Pork Exports Research Articles

The main trends and perspectives of pork production development in the world

The pig breeding behaves to the most more widespread directions of stock-raising in the world, which forms considerable part in balance of meat and meat products in many countries. The level of pork production and industry development volumes on the whole substantially influences on world food security. In the article the presented results of research are in relation to consisting and basic tendencies of pork production in the world and in the separate countries where the pig breeding is most developed. Conducted analysis of hog herds dynamics production and pork volumes in the world, and also basic factors which substantially influenced on development of the pig breeding for probed period are set. Certainly structural influence of most producers of pork is in the world on the indexes of industry development. Investigational the stance of pork production, and also conducted analysis of standard purchase prices, is on pigs in different countries in the world. Presented information in relation to the structure of pork export and import in the world and in the separate countries which most influence on pork market development. Positions and influence of Ukraine are appraised at the international market of pork. The basic prospects of pork production development are set and grounded in the world and in the separate countries, in particular in Ukraine. The production of pork in the world during 2017–2019 years decrease on 8.1 %, and the pigs herd dynamic diminished on 13 %. A sharp downstream of pork herd is in the world connected with spread of dangerous infectious diseases of zoon’s, which the African swine fewer, which resulted in considerable reduction of herd and meat production particular in China on which was nearly 40 % in world production. However, compensated a downstream in countries South-East Asia in a greater measure of industry development of the pig breeding in the USA, Brazil and EU, which behave to the basic exporters of pork in the world, which is form about 85 % of global products export. One with positive factors, which in the future will assist the pig breeding development in the world there is gradual growth of pork production and consumption in the developing countries, where an increase of herd, and also increase the technological efficiency of swine growing. The considerable not realized potential of the pig breeding industry in many countries, in particular in Ukraine, which is one of most in the world producers and exporters of feed crops, necessary for industry development.

Risks of introduction and economic consequences associated with African swine fever, classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease: A review of the literature.

African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are considered to be three of the most detrimental animal diseases and are currently foreign to the U.S. Emerging and re-emerging pathogens can have tremendous impacts in terms of livestock morbidity and mortality events, production losses, forced trade restrictions, and costs associated with treatment and control. The United States is the world's top producer of beef for domestic and export use and the world's third-largest producer and consumer of pork and pork products; it has also recently been either the world's largest or second largest exporter of pork and pork products. Understanding the routes of introduction into the United States and the potential economic impact of each pathogen are crucial to (a) allocate resources to prevent routes of introduction that are believed to be more probable, (b) evaluate cost and efficacy of control methods and (c) ensure that protections are enacted to minimize impact to the most vulnerable industries. With two scoping literature reviews, pulled from global data, this study assesses the risk posed by each disease in the event of a viral introduction into the United States and illustrates what is known about the economic costs and losses associated with an outbreak.

Foreign experience in state support for pig breeding development organizing and directions of its use in the domestic practice

The article is devoted to the study systematization of the directions of state support for pig production in the countries with intensive pig production which includes the following tools: subsidies, interest rate subsidies; research funding; insurance, preferential lending; compensation for material and production costs; price regulation; government interventions. It is established that state regulation in pigs breeding in the leading countries of the world is focused on ensuring intensive development of the industry, ensuring the animals productivity, as well as strict adherence to environmental requirements. World's leading producers tend to obtain lean pork due to consumer preferences which has led to a change in approaches in the entire production chain organization, from the revision of vectors of pigs breeding and feeding to technological innovations in the field of the processing, transportation and distribution. It was found out that the increase in pig production in the leading countries of the world is provided through the advances in animal breeding and genetics. Breeding programs of the world's leading countries are characterized by a tendency to consolidate breeding material in the global market of genetic resources, where pork production is innovative and integrated. Several multinational genetic companies dominate in the supply chain. Effective use of modern methods of animal reproduction makes it possible to store genetic material long-term and transport it to any place in the world, which enables to increase the sales of breeding products and inter-firm exchange of frozen sperm and embryos. The market of genetic resources is characterized by intensive trade and intensification of international competition between national breeding companies as well as the transition from national and regional breeding programs to the purchasing breeding material from multinational companies. Analysis of world experience in breeding programs and state support for pig breeding shows that the use of modern information technology and the development of information analytical support of breeding work with tribal recording as an important element can be the basic factors in accelerating the breeding process and increasing the efficiency of pig breeding in Ukraine. Key words: pork production, world export and import of pork, pork production organizing, pig breeding, pig breeds, pig breeding world associations, state support.

Bem-estar e manejo nutricional de fêmeas suínas gestantes: uma breve revisão

A suinocultura tem recebido um incremento forte, com introdução de novas técnicas e com isso vem crescendo fortemente no Brasil e no mundo. Segundo a Associação Brasileira de Proteína Animal, o Brasil ocupa o 4º lugar como maior produtor e exportador de carne suína. Esses dados mostram que no sistema de produção de suínos o proprietário tem uma extrema importância na área, a qual manejos corretos em todas as fases de criação trazem resultados positivos, assim como perdas na produção no que se diz respeito ao manejo incorreto. Os consumidores estão cada vez mais atentos ao bem-estar animal, estando este quesito entre as exigências principais. O ambiente deve ser limpo e seco e com um manejo correto das canaletas a fim de diminuírem os problemas sanitários. A densidade é de 2,5 m²/animal para fêmeas em baias coletivas e 1,8 m²/animal para leitoas. Recomenda-se atenção redobrada na questão de regular a quantidade de ração fornecida para as fêmeas no final da gestação e lactação. Quanto mais cedo for o diagnóstico de gestação melhor, uma vez que se retira as fêmeas vazias do grupo de parição. O estudo, através de revisão de literatura referente ao bem estar e os manejos para com a gestante suína, auxilia favorecendo procedimentos devidos e alertando acerca dos indevidos para cada situação, de forma a reduzir gastos, assim como, melhorar a questão de bem estar animal.

Potential to export fresh pork in the event of an African swine fever outbreak in the United States

An African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in the United States would result in the loss of fresh pork exports and a decrease in pig price. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code provides a potential opportunity for packers, working with swine production systems and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), to maintain a significant portion of exports during an ASF outbreak through a combination of producer biosecurity and surveillance, packers only accepting pigs from production systems that meet specific requirements, and the USDA developing veterinary certificates for export stating the pork shipment meets the OIE requirements.

Streptococcus suis in Brazil: Genotypic, Virulence, and Resistance Profiling of Strains Isolated from Pigs between 2001 and 2016

Streptococcus suis remains an important challenge for the worldwide swine industry. Considering that Brazil is a major pork producer and exporter, proper monitoring of the pathogen and resistance rates are required. We present here the characterization of Brazilian S. suis strains isolated over a 15 year period by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, capsular, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance profiling. Serotype prevalence revealed a predominance of serotype 2/½ followed by 3, 7, 1/14, 6, 8, 18, 28, and 27; the latter had not yet been reported in Brazil. Resistance profiling enabled the differentiation of nine profiles presenting resistance to three and up to eight antimicrobial classes. Even though an association between the most resistant strains and isolation year starting from 2009 was observed, a high frequency of multidrug-resistant strains isolated from 2001 to 2003 was also detected. This suggests that despite the isolation period, S. suis strains already presented high resistance selection pressure. A slight association of serotype 2/½ with some virulence profiles and PFGE pulsotypes was also identified. Nevertheless, no clonal dispersion or persistency of clones over the analyzed years and herds was detected.

A Stochastic Frontier Analysis Approach for Estimating Market Power in the Major US Meat Export Markets

The present study estimates the degree of market power in the major US beef and pork export destinations. The recently developed stochastic frontier (SF) estimator is used. Estimations of market and time-specific Lerner indices are provided. Balanced panel data between 1980 and 2011 were employed. The average Lerner index is 39% for the US beef exports and is the highest in the markets of ASEAN, Hong Kong/China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. For the US pork exports, the average Lerner index is 16% and is the highest in the markets of Mexico and Taiwan.

Life cycle assessment of Danish pork exports using different cooling technologies and comparison of upstream supply chain efficiencies between Denmark, China and Australia

Abstract This study completed a cradle-to-retailer life cycle assessment of Danish export pork and provided a comparative assessment of six after cooling technologies for the supply of pork meat to three markets, Denmark, China and Australia. Nine different pork products delivered to retailers were assessed for fourteen midpoint impact categories. Given the higher efficiency of the Danish pork production system, the relatively small impact of transportation, the relatively large contribution of feed production, and the higher yield of crop production in Denmark, Danish pork production could provide a more sustainable pork supply if issues relating to consumer acceptance of superchilled products and cold chain integrity can be addressed. The human edible protein required (HEPR) in feed to produce 1 kg of human edible protein was over 4 for all supply chains, Denmark had the lowest value of 4.17, 4.27 for Australia and 4.56–5.52 for China, largely due to differences in feed conversion efficiencies. The amount of arable land required to produce 1 kg of human edible pork protein ranged from 38 m2 in Denmark, to 44–51 m2 in China and 161 m2 in Australia, due to large differences in crop yields of the feed ingredients. Pork production is therefore a net consumer of human edible protein and HEPR and arable land use are useful metrics by which to assess food supply chains. The life cycle assessment study was undertaken as part of an industry research project into using new superchilling technologies for exporting Danish pork to distant markets as fresh rather than frozen product, and the HEPR and arable land study was undertaken as part of a PhD on the sustainability of agribusiness value chains.

Biodigestores e biogás na suinocultura Catarinense

A suinocultura é importante na economia brasileira e catarinense. O Brasil é quarto exportador de carne suína. Em Santa Catarina o produto é o segundo em Valor Bruto de Produção. Porém, a suinocultura é uma atividade visada por problemas ambientais. A preocupação neste trabalho são as emissões de metano geradas pelos efluentes da atividade. Nesse sentido, o objetivo é verificar a utilização da tecnologia de coleta e queima de biogás nas experiências feitas em três microrregiões de Santa Catarina (Joaçaba, Concórdia e Xanxerê) avaliando a evolução e dificuldades e o grau de utilização de biodigestores do modelo Canadense de fluxo contínuo. As entrevistas com técnicos e outros permitiram verificar a dificuldade de manutenção dos biodigestores, o que motivou o seu abandono por muitos produtores. Não há expectativa de ampliação de uso no curto prazo se não houver solução tecnológica e financeira para estímulo aos produtores.

Factors of ensuring the competitiveness of Ukraine’s pig breeding production in external markets

Aim. To substantiate the approaches to activating export transactions in the market of pig breeding products, determining the indicators of competitiveness of the main kinds of meat and relative competitiveness of pig breeding products in the leading countries based on the identifi cation of factors, restraining the export of Ukrainian pig breeding products, and elaborating the suggestions on eliminating their negative impact on the dynamics of foreign economic activity in the industry. Methods. The methodological approaches of the study were based on the information about the volumes of foreign trade, mainly used for international comparison and determined for each commodity or commodity group. The Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), the Relative Import Penetration Index (RMP) and the Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) were determined while estimating competitive advantages of pig breeding products. The study involved a comprehensive comparative analysis of the main kinds of meat products in the external market using the model of “food independence – competitiveness”. The index of food independence was used along with the generalizing index of competitiveness for some kinds of meat products – the modi- fi ed Balassa index. It was determined that it was reasonable to determine the level of food independence based on food self- production within the range of 70–80 % from the commodity resources of the domestic food market. Our study involved the data of the informational database of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and FAO regarding the volume of export-import of pig breeding production. Results. It has been proven that there are no competitive advantages of Ukraine’s pig breeding produc- tion in external markets; there is insuffi cient food independence on the background of potential advantages for the expansion of export, in particular, that of cheap fodder and logistics. A considerable decrease in the exchange rate for hryvnia compared to foreign currencies of the leading countries creates prerequisites for successful promotion of Ukrainian pork both in domestic and foreign markets. The need of monitoring the implementation of food independence criteria and diversifi cation of export specialization of the country was substantiated. In the long-term perspective, it is reasonable to optimize the level of protection for the market of pig breeding products, to stimulate domestic production, to distribute the instruments of state support for the “green box”. It has been proven that the main directions of supporting the export of domestic agrarian products should become as follows: facilitating export procedures; expanding assortment and accessibility of fi nancial services; developing the support- ing infrastructure; informational support for exporters; conducting research and implementing support programs; the activity of the system of credit-insurance institute and trade representations should be carried out in a single complex via determining the potential market and fi nancial-insurance support for the export. Conclusions. The method of two-criteria analysis of the status of domestic market for meat products based on the indices of food safety and international competitiveness has been developed and tested which will promote complex estimation of positions of some kinds of commodities in external market. The model of two-criteria analysis allows substantiating effective instruments of state regulation and protecting the relevant market of prod- ucts. The method of two-criteria analysis of meat products is universal, i.e. it may be used to determine the positions of different commodity groups in the external market. The evaluation of competitiveness of the main kinds of meat products – pork, beef and poultry meat – demonstrated the absence of competitive advantages of pig breeding production in external markets and insuf- fi cient food independence. The factors, restraining the expansion of pork export, were systematized and divided into three main groups: technological; normative and regulatory; veterinary, and the ways of eliminating them were specifi ed. The measures of creating favorable export-institutional environment were elaborated and the main directions of supporting export of domestic pig breeding production were suggested.

Risk analysis of African swine fever in Poland based on spatio-temporal pattern and Latin hypercube sampling, 2014\u20132017

BackgroundAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs. ASF poses a potential threat to the world pig industry, due to the lack of vaccines and treatments. In this study, the Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis was applied to analyze the distribution, dispersion of the epidemic and clustering of ASF in Poland.ResultsThe results show that the center of the epidemic moved gradually towards the southwest, and the distribution of the epidemic changed from south-north to east-west. Through space-time scan statistical analysis, the 3 clusters major of wild boar cases involve longer time spans and larger radii, while the other five with higher relative risks involved in domestic pigs. And then, a quantitative model was constructed to analyse the risk of releasing African swine fever virus (ASFV) from Poland by the legal export of pork and pork products. The Latin hypercube sampling results show that the probability is relatively low (the average value is 4.577 × 10− 7).ConclusionsAll the identification of the spatio-temporal patterns of the epidemic and the risk analysis model would give a further understanding of the dynamics of disease transmission and help to design corresponding measures to minimize the catastrophic consequences of potential ASFV introduction.

Assessment of biosecurity practices and development of a scoring system in swine farms using item response theory

Brazil is the fourth largest producer and exporter of pork in the world, but has never reported yet the occurrence of some economically important diseases such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Most of the swine farms in Brazil are characterized by intensive production being part of large integrated companies, where biosecurity practices help to prevent the introduction and spread of disease-causing infectious agents. The assessment of biosecurity in farms is not straightforward because of the large number of practices that constitute an on-farm biosecurity program. It is therefore necessary to combine the measurement of several parameters in order to characterize the level of biosecurity on a given farm. Thus, the objective of the study was to develop a biosecurity score to estimate the biosecurity level (theta or θ) in swine farms using the item response theory (IRT) and explore the relationship between the scores and independent variables. The IRT is a latent trait method extensively used in other fields, and offers the advantage to quantify the latent trait, here the biosecurity level, and to identify the practices that discriminate the farms avoiding the use of extensive questionnaires and redundant questions. In this study, 604 farms were evaluated in the main swine production regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Thirty-five practices were considered in order to quantify the biosecurity level on a given farm. After a recursive process 14 practices were selected to compose the biosecurity score to estimate the biosecurity level (θ). The variables identified with greater capacity of distinguishing the farms as to their biosecurity level were if the farm has ‘feed bin outside of the barn limit (external feed loading)’, has ‘perimetral fence around the farm or barn’, and if ‘transit of trucks inside the farm is prohibited’. The biosecurity level was associated with some independent variables, e.g. the farm operation type, the integrated company and some owner characteristics. In addition, the results demonstrated that biosecurity practices related to management (internal biosecurity) are adopted with higher frequency compared to segregation and sanitation practices (external biosecurity). The IRT model proved useful and valid to estimate the biosecurity level in swine farms. Moreover, the biosecurity score described here has a relatively low number of items, which makes the application of this tool easier and faster compared to other previously described biosecurity assessment.

A Study about Pork Farm in Surakarta as Export Commodity

Pork as one of most consumed meat in the world had a big potential to be on prospective international trade commodities. Asia, especially East Asia and Southeast Asia had a deep root culture of pork culinary even in Moslem-majority countries like Indonesia and Malaysia. Although its commodity price is considered low in the international trade, the demand of pork is relatively stable. Current top exporter of pork is being held by European Union, followed by United States and Canada, while the current top importer of pork is held by China followed by United States. Southeast Asia actually had a potential to develop its pork export and take some of international market but in reality Southeast Asian countries still struggling to develop their pork export. Between Southeast Asia countries only Thailand and Vietnam who are able to export their pork meat to other countries in a large scale. Therefore, we want to share the result of our qualitative study regarding this topic to enhance the knowledge about the condition and the prospect of this commodity and what barrier that hinder Southeast Asian countries from developing their pork market by using competitive advantage theory and pork farm in Surakarta, Indonesia as the study case. The results of our study are expected could be used as reference to develop pork export in Southeast Asia.

Determinants of Exports in China’s Meat Industry: A Gravity Model Analysis

ABSTRACT What are the major determinants of China’s meat exports flows? In addressing this question, we propose a commodity-specific gravity model. This study has employed a unique dataset of 20 years (1997–2016) for China’s pork exports flows to its 31 regular trading partners to estimate the commodity-specific gravity model. The PPML and Heckman selection models are simultaneously estimated to confirm the robustness of the findings. The results reveal that GDP, exchange rate, common language, and country land area are the significant factors affecting the Chinese pork exports flows. Moreover, China’s WTO membership, the ‘Belt & Road’ Initiative, and the common borders have a positive significant impact on its exports of pork.

Characteristics of Selected Active Substances used in Disinfectants and their Virucidal Activity Against ASFV.

African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is currently one of the most important and serious diseases of pigs, mainly due to the enormous sanitary and socio-economic consequences. It leads to serious economic losses, not only because of the near 100% mortality rate, but also through the prohibitions of pork exports it triggers. Currently neither vaccines nor safe and effective chemotherapeutic agents are available against ASFV. The disease is controlled by culling infected pigs and maintaining high biosecurity standards, which principally relies on disinfection. Some countries have approved and/or authorised a list of biocides effective against this virus. This article is focused on the characteristics of chemical substances present in the most popular disinfectants of potential use against ASFV. Despite some of them being approved and tested, it seems necessary to perform tests directly on ASFV to ensure maximum effectiveness of the disinfectants in preventing the spread of ASF in the future.

Biological Hazards in the Pork Chain Continuum: Risk Mitigation Strategy

The volume of pork meat production is continuously growing in the EU over previous years due to lower food prices, higher number of reproduction sows and increased volume of pork exports to China. Consumer choices toward pork meat depend on culture, place of residence and social opportunities, as well as their perception regarding safety and quality of pork meat/meat products. The main biological hazards associated with pork meat/meat products important from the public health perspective are zoonotic food borne pathogens, bacteria and/or parasites, e.g. Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, Trichinella spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), by decreasing order, including associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Pathways of infection and contamination of pork meat differ, taking into consideration the multiple entry routes for zoonotic biological hazards along the pork meat chain, from farm to the final product. Therefore, the defined level of safety of pork meat/meat products should be achieved by synergistic action of control measures effectively applied at different points along the pork meat chain and supported by the integrated risk-based food (meat) safety management system in major modules of the meat chain: pre-harvest (farm), harvest (slaughterhouse), post-harvest (meat processing, distribution, retail, consumers), as well as identification and traceability. The integrated meat safety management system should be based on good hygienic practices (GHP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) encompassing the science based hazard analysis and risk characterization, as well as identifying the most effective control options and risk mitigation strategies in the pork meat chain continuum.

DOES POPULATION AGING INCREASE PORK TRADE IN ASIA?

This paper estimates the impact of population aging on bilateral pork trade between 32 Asian countries (regions) by using a gravity model that incorporates old-age dependency ratio variables. The Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood regression performs better than the ordinary least-squares method in the estimations. An aging labor force stimulates pork exports because it reduces pork production costs by supplying the pork industry with low-wage older laborers. An aging consumer-based economy increases pork imports because older consumers usually have higher incomes. Population aging has both a time characteristic and a country characteristic on pork trade in Asia. Increasing birth rates and reforming the pork industry from the supply side are two feasible policy recommendations for aging Asian countries (regions).

Rynek wieprzowiny w Rosji w latach 1990-2017

Celem analizy jest zidentyfikowanie kluczowych zmian, jakie nastąpiły na rosyjskim rynku wieprzowiny w latach 1990-2017. Badaniem objęto wszystkie elementy rynku, podejmując jednocześnie próbę odpowiedzi na dwa pytania: Czy rosnąca produkcja mięsa wieprzowego pozwoli na uzyskanie przez Rosję samowystarczalności w najbliższych latach? oraz czy Rosja ma szansę na przekształcenie się z importera netto w eksportera netto wieprzowiny? Podstawę oceny stanowiły dane pochodzące z rosyjskich Roczników Statystycznych oraz z publikacji amerykańskich Foreign Agricultural Service USDA. Do pomiaru dynamiki wykorzystano indeksy o stałej i zmiennej podstawie. Analiza pozwoliła na stwierdzenie, że największy wpływ na rosyjski rynek wieprzowiny wywarły subsydia prowadzące do wzrostu pogłowia i produkcji wieprzowiny w ostatnich dziesięciu latach. Pozwoli to na osiągnięcie samowystarczalności w najbliższych latach, ale pozycja eksportera netto może być osiągnięta w dalszej przyszłości.

Comercio México – Japón. Un acercamiento a la exportación mexicana de carne de cerdo

The objective of this study is to identify the importance of trade between Mexico and Japan, particularly in relation to the Mexican exports of pork to Japan. For the Mexican case, the study shows the existence of intra-industrial trade, from the results obtained with the methodology, which is based on an analysis based on the Index of Commerce Grubel-Lloyd (igl). In addition, we identified major items exported to Japan and the possibilities Mexico has to take advantage of the comparative advantages of the Mexican pork. The results show there’s a chance for Mexico to increase pork export to Japan, particularly products with high added value and basic pieces of pork in the diet of the Japanese.

Tackling antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals

Tackling antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals