Income Population Research Articles

Analysing Inequity in Accessibility to Services with Neighbourhood Location and Socio‐Economic Characteristics in Delhi

The lack of comprehensive spatial data for neighbourhoods in cities in the global South has posed a significant challenge for examining socio‐economic inequities in accessibility to services. By combining the primary (survey data) and secondary data sources with new spatial data sources (Earth observation data, Google Maps), we create a spatial database of 4,145 residential locations in Delhi, aggregating them into 1 km grid‐shaped neighbourhoods. The neighbourhood's economic status is evaluated using a composite index of the built environment, land price, and household income. Social characteristics are examined through the percentage of the scheduled caste (SC) population, considering their historical marginalization in Indian society. Using the E‐2SFCA method, we calculate accessibility to four key services and employ the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to explore inequities in accessibility based on neighbourhood location and socio‐economic characteristics. Findings reveal inequity in accessibility to services at the neighbourhood level is primarily driven by spatial location rather than income or percentage of SC population. Moreover, the influence of socio‐economic characteristics on accessibility varies across locations. The spatial data mapping approach employed in this article can be applied to numerous rapidly urbanizing cities in the global South lacking block or neighbourhood‐level spatial data.

Unveiling IR 4.0 Competency: Assessing Creativity Through RIASEC Personality Typology in Low- Income Populations

The Revolution Industry 4.0 (IR4.0) has brought significant changes to the lives of individuals, particularly those from low-income populations even though with high academic qualifications. However, the advent of this revolution present opportunities for individuals who possess the appropriate competencies. In this era, creativity stands out as vital competency for individual staying relevant and thriving amidst rapid changes in world of work. Inspired by RIASEC model by Holland’s theory, this study motivated to examine its influence on creativity among low-income populations. The survey data was collected form 98 undergraduate students participating in the Work Based Learning Program at a Malaysian Polytechnic, specifically targeting those form low-income group. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the study employed purposive sampling techniques. Furthermore, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0 software was utilized to assess both measurement and structural models. The study’s findings reveal a positive correlation between Enterprising personality type and creativity competency. These findings could enrich the literature in competency, human resource and human psychology areas and also literature for the RIASEC model by Holland theory. Future research might consider expanding the sample to include students from other higher institutions beyond those from low-income backgrounds.

Determinan Tingkat Kejahatan Properti (Property Crime) di Indonesia

This study aims to find out and analyze how the Determinants of Property Crime Rate in Indonesia. This research is an effort to add to the existing literature on property crime research in developing countries, especially Indonesia. The type of data used in this study is secondary data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) which is grouped into two parts, namely the dependent variable namely Property Crime and the independent variable consisting of Population Density, Education Level, Unemployment, Income Inequality and Police Power. This study used descriptive and inductive analysis. This study uses panel data regression analysis using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) method with cross section of 34 Provinces in Indonesia and time series 2018 – 2021. The findings in the results of this study revealed that the variables of population density, education level, unemployment and police strength had a significant effect however, on the variable of income inequality did not have a significant effect on the level of property crime in Indonesia.

Efficiency evaluation of China's transportation system considering carbon emissions: Evidence from big data analytics methods

China's transportation sector is a vital link between production and consumption, but it also has issues with low efficiency, high carbon emissions, and technological bottlenecks. To improve efficiency and provide actionable recommendations and strategies, this study first constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system to gauge the transportation sector's inputs using panel data from different Chinese provinces from 2007 to 2021. Within the assessment system, the principal component analysis (PCA) method is used to reduce the dimension of the indexes, thereby yielding a set of adjusted inputs. Subsequently, the transportation system efficiency (TSE) is evaluated using the super-efficiency SBM-DEA model, which includes unexpected outputs such as carbon emissions, and three-stage DEA modifies the efficiency. Then, we calculate the Malmquist-Luenberger index (TML) and its components: technological change (TTC) and technological efficiency change (TEC). Lastly, the influential factors impacting TSE are analyzed via a truncated regression Tobit model. The following are the conclusions: (1) The transportation industry in China exhibits inefficiency, and the average TSE in Stage I and III is 0.91 and 0.93, respectively. TSE is underestimated due to the influence of external environmental factors and inefficiencies in management in Stage I. (2) TSE in the eastern area also produces significant carbon emissions that surpass the national average. At the same time, other regions face efficiency limitations due to geographical constraints and management obstacles. (3) Insufficient technical capacity is a major cause of inefficiency in the transport sector and is prevalent in the northeast, west, and central regions. (4) Population growth and income per capita advancements foster transportation industry development, while increased GDP, fiscal revenues, and traffic accidents contribute to declining efficiency. The study above findings serve as a foundation for regional and national management initiatives and policies to enhance transportation effectiveness.

AN AGENT-BASED COMPUTATIONAL MODEL ON HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN INDIAN CITIES

ABSTRACT Traditional methods of planning and managing cities often adopt a simplified linear approach to understanding their composition and functioning. These approaches have led to the creation of many undesirable and non-functional cities. However, over the last few decades, there has been a radical shift in the approach to investigating cities through the adoption of complexity science and its various concepts. Unfortunately, this paradigm shift has been limited to only a handful of developed Western nations. This study proposes an extendable agent-based computational model for assessing household electricity consumption patterns in cities of developing nations. The model is demonstrated using an urban precinct in India as a representative case. It simulates the monthly electricity consumption of an urban precinct in Nagpur by combining the significant factors impacting household electricity consumption in developing nations, with the household's electricity consumption process in relation to outdoor weather conditions, and the heterogeneity in occupants’ behavior. The predictive validation of the model using the “BehaviorSpace” tool yielded promising results, with the model consistently and accurately predicting the growth of variables and household electricity consumption patterns. The model also successfully generated multiple future scenarios, showcasing its capacity to forecast the future implications of policy interventions. The simulation results indicated that household electricity consumption in Indian cities is driven by population growth and income levels. Additionally, it suggests that widely practiced rooftop solar panel installation policies may not be a viable approach to achieving sustainability in this sector. This study finds that the “emergent urbanism” approach has the potential to revitalize the urban energy planning process through an effective framework for comprehensively understanding the phenomena and addressing its various complexities.

Drivers of Tree Canopy Loss in a Mid-Sized Growing City: Case Study in Portland, OR (USA)

The benefits of the urban tree and tree canopy (UTC) are increasingly crucial in addressing urban sustainability. Yet, increasingly evident from earlier research is the distributional inequities of UTC and active efforts to expand tree plantings. Less is known about the dynamics of UTC loss over time and location. This study aims to understand the dynamics of UTC change, especially canopy loss, and to investigate the drivers of the loss. This study draws on a high–resolution dataset of an urban canopy in Portland, Oregon, USA, assessing changes in UTC from 2014 to 2020. By integrating demographic, biophysical, and policy data with UTC information, we use a spatial autoregressive model to identify the drivers of UTC loss. The results reveal an unexpected spatial distribution of UTC change: less gain in the neighborhoods with the least UTC, and greater loss in the neighborhoods with moderate UTC. This study identifies four primary drivers of UTC loss: socioeconomic characteristics, urban form, activities on trees, and residential status. Factors such as population density, race, and income have an impact on canopy loss, as well as the building footprint and the number of multifamily housing units; residential statuses, such as the proportion of owner-occupied housing and residential stability, impact canopy loss.

A Study of the Impact of the Covid Pandemic on the Income of the General Population of Jaipur, India

A Study of the Impact of the Covid Pandemic on the Income of the General Population of Jaipur, India

Canadians’ knowledge of cancer risk factors and belief in cancer myths

BackgroundMany untrue statements about cancer prevention and risks are circulating. The objective of this study was to assess Canadians’ awareness of known cancer risk factors and cancer myths (untruths or statements that are not completely true), and to explore how awareness may vary by sociodemographic and cognitive factors.MethodsCancer myths were identified by conducting scans of published, grey literature, and social media. Intuitive-analytic thinking disposition scores included were actively open- and close-minded thinking, as well as preference for intuitive and effortful thinking. A survey was administered online to participants aged 18 years and older through Prolific. Results were summarized descriptively and analyzed using chi-square tests, as well as Spearman rank and Pearson correlations.ResultsResponses from 734 Canadians were received. Participants were better at identifying known cancer risk factors (70% of known risks) compared to cancer myths (49%). Bivariate analyses showed differential awareness of known cancer risk factors (p < 0.05) by population density and income, cancer myths by province, and for both by ethnicity, age, and all thinking disposition scores. Active open-minded thinking and preference for effortful thinking were associated with greater discernment. Tobacco-related risk factors were well-identified (> 90% correctly identified), but recognition of other known risk factors was poor (as low as 23% for low vegetable and fruit intake). Mythical cancer risk factors with high support were consuming additives (61%), feeling stressed (52%), and consuming artificial sweeteners (49%). High uncertainty of causation was observed for glyphosate (66% neither agreed or disagreed). For factors that reduce cancer risk, reasonable awareness was observed for HPV vaccination (60%), but there was a high prevalence in cancer myths, particularly that consuming antioxidants (65%) and organic foods (45%) are protective, and some uncertainty whether drinking red wine (41%), consuming vitamins (32%), and smoking cannabis (30%) reduces cancer risk.ConclusionsWhile Canadians were able to identify tobacco-related cancer risk factors, many myths were believed and numerous risk factors were not recognized. Cancer myths can be harmful in themselves and can detract the public’s attention from and action on established risk factors.

Зарубежный опыт стратегического планирования развития человеческого капитала сельских территорий

The article updates the role and importance of human capital, considered as a driver of the socio-economic functioning of rural territorial entities. The necessity of using strategic planning methods in the formation and development of human capital of territorial entities is substantiated. The authors have highlighted modern trends in strategic planning for the development of human capital in rural areas and carried out a detailed con-tent analysis of foreign developments and models in this scientific field of research. It is summarized that in-creasing the level of use and development of human capital in rural territorial entities of Bashkortostan should be based on the use of strategic developments and modern technologies for long-term planning. Increasing the level of investment in human capital will contribute to economic growth, social well-being, and increased incomes of the rural population of Russian regions.

COVID 19 and regional entrepreneurship: which regional features can mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19?

ABSTRACT Given the assumption that entrepreneurship is context-dependent and embedded in spatial features, the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on entrepreneurship may vary significantly across regions. This study, which is the first in the literature, categorizes 81 NUTS III level regions in Türkiye according to their entrepreneurship levels and examines how and to what extent regional characteristics determine entrepreneurship patterns, using MANOVA-ANOVA and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). Inspired by the resilience literature, it tries to reveal which regional attributes are more effective in keeping entrepreneurship resilient against shocks by comparing the pre-crisis (2012) and crisis periods (2020). Revealing critical differences between the pre-crisis and crisis periods, the article shows that population density, positive migration, high education levels, sectoral diversity, government incentives and natural geographical features, such as altitude and precipitation, are vital for regional entrepreneurship to remain resilient against COVID-19. Additionally, high population growth, young population rate, financial capital and income level, developed production, innovation, transportation and communication infrastructure combined with strong international networks and suitable climatic conditions are critical determinants that encourage regional entrepreneurship. On the contrary, specialization in certain sectors appears to be a regional weakness.

Current Employment Challenges and Corresponding Solutions in China

This paper elaborates on the employment problems in China and proposes solutions from the perspectives of regional differences and environmental changes. There is a clear problem of urban-rural segmentation in China. There are relatively few employment opportunities in rural areas, and the influx of urban population has led to an increase in urban employment pressure. At the same time, the transfer and employment of rural labor force is also a problem that needs to be solved. There are regional differences in the development of China's economy and employment opportunities. Coastal areas and developed cities usually have more employment opportunities and economic development, while inland and underdeveloped areas face the problem of insufficient employment opportunities. This exacerbates the income gap and population mobility between regions. With the intensification of aging population, the demand for employment in fields such as elderly care and healthcare is also increasing. Understanding the employment challenges in the job market can guide the formulation and implementation of employment promotion policies, entrepreneurial support policies, and vocational training subsidies, in order to improve employment levels and reduce unemployment rates.

Assessing Regional Public Service Facility Accessibility Using Multisource Geospatial Data: A Case Study of Underdeveloped Areas in China

Promoting the accessibility of basic public service facilities is key to safeguarding and improving people’s lives. Effective public service provision is especially important for the sustainable development of less developed regions. Lincang in Yunnan Province is a typical underdeveloped region in China. In parallel, multisource remote sensing data with higher spatial resolution provide more precise results for small-scale regional accessibility assessment. Thus, we use an assessment method to measure and evaluate the accessibility of three types of infrastructure in Lincang based on multisource geospatial data. We further analyze the matching between public service facility accessibility and the socioeconomic attributes of inhabitant clusters and different poverty groups. The results show that the accessibility of educational facilities is currently better than that of health facilities in Lincang and that of sanitation facilities is relatively poor. Public service facility accessibility varies significantly among different types of inhabitant clusters, with better accessibility in inhabitant clusters with high levels of population density, aging, and income. Accessibility to healthcare, education, and sanitation is negatively correlated to varying degrees of poverty levels of poor groups, and the mean values of accessibility to various types of public facilities vary significantly across poor groups. Our findings can help inform policy formulation and provide theoretical support for planning and optimizing the layout of public facilities.

State Resident Handedness, Ideology, and Political Party Preference: U.S. Presidential Election Outcomes Over the Past 60 Years.

Pearson correlation, partial correlation, and multiple regression strategies determined the degree to which estimates of the level of left-handedness in each of the 48 contiguous American states related to citizen political ideology and to Democratic-Republican presidential popular vote over the past 60years. Higher state levels of left-handedness were associated significantly with liberal ideology in each of the presidential election years from 1964 to 2016. Comparable ideology data were not available for 2020. Higher state levels of left-handedness also were associated with a greater degree of Democratic candidate popular vote support in each of the presidential election years from 1964 to 2020 except for 1976. The mean size of these 28 significant Pearson correlations involving the two political criteria was .62 (SD = .12) with a range of .38-.80, indicating handedness alone could account for a mean of 40.1% (SD = 14.9) of the variance in the two political preference variables. Corresponding multiple regressions showed that when state-level Big Five personality, White population percent, urbanization, and income variables were given the opportunity to enter the equations, handedness still emerged with a significant regression coefficient in 26 of the 28 equations. The two exceptions occurred for 1968 with either political preference criterion. It is speculated that such relations are grounded in hypothesized but poorly understood genetic links between handedness, personality, and political beliefs and attitudes, and, that a foundational genetic predisposition to left-handedness in a population may have much greater impact on correlates than overt levels of left-handedness.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ ДЛЯ РОЗВИТКУ МАЛИХ ФОРМ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В АГРАРНОМУ БІЗНЕСІ

The emergence and development of large integrated formations in the domestic agro-industrial complex is a natural reflection of world trends. In the conditions of fierce competition on the market of agricultural goods and food, large integrated structures, using the advantages of specialization, concentration and cooperation, are able to achieve a high level of marketability and profitability of production in a short period of time. In conditions of weak state support, agro-industrial formations became the main investors of agricultural organizations and received comprehensive support and assistance in certain regions. The rate of development of the agricultural sector in such regions shows that large agro-industrial formations contribute to the growth of agricultural production, employment and incomes of the rural population. They are able to ensure a certain price parity between the agricultural sector and other sectors of the economy, reduce prices and make products more accessible to the population by eliminating intermediary structures. The development and improvement of the economic efficiency of various integrated formations and their prospects is a complex and contradictory process, since the current situation largely depends on the political, legal, socio-economic and other conditions in the country. The development of agro-industrial integration is a complex objective economic process. Agricultural enterprises enter into integration ties, seeking to mitigate the risk caused by the specifics of agricultural production. Agricultural enterprises also strive to ensure stable incomes thanks to the availability of a reliable raw material base and sales markets for their products. These prerequisites created the conditions and gave impetus to the revival, formation and development of integrated associations in agriculture and explored their significance for small forms of entrepreneurship. Therefore, the development of integration processes in the field of agro-industrial complex may be the most important condition for revitalizing the activity of agro-industrial complex organizations and stabilizing the region's economy. In this article, we conducted a theoretical review of the classification of integration processes. Scientific works and publications of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in the field of integration processes on the investigated problem served as the theoretical basis of the research.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ АГЛОМЕРАЦИЙ

Rural territories are a fundamental component of the development of agriculture and the national economy, since it is in these territories that the natural resources necessary for agricultural production are located, such as land and forests, water sources that are part of the structure of natural agricultural landscapes and parts of the ecosystems of rural areas. At the same time, rural areas are entrusted with the function of food supply to the population, which is one of the elements of national security on a national scale, which determines the relevance of the presented research. Rational and efficient use of the above resources is one of the main tasks of sustainable and progressive development of rural areas. To achieve efficient use of resources in rural areas, it is necessary to use innovative technologies in crop production and livestock farming, which will increase production indicators and ultimately provide the population with food for both the population of the region and the country as a whole. Therefore, state regulation of this sector of the economy should ensure food independence, which is a comprehensive macro-economic task of sustainability of the efficiency of the public production sphere, affecting the dynamics of development of rural areas, the level of income of the rural population and their differentiation, the level of labor force participation and the level of employment in regional comparison. In recent years, in world and Russian practice, processes have been observed to strengthen the role of cities and agglomerations as a natural process of urbanization. At the same time, ongoing socio-economic transformations and insufficient funding for local self-government have had a negative impact on changes in the operating conditions of business entities; decreasing incomes and rising rural unemployment; outflow of population to cities (primarily young people and the working population; reduction in labor productivity and destruction of engineering and social infrastructure. The complexity and multifaceted nature of the problem of sustainable development of agricultural production based on rural agglomerations, the methodology and methodology of their creation, operation and development, the relevance of this problem determined the topic of this study.

Trends in Hybrid Cultured Meat Manufacturing Technology to Improve Sensory Characteristics.

The projected growth of global meat production over the next decade is attributed to rising income levels and population expansion. One potentially more pragmatic approach to mitigating the adverse externalities associated with meat production involves implementing alterations to the production process, such as transitioning to cultured meat, hybrid cultured meat, and meat alternatives. Cultured meat (CM) is derived from animal stem cells and undergoes a growth and division process that closely resembles the natural in vivo cellular development. CM is emerging as a widely embraced substitute for traditional protein sources, with the potential to alleviate the future strain on animal-derived meat production. To date, the primary emphasis of cultured meat research and production has predominantly been around the ecological advantages and ethical considerations pertaining to animal welfare. However, there exists substantial study potential in exploring consumer preferences with respect to the texture, color, cuts, and sustainable methodologies associated with cultured meat. The potential augmentation of cultured meat's acceptance could be facilitated through the advancement of a wider range of cuts to mimic real muscle fibers. This review examines the prospective commercial trends of hybrid cultured meat. Subsequently, the present state of research pertaining to the advancement of scaffolding, coloration, and muscle fiber development in hybrid cultured meat, encompassing plant-based alternatives designed to emulate authentic meat, has been deliberated. However, this discussion highlights the obstacles that have arisen in current procedures and proposes future research directions for the development of sustainable cultured meat and meat alternatives, such as plant-based meat production.

Economic analysis of the institution of judicial expenses as a factor of the effectiveness of justice

The paper examines the institute of court costs and possible ways of its improvement. The compensatory and preventive functions of this institution are highlighted, and the inadmissibility of reducing the effectiveness of justice only to its accessibility is substantiated. It is noted that the low cost of court proceedings violates the balance between the various criteria of the effectiveness of justice. With this in mind, the author considers the regulation of the institute of court costs in modern Russia in two key aspects: firstly, in terms of the reasonableness of the rates of state duty for applying to court; secondly, in terms of the validity of the rules of reimbursement of expenses for payment for the services of representatives. Based on the results of the analysis of the state duty rates, the conclusion is formulated that at the current rates the state duty has lost its economic sense and is unable to fulfil its preventive function. The author emphasises that the rates of state duty have remained unchanged for many years, despite a significant increase in the average per capita income of population and a high level of accumulated inflation. Taking this into account, it is proposed to determine the procedure for regular revision of the amount of state duty, to differentiate its rates for individuals and legal entities, as well as for different courts. As a possible reference point for legislative changes, the German model is considered, which assumes the calculation of the amount of state duty in two stages. As part of the analysis of the rules of reimbursement of expenses for payment for the services of representatives, it is noted that they are of an evaluative nature and, as a result, the courts systematically reduce the amount of expenses charged by the courts. Two cases considered by the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation are cited as examples. The main direction of the reform of the institute of court costs in this part, in the author’s opinion, should be the narrowing of discretionary powers of judges. A point of view is expressed that the reasonableness (disproportionality) of court costs should be understood not as comparability with ordinary costs, but as equality to the actual costs that were incurred by the claimant solely for the restoration of his violated right. It is separately noted that when assessing the reasonableness of court costs, courts should consider the level of qualification of legal representative.

Regulatory and legal provision of the economic mechanism of the food security public administration in part of the regulation of population income

Regulatory and legal provision of the economic mechanism of the food security public administration in part of the regulation of population income

Experimental Trajectories of Convergence and Divergence Processes of Russian Regions Population Incomes Inequality

The study is devoted to the problem of differentiation of incomes of the population of Russia's regions. The goal of the work is to develop a methodology for analyzing the processes of differentiation of incomes of the population in Russia's regions based on the theory of dynamic systems and machine learning, and its testing on recent analytical data. The research hypothesis lies in the assumption of the simultaneous coexistence of processes of convergence and divergence of processes of differentiation of incomes of the population of Russia's regions, depending on external and internal factors. These processes are the subject of the research. The information base is the Federal State Statistics Service's data on the values of the Gini index of 80 regions for the period from 1995 to 2018. To construct experimental trajectories, in addition to the Gini index, two independent dynamic variables were used - its first and second derivatives, which made it possible to construct 3 different spaces of states (from one-dimensional to three-dimensional). Using the k-means clustering method, the entire observed set of states was divided into 5 clusters, the number of which was previously determined by the “elbow method” test. As a result of the calculations, the predominance of convergent processes over divergent ones during the studied period was proven. It was found that the individual trajectories of certain regions in the space of state differ significantly: the trajectories of some regions can be localized within only one cluster, while some parts of the trajectories of others can belong to up to 4 clusters. The majority of the trajectories are located within 2-3 clusters. The theoretical significance of the results obtained lies in deepening the understanding of the regional specifics of the dynamic changes in the differentiation of income of the population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The practical significance of the research results lies in the expansion of instrumental support for decision-making in the implementation of the state policy in the field of regulating the differentiation of income of the population at the regional level.

Материальное положение многодетных семей и факторы роста их доходов

The article analyzes changes in the financial situation of large families in the period from 2018 to 2022 using the data of the Rosstat’s Comprehensive Observation of Living Conditions of the Population for 2018 and 2022. The prevalence of various deprivations among large households and households with children in general is estimated. Changes in household income relative to the poverty line and deprivation level between 2018 and 2022 are calculated. It is shown that despite the improvement in financial status between 2018 and 2022, large families continue to experience significant risks of poverty and deprivation. To assess the factors affecting the incomes of large households, Rosstat data of the Sample Survey of Population Income and Participation in Social Programs (VNDN-2022) were used. Regression analysis shows that employment of adult members of a large family, improvement of their education and qualification level will contribute to the growth of average per capita family income relative to the poverty line. The article outlines proposals for increasing the labor potential of large families, improving their financial situation and reducing poverty.