Port Construction Research Articles

Green development of the maritime industry: Overview, perspectives, and future research opportunities

Maritime industry is the artery of the global economy since it carries around 90% of the volume of global trade. However, the fierce environmental problems associated with human activities and economic development cannot be neglected. To systematically analyze the research status and development trend of the maritime industry, this paper collects and reviews literature from Elsevier ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases related to green shipping management and green port construction. Future research directions are presented based on the analysis. The results show that green shipping management focus on solving practical emission reduction problems. Most work of green port construction establish mathematical optimization models aiming at minimizing total operation costs or maximizing profits. Designing efficient algorithms is a research hotspot in operation management. By comparing the technical measures, operational strategy, and market-based measures, we found technical innovation is the ultimate way for the maritime industry to realize net zero-emission. Support from governments and organizations is the insurance of green development. Future research perspectives include adopting high-tech technologies such as blockchain, big data, and artificial intelligent to improve operation efficiency and reduce emissions, providing more accurate suggestions for constructing green and smart ports, proposing multi-objective optimization models and highlighting the environmental target. This research can improve the existing theoretical frameworks and provide several future research directions for academia and practitioners.

Study on the mechanical properties and energy dissipation characteristics of concrete subjected to high strain rate and sulfate attack

Marine structures, such as cross-sea bridges, port constructions, and offshore drilling platforms, are not only subjected to sulfate erosion, but also to various dynamic loads. Analyzing the damage evolution process of concrete under sulfate erosion and impact loads is the key to improving the lifespan of concrete. In order to study the damage evolution process of eroded concrete under high strain rates, the energy dissipation characteristics, basic physics and mechanical properties, and micro-fracture mechanism of sulfate-eroded concrete at different sulfate concentrations (C=0, 3%, 6%, and 9%) under high strain rate ranging from 70/s to 85/s are systematically studied by using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system, X-ray diffractometer and SEM scanning electron microscope. The research results indicate that an increase in sulfate concentration leads to a decrease in Ca(OH)2 content and an increase in Ettringite (AFt) content in concrete specimens; As the sulfate concentration increases, the dynamic peak strength and dynamic elastic modulus of concrete specimens gradually decrease, while the dynamic peak strain of concrete specimens gradually increases; The degree of macroscopic fragmentation in concrete specimens subjected to impact compression becomes increasingly severe with rising sulfate concentrations; As the sulfate concentration increases, the proportion of reflected energy and dissipated energy gradually increases, while that of transmitted energy gradually decreases, and the energy absorption capacity of the sample is significantly improved; The results of the SEM test shows that with the increase of sulfate concentration, a large amount of AFt is generated at the joint fissures and the interface of cement aggregates, the expansion of AFt and the crack development of concrete reduce the integrity and stability of concrete. This study holds significant guidance for the application of concrete in impact situations under a sulfate attack environment.

Impact of Coastal Reclamation on Seagrass Habitat in Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Coastal development by conducting reclamation for various uses, for example port construction and operations, is a growing threat to coastal ecosystems including seagrass meadows. For several decades, reclamation for coastal development in Palu Bay has included port construction or extension of single-purpose privately owned port facilities as well as public shipping ports. In addition, reclamation was carried out to provide land for the construction of hotels, housing, recreational areas and coastal protection. The majority of private port terminals are owned by mining companies exporting rock and aggregate from around Palu Bay. There are many quarries in the mountains along the western coast of Palu Bay, and alluvial materials around several rivers along the eastern shore are also exploited. The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of reclamation on seagrass habitat in Palu Bay, especially the private ports, which the dominant reclamation purposes conducted in this area. This study found about 66 ports around Palu Bay, the majority privately owned by mining companies operating in Palu City and Donggala Regency. The effects of reclamation include reduced seagrass habitat and decreased water quality.

Research on the Carbon Emission Reduction Potential of the Ports in the Yangtze River Delta of China

Green port construction has a profound impact on China’s international climate commitment to carbon neutrality by 2050. To examine the carbon emission reduction potential of 20 major ports in the Yangtze River Delta port cluster of China, this study takes the perspective of environmental efficiency and employs dynamic exogenous variable DEA in efficiency evaluation. The results show the increasing environmental efficiency of the ports in the Yangtze River Delta, rising from 0.5116 in 2013 to 0.7276 in 2019. Also, there are significant spatial differences in efficiency. After considering exogenous variable, the average efficiency has increased from 0.5537 to 0.6276, indicating that regional green development is a critical factor in port environmental efficiency evaluation. Finally, the overall efficiency of input and output have risen, the slackness of carbon emission shows a trend of decreasing, and there is great potential for reducing carbon emissions from the perspective of port environmental efficiency. The previous studies paid less attention to dynamic efficiency, exogenous variables, and carbon emission. Therefore, this paper is the first comprehensive examination on the carbon emission reduction potential of China’s Yangtze River Delta port cluster from the perspective of dynamic environmental efficiency.

Risk Decision for a Port Shore Power Supply System Based on Cumulative Prospect Theory and an Improved Gray Target

Considering carbon neutral development strategies, ecological ports and green growth concepts have become the future development trend of ports. As an important technology for green port construction, the stable operation of port shore power systems is particularly important. However, as a new field of transmission system, the development of port shore power is also facing many new risks and challenges. For example, the shore power system has security risks as well as technical and economic difficulties. There are also problems such as the lack of regulations on shore power systems. To ensure the safe and stable operation of a port grid system, this paper proposes a risk decision method for a transmission system in a market environment based on interval number and cumulative prospect theory. Based on the constructed risk evaluation index system of a port shore power supply system, a risk decision model based on cumulative prospect theory and an improved gray target risk model (CPT-IGT) are constructed considering the uncertainty and ambiguity of the index attributes and weight information as well as the risk attitude held by decision-makers; these models are developed with improved interval gray number and cumulative prospect theory. Finally, a case study applied to the risk decision of a port shore power supply system verified the reasonableness and effectiveness of the method. The results show that the proposed method has some advantages in dealing with language terms, representing language uncertainty, and reflecting risk decisions in different environments. The research can provide a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of a port power system in the future and provide suggestions for the green growth of the port.

Interdecadal Variation Trend of Arctic Wind Energy

The Arctic’s navigation and utilization have garnered global interest due to the economic and strategic significance of its open shipping routes. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of Arctic wind power generation depend largely on the potential of wind energy, which in turn influences the construction of new ports. In order to effectively harness polar wind energy, we must understand and adapt to its ever-changing rules. This study leverages ERA5′s 40-year wind field data to estimate the Theil–Sen Median slope and perform Mann–Kendall trend analysis. We consider factors such as wind power density, effective wind speed occurrence, energy level frequency, stability, and resource reserves to comprehensively analyze the intergenerational variations in Arctic wind energy resources. Our findings indicate that Northeast Passage, Davis Strait, and Baffin Bay possess favorable wind power density (1~2 W/m2·yr−1), effective wind speed occurrence (0.1~0.2%·yr−1), energy level frequency (0.1~0.2%·yr−1), stability (−0.005 yr−1), and resource reserves (1 kWh/m2·yr−1). However, these indicators are inferior in the Barents Sea, Canada’s northern archipelagos, and Greenland’s vicinity, where wind energy is relatively poor and unfavorable for development. Autumn dominates the annual change trend of Arctic wind energy, while spring and summer show no significant trends.

Distributionally Robust Programming of Berth-Allocation-with-Crane-Allocation Problem with Uncertain Quay-Crane-Handling Efficiency

In order to promote the efficient and intelligent construction of container ports, we focus on the optimization of berth-and-quay-crane (QC) allocation in tidal terminal operations. This paper investigates the quay-crane-profile-(QC-profile)-based assignment problem, and considers the uncertainty in QC profiles regarding QC efficiency for the first time. A mixed-integer programming (MIP) model is established for a discrete berth allocation with a crane-assignment problem (BACAP), considering the tide time window. We aim to minimize the total time loss caused by anchorage and the delay of vessels. Leveraging the theory of uncertainty optimization, the proposed deterministic model is extended into a stochastic programming (SP) model and a distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model, via the consideration of the random QC efficiency. To solve the proposed models, a column generation (CG) algorithm is employed, utilizing the mathematical method and subproblem-solving approach. The numerical experiments with different instances demonstrate that the DRO model yields a smaller variation in the objective function values, and the effectiveness of the CG method. The experimental results verify the robustness of the constructed models, and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

STORM MORPHODYNAMICS AND DECADAL EVOLUTION OF BEACHES IN MODIFIED ESTUARIES AND BAYS

Estuaries and bays have a long history as important locations for humanity, where societies and civilizations have thrived. The many sandy beaches within estuaries and bays (BEBs), often in urban environments, provide critical habitats and shoreline protection, as well as being important for recreation, often in urban environments. Due to their historic importance, many estuaries are subject to anthropogenic modification including: (1) dredging; (2) construction of ports and other infrastructure leading to “hard shorelines”; (3) urban sprawl causing encroachment of natural shorelines including BEBs, and wetlands such as mangroves or saltmarshes; (4) contamination and overfishing, leading for example to the ecosystem collapse of oyster reefs and loss of their shoreline protection, although there are efforts internationally at restoration to improve water quality and shoreline protection. Here we present selected examples of BEBs located in modified estuaries and bays, highlighting their morphological diversity.

Corrugation-like Triboelectric Nanogenerators Integrated Buoys for Wave Energy Harvesting

Marine buoys, as the nodes of the marine monitoring system, play a vital role in monitoring marine activities, which can collect hydro-meteorological information for marine scientific research, offshore oil development, and construction of marine ports. However, sustainable and cost-effective power supply for marine buoys equipped with electrical devices is still a challenge. In this paper, the corrugation-like triboelectric nanogenerator (C-TENG) integrated with marine buoys was proposed, aiming at harvesting wave energy and powering marine buoys. The C-TENG consisting of corrugated plates, corrugation-like channels, aluminum electrodes, barrier sheets, flat plates, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) pellets, was capable of effectively converting the energy harnessed from waves into electricity. As a result of the ocean wave’s excitement, the sliding contact between the PTFE pellets and the aluminum electrode produced electron transfer via the triboelectrification effect and electrostatic induction. With the unique corrugation-like channels, the output of the devices was in the same phase, avoiding the electrical loss resulting from rectification. Furthermore, the power density of the 5 layers parallel-connected C-TENG units reached 21.95 W/m3, which was approximately 300% higher than the previous tower-like TENG. The experimental results prove that the proposed C-TENG may provide a possible solution for wave energy harvesting and marine buoy powering.

Kajian Karakteristik Gelombang Laut di Wilayah Pantai Pulau Merah, Kabupaten Banyuwangi


 
 
 
 Sea wave parameter information is used in maritime-related activities such as sea transportation, offshore exploration, fisheries, port construction, shipping safety, coastal area development, and coastal mitigation. This study described the characteristics of the sea waves in Pulau Merah Beach, Banyuwangi Regency. Wind reanalysis data of 10 meters was processed using the Sverdrup Munk Bretschneider (SMB) method using the Easywave algorithm. The analyzed and processed the sea wave model's assimilation data from Marine Copernicus pointwise by WRPLOT. The results of wind and ocean wave data processing showed that the direction, height, and period of sea waves on Pulau Merah Beach are strongly influenced by the Monsoon Wind. The sea wave height in the Pulau Merah Beach region reaches its peak value during the East season, which is 1.5 meters. In contrast, the value of the period of sea waves in the Pulau Merah Beach area reached its peak value during the Transitional Season I period, which was 8.3 seconds.
 
 
 

A Study on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Ecological Civilization Education for College Students under the Construction of National Ecological Civilization Pilot Zone - A Case Study of 21 Universities in Hainan Province

In recent years, under the background that the country gradually attaches importance to ecological civilization accomplishment and strengthens the construction of ecological civilization system, ecological civilization construction has become an important part of Chinese social governance, and ecological civilization education in colleges and universities has also received continuous attention. As a national pilot zone for ecological civilization, Hainan Province has concentrated advantages in environmental resources and is a key player in promoting ecological civilization in the construction of free trade ports. In this context, as the main front of talent training, colleges and universities should actively play the role of educating people on their intellectual bases. They should not only do a good job in ecological civilization education and promote the construction of the strategic quality of ecological civilization in the whole society but also give full play to the positive role of ecological civilization in economic construction and social development. As the construction of ecological civilization continues to progress, various entities have made some degree of progress in the field of ecological civilization education. Firstly, the government has continued to improve the top-level design and accelerate the construction of ecological civilized policy systems and ideological systems; secondly, universities have co-ordinated and civilization the allocation of disciplines, strengthened the concept of research and study and expanded practical platforms; thirdly, the public has actively participated in creating a favourable atmosphere in society as a whole to advocate ecological civilization and promote the integration and coordination of various educational resources. But at the same time, the development of ecological civilization education also faces many difficulties. First, the depth of theoretical research is insufficient, the discipline barrier has not been broken through, and the educational results have little effect. Second, the policy system needs to be improved, the educational logic is not clear, and the policy framework needs to be optimized. Third, the orientation of education is fuzzy, personnel training lags, and the transformation of practice is hindered seriously. Fourth, the main body of education is dislocated and lacking, the potential of resources is weak, and the integration still needs to be strengthened. Based on this, this paper analyzes the implementation of ecological civilization education in 21 universities in Hainan Province through field research, summarizes the current dilemmas and problems in ecological civilization education, attempts to strengthen the cause-effect orientation, deepen the theoretical construction of ecological civilization education in universities on the premise of clarifying the correlative influences of ecological awareness and participation behaviour, actively explores the effective path of cultivating ecological awareness among university students, and provides benefits for the construction of ecological civilization in Hainan Province and the development of Hainan's free trade port.

Analysis of regulatory documentation on seaports design in terms of technological processes automation at container terminals

Seaports occupy one of the leading places in the foreign trade turnover of Russia. It is emphasized that the strategy of maritime activity of the Russian Federation provides for an increase in competitiveness through the modernization of existing and the construction of new terminals and seaports, which will give impetus to the development of ports and container terminals. The process of determining the port specialization and organizing its work, which is one of the initial stages for the planning process of the port construction or reconstruction, is investigated. The factors influencing not only economic and financial decisions, but also the introduction of information technologies that contribute to the automation of technological processes of the port, are also investigated. It is noted that new technologies have found application in ports where the production of loading and unloading operations is a repetitive process that can be modeled and programmed. It is indicated that most of the technological operations for the production of loading and unloading operations on modern lifting and transport equipment are automated, which increases the port efficiency, but not all ports can be automated, this is due to the possibility of accounting and control of the cargo unit, its location and shelf life, as well as identification. At terminals specializing in the bulk cargo transshipment, there are no such tasks for the management of lifting and transport equipment as at container terminals and terminals for the transshipment of bulk cargo and liquefied natural gas, which are initially automated. Automation is incorporated into the project during the construction of a new or reconstruction of an existing port or container terminal. The main documents that guide designers in the development of the project have been analyzed. Among them are “Set of rules 316.1325800.2017. Container terminals. Regulations of projecting”, “Set of rules 350.1326000.2018. Norms for technological design of sea ports” and “Set of rules 262.1325800.2016. Container yard and terminal devices in industrial and transport manufacture. Terms of design and construction”. They are obsolete and do not reflect modern requirements for technological processes. Special attention is paid to the fact that modern documents meeting the latest technological and technical requirements are necessary for the design of modern ports and terminals.

Relationship between anthropogenic factors and freshwater quality in Hainan Province, south China.

Water resource security directly or indirectly affects the development of society, economy, and the environment, and is of massive significance for regional sustainable development. This study addresses whether anthropogenic activities, especially from tourism, significantly affect the freshwater quality in Hainan Province, China. The freshwater quality in Hainan Province was generally good in 2012 to 2015 (at level II, GB3838-2002). Agriculture, fishery, animal husbandry, and chemical oxygen demand discharge mainly affect freshwater quality in the Nandu and Changhua rivers. Water quality in Wanquan River is more susceptible to tourism in comparison with the Nandu and Changhua rivers. DO content in the Wanquan River fluctuated greatly. It remains necessary to closely monitor negative changes in water quality due to increasing tourism, especially in Wanquan River and eastern Hainan Province. The developed radial basis function neural network shows that the changes in water quality are predicted accurately in comparison with experimental values in the present study. Our results suggested that current anthropogenic factors had a modest effect on water quality on Hainan Island, while tourism had a perceptible effect in eastern Hainan. Our findings provide a reference for the interplay of water quality, people's livelihood, and economic development (tourism and port construction) in Hainan Province.

Research on Multi-Port Ship Traffic Prediction Method Based on Spatiotemporal Graph Neural Networks

The intelligent maritime transportation system has emerged as a pivotal component in port management, owing to the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and big data technology. Its essence lies in the application of digital modeling techniques, which leverage extensive ship data to facilitate efficient operations. In this regard, effective modeling and accurate prediction of the fluctuation patterns of ship traffic in multiple port regions will provide data support for trade analysis, port construction planning, and traffic safety management. In order to better express the potential interdependencies between ports, inspired by graph neural networks, this paper proposes a data-driven approach to construct a multi-port network and designs a spatiotemporal graph neural network model. The model incorporates graph attention networks and a dilated causal convolutional architecture to capture the temporal and spatial dimensions of traffic variation patterns. It also employs a gated-mechanism-based spatiotemporal bi-dimensional feature fusion strategy to handle the potential unequal relationships between the two dimensions of features. Compared to existing methods for port traffic prediction, this model fully considers the network characteristics of the overall port and fills the research gap in multi-port scenarios. In the experiments, real port ship traffic datasets were constructed using data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and port geographical information data for model validation. The results demonstrate that the model exhibits outstanding robustness and performs well in predicting traffic in multiple sub-regional port clusters.

PPLC: Data-driven offline learning approach for excavating control of cutter suction dredgers

Cutter suction dredgers (CSDs) play a very important role in the construction of ports, waterways and navigational channels. Currently, most of CSDs are mainly manipulated by human operators, and a large amount of instrument data needs to be monitored in real time in case of unforeseen accidents. In order to reduce the heavy workload of the operators, we propose a data-driven offline learning approach, named Preprocessing-Prediction-Learning Control (PPLC), for obtaining the optimal control policy of the excavating operation of CSDs. The proposed framework consists of three modules, i.e., a data preprocessing module, a dynamics prediction module realized by a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and a deep reinforcement learning based control module. The first module is responsible for filtering out irrelevant variables through correlation analysis and dimensionality reduction of raw data. The second module works as a state transition function that provides the dynamics prediction of the excavating operation of a CSD. To realize the learning control, the third module employs the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) algorithm to control the swing speed during the excavating operation. The simulation results show that the proposed framework can provide an effective and reliable solution to the automated excavating control of a CSD.

Integrated Scheduling of Automatic Guided Vehicles and Automatic Stacking Cranes in Automated Container Terminals Considering Landside Buffer Zone

The enhancement of the efficiency of automated container terminals (ACTs) and promotion of energy saving and emission reduction have attracted increasing attention in the construction of resource-saving and environment-friendly ports. In this paper, an integrated scheduling optimization model of automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) and automatic stacking cranes (ASCs) is proposed to resolve the problem of long round trips and high energy consumption of ASCs in typical ACTs. The configurations of ACTs considering the landside buffer zone were analyzed. First, the feasibility of integrated scheduling when considering a landside buffer zone is introduced. The study also analyzes the problems that must be resolved for the integrated scheduling of AGVs and ASCs using the aforementioned layout handling technology. Subsequently, a multi-objective optimization model for the integrated scheduling of AGVs and ASCs considering the landside buffer zone was developed. In this model, the operations of AGVs and ASCs are divided into four categories: load transport, no-load transport, load/unload, and waiting. The objective of formulating the model was to minimize the makespan and total energy consumption. Finally, an improved non-dominated ranking genetic algorithm, NSGA-II, is employed to optimize the model. The results show that the makespan and total energy consumption of the integrated scheduling of AGVs and ASCs considering the landside and seaside buffer zones are better than those considering only the seaside buffer zone.

Research on the Construction Path of China's Zero-carbon Ports from the Perspective of Marine Carbon Sink Trading

At present, the international market has gradually carried out research on forecasting the trading price of carbon emissions with macroeconomics and energy market as the main influencing factors, supplemented by other factors such as policy factors. In order to speed up the construction of carbon accounting system, enrich the content of China's carbon pricing mechanism and improve the carbon emission trading market, this study constructs an index system from four aspects: macro-economy, energy price, climate environment and international market, and objectively screens out the important influencing factors of carbon trading price through Lasso regression, and uses BP neural network prediction model to predict carbon trading price. [7] We should focus on reducing the proportion of coal consumption by port enterprises and increasing other clean energy consumption. This result can provide basis and reference for the construction of zero-carbon ports and the construction of ocean-port carbon trading information platform in China.

Development Diversity Study of Tourism Urban Area Function in Tomini Bay Coast-Indonesia

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the development diversity and land usage in coastal areas, especially development with a combination of three values (littoral, marine, anthropic) at Tomini Bay coast, Gorontalo City, in relation to Detailed Spatial Planning of Gorontalo City. Design/methodology/approach: This research uses Quantitative descriptive method using primary data and secondary data. The analysis technique is three and four dimensional mapping from the cumulative percentage calculation of each index to determine the tendency of concentration and distribution of various coastal land usage indices. Findings: The development by stakeholders and residents in each village shows a varied index value. This can be seen from the diversity index value. The highest diversity index value is Talumolo Village of 14.53, followed by North Leato Village of 12.08, South Leato Village of 11.34 and the lowest is Pohe Village of 7.17. This indicates a tendency of littoral area development by utilizing the coastal border area of Tomini Bay while the marine area is still limited to port construction to load and unload goods and passengers services. Research limitations/implications: The research is limited to the most of coastal cultivated areas in along the Tomini Bay that cannot accomodate many other interested phenomena. Practical implications: The strategy for regional development in coastal border areas should have technical provisions implementation for settlement development, especially for the intensity of building layout and environment. Social Implications: The city government should control the development of new buildings in coastal border area of Tomini Bay, providing protection to coastal border of Tomini Bay, and providing disaster protection buildings around the coastal border of Tomini Bay. Originality/value: Most of coastal cultivated along the Tomini Bay become main concern but still not researched for the technical provisions implementation for settlement development. This research examine the technical provisions implementation for settlement development

An empirical study on the economic linkage characteristics of Yangtze River port cities based on discrete second-order derivatives

Abstract Rapid economic development cannot be achieved without a well-developed trade in goods of various forms, so it depends on the construction and development of coastal or inland ports. How to coordinate the relationship between ports and cities in the development process is of great significance to the sustainable development of port cities, and is also an important part of the current research on ports. This paper uses gray correlation model to study the correlation between city economic development indexes and port development indexes, and finds that the correlation between GDP and gross industrial output value and port cargo throughput is the largest, and on the basis of gray correlation analysis, the impulse response analysis finds that the growth of total economic volume and gross industrial output value of port cities has an obvious promotion effect on the development of ports in the short term. The research results show that the value added of Nanjing’s tertiary industry drives the port logistics of Nanjing port most significantly; the growth rate stabilizes at 0.006 after the 11th period. The growth of Nanjing port container throughput on the value added of Nanjing’s secondary industry changes most significantly and finally stabilizes at 0.0035.

Research on the Impact of Trade Facilitation on China-ASEAN Bilateral Trade Volume

With the increasingly significant degree of economic globalization, trade liberalization has developed to a certain extent, some insignificant but far-reaching trade barriers have begun to attract the attention of countries and regions: too long transportation time, complicated declaration documents, layers of declaration procedures, the government supervision system is not perfect, etc. Over the past ten years since the establishment of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, the two sides have issued many policies to improve the economic and trade environment and enhance the level of facilitation. However, due to the differences in the infrastructure and business environment, the level of trade facilitation between China and ASEAN member states is not high enough. Based on this, the paper takes the China-ASEAN trade volume as the research object, establishes the trade facilitation evaluation index system, measures the level of trade facilitation in the ten ASEAN countries, studies the influence of it and its four primary indicators on the total trade volume based on the gravity model. The results show that the level of trade facilitation has an important impact on the bilateral trade between China and ASEAN. There is a significant positive correlation between the trade facilitation level of partner countries and trade volume. For every 1% increase in the trade facilitation level of ASEAN partners, its trade volume with China will increase by about 1.248%. Countries can improve the customs and institutional environment, improve the construction of high-efficiency ports and high-level e-commerce to improve the level of trade facilitation, and strengthen trade cooperation with China.