innovation and China's unique setting, rather than network size, greenhouse gas emissions, and developed economies. This study also provides significant implications for executives striving to improve firms’ low-carbon innovation performance, and for policymakers seeking ways to fulfill the mission of carbon dioxide abatement.

Geological structure identification in geothermal manifestation of Lamongan Volcano Complex: A magnetic data analysis approach

The Tiris area in the Lamongan Volcano Complex, Probolinggo, East Java, is estimated to be an area with geothermal potential in Indonesia. This is indicated by the existence of several hot springs along the Tancak River, forming a continuous line with a distance about 20-50 m between each hot spring. Segaran hot springs are one of the hydrothermal manifestations that can indicate the presence of geothermal potential in this location. Some previous research has shown the existence of subsurface geological structures around Segaran hot springs in a northwest-southeast direction. However, the identification of geo - thermal manifestations in this location is limited, so magnetic data can help identify subsurface geological structures to confirm the geo thermal potential in this area. A significant contrast in horizontal magnetic anomalies indicates the existence of subsurface geological structures. To delineate the boundaries of the magnetic anomaly, the first horizontal derivative and second vertical derivative were applied. To determine the depth of the magnetic anomaly, located Euler deconvolution was used. The integration of these three transformations on the magnetic data is sufficient to interpret the position, direction, and depth of subsurface structures in the research area. The results show the position of dominant lineament in the Lamongan Volcano Complex through Segaran hot springs is a northwest-southeast orientation. These results align with the dominant orientation from the density lineaments analysis performed based on the Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS). Building from previous research, the existence of fault structures correlated with Segaranhot springs can improve the indication of geothermal potential in the Lamongan Volcano Complex, especially in the Tiris area.

ХХ ҒАСЫРДЫҢ 20-ЖЫЛДАРЫНДАҒЫ ЖЕТІСУДАҒЫ БОСҚЫНДАР ЖӨНІНДЕГІ КЕҢЕСТІК ЕРЕКШЕ КОМИССИЯ ҚЫЗМЕТІ

The fate of the refugees of the first quarter of the 20th century, who participated in the uprisings in Zhetysu and were forced to flee their homeland, is a little-studied topic in the history of political cataclysms in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the proposed article is to reconstruct the activities of the special commission of the Central executive Committee of the Turkestan Republic, whose purpose was the return and accommodation of refugees from the Zhetysui region who left the cordon after the uprising of 1916 and the first years of the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, primarily to Western China. The evolution of the Soviet position in connection with the return of refugees from the policy of retaliation by the authorities of Tsarist Russia for the national liberation uprising in the region and the continued persecution of the indigenous population in the early years of the establishment of Soviet power depended entirely on the internal socio-political and geopolitical situation. In the course of the study, a descriptive method was used that contributes to the formation of a real-life image. The descriptive method allows us to delve into the historical reasons for the formation and periodization of refugee as a phenomenon. As a result of the scientific research, the conditions for the creation, aspects and structure of the activities of the Soviet special commission for the return of refugees were systematized for the first time. The situation of refugees in the host country was examined on the basis of evidence. The socio-economic and political reasons for the measures for the return and placement of refugees, its progress and results are analyzed using important sources from the funds of foreign and domestic republican archives, as well as special funds of regional archives directly related to the object of research. For the first time in Russian historical science, the scientific study analyzes the degree of interaction, the reasons for the contradiction of the position of Soviet civil, military and diplomatic structures on solving the refugee problem in the 20s of the XX century. The results of the research can be used in special courses, textbooks, educational publications on the humanitarian field of higher educational institutions on the problems of social history and migration of the first quarter of the 20th century.

Вице-губернатор в системе управленческой элиты степных областей ЗападноСибирского и Степного генерал-губернаторств во второй половине XIX–начале XX века

The article analyzes the position of Vice-governor in the system of administrative elite of Akmola, Semipalatinsk and Semirechensk regions of the Russian Empire. Using the normative-legal base of local institutions of these regions, the «formal» position of officials in this position in the general structure of administrative power is characterized. Management in steppe regions is characterized by remoteness of territories from the center of decision-making, high share of nomadic population, marginal position. In this regard, the peculiarities of the position of Vice-governors in the steppe regions and in the interior of Russia are revealed. One of the important features of the service of these officials is the combination of military and civil power in the steppe regions and the lack of a clear division of responsibilities between the elements of the administrative elite. For the socio-cultural characterization of the composition of the Vice-governor corps we used the form lists and personal files of officials kept in the archives: the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region, the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These data are published for the first time. The article concludes with a socio-cultural portrait of a typical Vice-governor of a steppe region, an analysis of the typical career trajectories of the official and a comparison of the scope of authority with similar officials from internal Russian provinces.

Связь религиозного опыта и этнокультурной идентичности как индикатор деструктивного социального конструирования российской интеллигенции (к 70-летию В. В. Черных)

The purpose of the article is a philosophical analysis of the problem of the connection between ethnocultural identity and religious experience, as a watershed between intellectuals and intelligentsia within Russian society. In the context of this division, the author argues that the antinomic state of the identity of the intelligentsia in Russia is obvious. In this connection, it is proposed to carry out a philosophical and anthropological analysis of her worldview. Its essence lies in the fact that the intelligentsia in Russia easily defines itself as the “conscience of the people,” but does not recognize itself as the creator of unjustified symbolic violence against it. The author suggests that her marginal position in the social structure is due to the fact that she does not know the true meaning of constitutive violence in the ethnocultural space. Within the religious experience of Orthodoxy, the constitutive sacred is contained in the inviolability of distance from the West and in the special flow of social time, where retribution for inadequate violent exchange is postponed or even canceled. The process of denying the leading role of the founding sacred in the history of the people leads to the fact that the intelligentsia is not capable of identifying the sociality of a multi-subjective nature that has developed in Russia. Violence through fanatical imitation of the West, chosen by the Russian intelligentsia, is a way to strengthen the phobia of ethnocultural identity. A phobia that Russian intellectuals help overcome. The “deadly identity” of the Russian people is a phenomenon that was constructed and continues to be constructed by the intelligentsia, which believes that a rational, disenchanted existence can accommodate a person.

Selective near-infrared laser programming for shape-memory polymer–carbon nanotube composite material 4D printing

Abstract Light stimulation can realise the remote control of the deformation of the specific position of 4D printing structure. Shape-memory polymer–carbon nanotube (CNT) composite materials, with outstanding near-infrared photothermal conversion rate and shape-memory ability, is one type of the most popular light responsive smart materials. However, current studies focused on the photothermal effect and shape-memory applications of light-responsive shape-memory polymer composite (SMPC) sheet structures, and there is no research on the photothermal effect in the depth direction of light-responsive SMPC three-dimensional structures. Here, we prepared a UV curable, mechanically robust, and highly deformable shape-memory polymer (IBBA) as the matrix of light responsive SMPC. CNTs were added as photothermal conversion materials. We explore the photothermal effect of near-infrared laser on the surface and depth of IBBA–CNT composites cube. Shape-memory experiments show that different folded shapes can be obtained by selective near-infrared laser programming. Selective near-infrared laser programming three-dimensional movable type plate shows a programming application in depth direction of three-dimensional light-responsive intelligent structure. This research extends the application of near-infrared laser in 4D printing to the depth direction of intelligent structures, which will bring more complex and interesting 4D printing structures in the future.

High-Throughput Microelectrode Arrays for Precise Functional Localization of the Globus Pallidus Internus.

The globus pallidus internus (GPi) was considered a common target for stimulation in Parkinson's disease (PD). Located deep in the brain and of small size, pinpointing it during surgery is challenging. Multi-channel microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can provide micrometer-level precision functional localization, which can maximize the surgical outcome. In this paper, a 64-channel MEA modified by platinum nanoparticles with a detection site impedance of 61.1 kΩ was designed and prepared, and multiple channels could be synchronized to cover the target brain region and its neighboring regions so that the GPi could be identified quickly and accurately. The results of the implant trajectory indicate that, compared to the control side, there is a reduction in local field potential (LFP) power in multiple subregions of the upper central thalamus on the PD-induced side, while the remaining brain regions exhibit an increasing trend. When the MEA tip was positioned at 8,700 μm deep in the brain, the various characterizations of the spike signals, combined with the electrophysiological characteristics of the β-segmental oscillations in PD, enabled MEAs to localize the GPi at the single-cell level. More precise localization could be achieved by utilizing the distinct characteristics of the internal capsule (ic), the thalamic reticular nucleus (Rt), and the peduncular part of the lateral hypothalamus (PLH) brain regions, as well as the relative positions of these brain structures. The MEAs designed in this study provide a new detection method and tool for functional localization of PD targets and PD pathogenesis at the cellular level.