Poor Transparency Research Articles

Transparent organogel based on photopolymerizable magnetic cationic monomer for electromagnetic wave absorbing

The application of conventional absorbing materials is limited due to complex preparation process and poor transparency caused by fillers. In this study, a highly transparent ionic organogel was prepared by photocuring a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution of a polymerizable magnetic cationic monomer [DAC]5[Dy(NCS)8]. Both components of organogel, which are the photopolymerizable magnetic cationic monomer and polar solvent DMSO, have an important effect on the magnetic losses and dielectric losses properties of the organogel respectively. By tuning the mass ratio of DMSO to the monomer and the content of the cross-linker, the complex permittivity of the gel could be effectively adjusted to improve the impedance matching, and finally a gel with excellent wave absorption properties and good tensile properties was obtained. The optimum organogel was fabricated with a minimum reflection loss of −45.9 dB and a broadest effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of up to 5.2 GHz, and effective absorption in the millimeter band (26.5–40 GHz) which is within the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks. With the advantages of simple preparation method, arbitrary shape and good adhesion to a variety of substrates and complex surfaces, this multifunctional gel provides a new solution for complex scenarios requiring optical transparency and simultaneous absorption of electromagnetic waves.

Is government regulation a push for corporate environmental performance? Evidence from China

Due to the severe air pollution, the Chinese state issued the new Ambient Air Quality Standard (hereafter new AAQS) in 2012, which requires local governments to control pollution and improve air quality. As such, we take that practice as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the effect of government regulation on corporate environmental performance (CEP). We employ the difference-in-differences (DID) method to conduct an empirical investigation using Chinese listed enterprises’ data from 2008 to 2018. Our findings indicate that the new AAQS significantly promotes the improvement of CEP. However, for enterprises in provinces with less environmental regulatory enforcement and poor environmental information transparency, this effect is weakened. Besides, the influence of the new AAQS reduces when the enterprises are regulated by the government at a greater administrative hierarchical distance to the central state. Our findings offer some critical implications for developing countries to implement government regulation.

Assessing transparency and accountability of national action plans on antimicrobial resistance in 15 African countries

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an increasing public health threat to low- and lower-middle income countries. Recent studies found that in fact poor governance and transparency correlate more strongly with AMR than factors such as antibiotic use. While many African countries now have national action plans (NAPs) on AMR, it is unclear whether information is publicly available on their implementation, surveillance and financing.MethodsHere, the transparency of information related to AMR national action plans in 15 African countries is assessed, based on a governance framework for AMR action plans. Public availability is assessed for AMR documents, progress reports, AMR surveillance data, budget allocations, as well as bodies and persons responsible for implementation of NAPs. Government websites and search engines were perused using search terms related to the studied criteria and countries.ResultsResults show that most countries have a national action plan publicly available. AMR surveillance data was available for a few countries, but systematic progress reports and funding allocations were absent in all but one country. Information on a body mandated to coordinate NAP implementation was available for most countries, but their functionality remain unclear. Most countries have nominated at least one person responsible for AMR nationally. In general, information was often fragmented and frequently available on external, non-government websites. It appears that commitments on AMR made in the often comprehensive NAPs are rarely met in a timely manner, exhibiting rather weak accountability for AMR results. The article provides concrete policy recommendations on how transparency and accountability may be improved with little effort.ConclusionsMaking information available can enable stakeholders such as civil society to demand accountability for results and lead to much needed specific actions on curbing AMR in countries.

Is China's carbon trading market efficient? Evidence from emissions trading scheme pilots

This paper examines whether the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) holds in the Chinese carbon trading pilots by employing the Sequential Panel Selection Method (SPSM) which is combined with the Panel KSS unit root tests with Fourier function. This approach serves as a highly valid tool in controlling for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity as well as structural shifts and nonlinearities. In virtue of the SPSM, the paper could divide the whole panel into two groups and clearly identify which and how many series belong to stationary or non-stationary group. The results show that carbon prices follow mean reversion process, indicating that the EMH does not hold in the Chinese emissions trading scheme (ETS), with the exception of Shanghai. The inefficiency of ETS pilots can be explained by irrational behaviors, poor information transparency, imperfect market mechanism and transaction costs. Accordingly, the failure of EMH implies the existence of profitable arbitrage opportunities for market participants. To establish the nationwide ETS market, policy lessons should be learned from Shanghai as this pilot is demonstrated to be an efficient market. Additionally, policymakers should improve the trading information disclosure system and formulate uniform guidelines, which is propitious to enhance market efficiency of the Chinese ETS.

Implementing Islamic principles and values in public budgeting: a battle of mindset

PurposeThis paper aims to analyse the implementation of Islamic principles and values within the budgetary management of one of Indonesia’s local governments, that of Aceh provincial government. The authors investigate the extent of Islamic teachings in Aceh’s public budgeting to gain an understanding of the challenges in implementing such ideas in practice.Design/methodology/approachTo investigate these issues, the authors used a qualitative interpretive approach in this study, gathering written materials related to the budgeting process and conducting 19 interviews with local government officials, politicians, scholars and a corruption watchdog. Data was manually coded and thematically analysed.FindingsIn this study, the authors find that the budgetary management problems Aceh provincial government faces (including poor resource allocation, budget delays and poor accountability and transparency) indicate unsatisfactory performance in incorporating Islamic principles and values into government. The authors argue that a key challenge to a more complete implementation is that the Acehnese’ perspectives of Sharī’ah and its enactment remain limited to particular aspects, such as criminal law, rituals and symbols, and are not extended to wider governance and budgetary practices.Practical implicationsThe findings are likely to be of interest to policymakers and those who hold them to account, in a region/country where Islamic values and principles largely influence the government and social affairs. They indicate that a broader conception of Sharī’ah would facilitate a more thorough implementation of Islamic principles and values within public budgeting.Originality/valueThis study is one of a handful of studies exploring Islamic public budgeting, with its originality lying in the investigation of the challenges faced in implementing Islamic principles in government budgeting.

Challenges to transparency involving intellectual property and privacy concerns in life cycle assessment/costing: A case study of new flame retarded polymers

This work explores the challenges of using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis to provide easily accessible decision support for early product development in cases where intellectual property (IP) and privacy issues require special consideration. Innovation research projects with partners representing different links along the value chain are potential examples of such cases. A case study in which spreadsheet-based cradle to compounder's gate LCA and LCC screening tools were created for candidate flame retarded polymer formulations exemplifies the need for better solutions to overcome problems associated with lack of transparency due to IP/privacy concerns. These problems affect data quality, scaling up processes, and uncertainty of the results. The consortium in this case study had a common overall goal, although each of the partners had a unique perspective on the polymer development process and different IP/privacy needs. The measures used to overcome the challenges include aggregation, normalisation, and omission of costs and impacts common to all candidate compounds. The resulting LCA and LCC screening tools represent a compromise between providing the requested information at the level of detail required by the partners and reporting results that are as accurate and useful as possible. The findings are: in cases where absolute secrecy must be maintained, no one can learn which materials and processes provide the optimal results; appointing a trusted third party to handle sensitive inventory data can cause increased uncertainty of the results due to lack of peer review; the results of the work cannot be built upon by subsequent research. • Intellectual property and privacy issues can affect transparency of LCA/LCC models. • Poor transparency hinders data quality assessments and peer review processes. • Pros and cons of mitigation methods are assessed regarding IP and privacy issues. • Chosen methods were aggregation, normalisation, and omission of some model aspects. • Transparency level must be balanced between partner needs and usefulness of results.

A Systematic Evaluation of the Quality, Accuracy, and Reliability of Internet Websites about Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Rationale: Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or their caregivers may seek information about their disease online, but the accuracy and quality of websites on PAH is not known. Objectives: To assess the quality, reliability, and accuracy of information on websites about PAH. Methods: We searched Google, Yahoo, and Bing for "pulmonary arterial hypertension" and screened the first 200 sites from each search engine. Website quality was evaluated by two authors using the validated DISCERN tool (best score is 80) and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria (best score is 4). Content accuracy was assessed according to 39 prespecified disease-relevant topics from international PAH guidelines. Linear regression models and generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association between website characteristics with JAMA benchmark criteria, DISCERN scores, and content scores. Results: One hundred seventeen eligible sites were included (50% scientific organizations, 20% foundation and/or advocacy organizations, 14% industry or for-profit, 12% personal commentary or blogs, and 4% news and media sites), with most sites hosted in North America. The median time since last website update was 1.2 years (interquartile range [IQR], 0.4-2.6). Website readability was at the high school or college education level (Flesh Reading Ease score 39.9 ± 15.2; reading grade, 11.9 ± 2.7), which is more challenging than the recommendation by the American Medical Association for patient medical information to be written at fifth- to sixth-grade levels. Only 23% had Health on the Net Code of Conduct certification for ethical presentation of healthcare information. The median DISCERN total score and JAMA benchmark score were 29.5 (IQR, 22.5-35.5) and 1.5 (IQR, 0.5-2.5), respectively, indicating poor transparency, reliability, and quality of information. Foundation/advocacy organization sites had higher DISCERN scores than personal commentary/blog sites and higher content scores than industry/for-profit sites. Websites with Health on the Net Code of Conduct certification were more reliable and had higher JAMA benchmark scores. A minority of websites addressed exercise/rehabilitation, palliative care, pregnancy, and financial concerns relevant to patients. Conclusions: Most internet websites on PAH were not easily readable, comprehensive, or transparent. Using a systematic appraisal approach, we identified the highest-quality internet websites with balanced and accurate coverage of relevant issues and treatment options for patients with PAH, which may be useful for patients, caregivers, and clinicians.

Transparent and all oxide-based highly responsive n-n heterojunction broadband photodetector

There is an imperative need for a single photodetector that can be used to detect the entire electromagnetic spectrum from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR). Such a device can reduce the cost and surface area required for device integration. In addition to broadband photodetection, optical transparency must be considered as another critical parameter. Poor transparency or opacity renders their use a deprecated choice in transparent electronics. In this paper, a completely transparent, electrode-free n-n heterojunction (n-ZnO/n-V2O5) photodetector is developed for high responsivity and microsecond responses. This is the least-studied type of heterojunction. It is a Schottky junction and can provide rapid device performance due to its unipolar carrier transport. The wide bandgap of ZnO and the narrow bandgap of V2O5 make this heterojunction a transparent broadband photodetector. The n-ZnO/n-V2O5 photodetector offers> 50% optical transmittance in the Vis-NIR region, with remarkably high photoresponsivities of 18.86 A/W, 6.10 A/W, and 4.40 A/W in the UV, Vis, and NIR regions, respectively. The device also offers high detectivity, high external quantum efficiency, and fast rise and fall times of 230 and 340 µs, respectively. Briefly, this work provides a path towards the development of transparent, electrode-free broadband photodetectors for next-generation transparent electronics.

African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) habitat suitability at Lake Ossa, Cameroon, using trophic state models and predictions of submerged aquatic vegetation.

The present study aims at investigating the past and current trophic status of Lake Ossa and evaluating its potential impact on African manatee health. Lake Ossa is known as a refuge for the threatened African manatees in Cameroon. Little information exists on the water quality and health of the ecosystem as reflected by its chemical and biological characteristics. Aquatic biotic and abiotic parameters including water clarity, nitrogen, phosphorous, and chlorophyll concentrations were measured monthly during four months at each of 18 water sampling stations evenly distributed across the lake. These parameters were then compared with historical values obtained from the literature to examine the dynamic trophic state of Lake Ossa. Results indicate that Lake Ossa's trophic state parameters doubled in only three decades (from 1985 to 2016), moving from a mesotrophic to a eutrophic state. The decreasing nutrient gradient moving from the mouth of the lake (in the south) to the north indicates that the flow of the adjacent Sanaga River is the primary source of nutrient input. Further analysis suggests that the poor transparency of the lake is not associated with chlorophyll concentrations but rather with the suspended sediments brought‐in by the Sanaga River. Consequently, our model demonstrated that despite nutrient enrichment, less than 5% of the lake bottom surface sustained submerged aquatic vegetation. Thus, shoreline emergent vegetation is the primary food available for the local manatee population. During the dry season, water recedes drastically and disconnects from the dominant shoreline emergent vegetation, decreasing accessibility for manatees. The current study revealed major environmental concerns (eutrophication and sedimentation) that may negatively impact habitat quality for manatees. The information from the results will be key for the development of the management plan of the lake and its manatee population. Efficient land use and water management across the entire watershed may be necessary to mitigate such issues.

The Women Who Don’t Get Counted

The Women Who Don’t Get Counted

Bank Competition and Credit Access: The Case of Informal Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa

Purpose of the study: This paper investigates the impact of bank competition on access to finance by informal firms in 14 sub-Saharan African countries, using World Bank enterprise survey data. Access to finance is one of the main factors identified as hindering the growth of opaque borrowers, who are generally characterised by poor financial transparency. Methodology: This study uses a discrete binary choice probit model to estimate the probability or likelihood of accessing finance, conditional on the level of bank competition and other firm-level characteristics. Findings: Results show that the impact depends on the competition measure used. The Lerner index shows a positive relationship supporting the information-based hypothesis, while the most robust competition indicator, the Boone index, is negative in line with the market power hypothesis. These results also show that reducing or minimising information asymmetry using public credit registries is good for enhancing financial access. Research implications: Improving the competitiveness of the banking sector by encouraging the entrance of more players should be promoted without compromising the soundness of the sector. Measures should be introduced to control anti-competitive behaviour in the banking industry. Originality: The informal sector contributes close to 50% to Africa’s GDP and 80% towards employment and, therefore, strategies aimed at eliminating the obstacles faced by these firms are important for livelihood protection. Many studies done on the African banking industry have generally found it to be less competitive and this affects financial access since banks tend to be risk averse in such settings. There are also few studies that have analysed the relationship between bank competition and credit access in the informal sector, mostly because publicly available data on these firms are scarce.

Privacy Practices of Health Information Technologies: Privacy Policy Risk Assessment Study and Proposed Guidelines

BackgroundAlong with the proliferation of health information technologies (HITs), there is a growing need to understand the potential privacy risks associated with using such tools. Although privacy policies are designed to inform consumers, such policies have consistently been found to be confusing and lack transparency.ObjectiveThis study aims to present consumer preferences for accessing privacy information; develop and apply a privacy policy risk assessment tool to assess whether existing HITs meet the recommended privacy policy standards; and propose guidelines to assist health professionals and service providers with understanding the privacy risks associated with HITs, so that they can confidently promote their safe use as a part of care.MethodsIn phase 1, participatory design workshops were conducted with young people who were attending a participating headspace center, their supportive others, and health professionals and service providers from the centers. The findings were knowledge translated to determine participant preferences for the presentation and availability of privacy information and the functionality required to support its delivery. Phase 2 included the development of the 23-item privacy policy risk assessment tool, which incorporated material from international privacy literature and standards. This tool was then used to assess the privacy policies of 34 apps and e-tools. In phase 3, privacy guidelines, which were derived from learnings from a collaborative consultation process with key stakeholders, were developed to assist health professionals and service providers with understanding the privacy risks associated with incorporating HITs as a part of clinical care.ResultsWhen considering the use of HITs, the participatory design workshop participants indicated that they wanted privacy information to be easily accessible, transparent, and user-friendly to enable them to clearly understand what personal and health information will be collected and how these data will be shared and stored. The privacy policy review revealed consistently poor readability and transparency, which limited the utility of these documents as a source of information. Therefore, to enable informed consent, the privacy guidelines provided ensure that health professionals and consumers are fully aware of the potential for privacy risks in using HITs to support health and well-being.ConclusionsA lack of transparency in privacy policies has the potential to undermine consumers’ ability to trust that the necessary measures are in place to secure and protect the privacy of their personal and health information, thus precluding their willingness to engage with HITs. The application of the privacy guidelines will improve the confidence of health professionals and service providers in the privacy of consumer data, thus enabling them to recommend HITs to provide or support care.

Open Communication about Network Neutrality? Assessing the Internet Traffic Management Transparency of Canadian Internet Carriers

Background: Engaging users in the network neutrality debate requires that internet service providers (internet carriers) communicate information about the management of network traffic. Analysis: This pilot study of 42 carriers assesses transparency about internet traffic management practices (ITMPs), awarding up to ten stars via ten criteria. Policy materials on corporate websites suggest carriers demonstrate poor ITMP transparency, averaging 0.87/10 stars. Little information is available about approaches to network neutrality, or about traffic tiering, throttling, or blocking. Conclusions and implications: As the Canadian government prioritizes transparency in ITMP policy, results suggest carriers are non-compliant, inhibiting user engagement and oversight.

Facile Route for 3D Printing of Transparent PETg-Based Hybrid Biomicrofluidic Devices Promoting Cell Adhesion.

3D printing has emerged as a promising fabrication technique for microfluidic devices, overcoming some of the challenges associated with conventional soft lithography. Filament-based polymer extrusion (popularly known as fused deposition modeling (FDM)) is one of the most accessible 3D printing techniques available, offering a wide range of low-cost thermoplastic polymer materials for microfluidic device fabrication. However, low optical transparency is one of the significant limitations of extrusion-based microfluidic devices, rendering them unsuitable for cell culture-related biological applications. Moreover, previously reported extrusion-based devices were largely dependent on fluorescent dyes for cell imaging because of their poor transparency. First, we aim to improve the optical transparency of FDM-based microfluidic devices to enable bright-field microscopy of cells. This is achieved using (1) transparent polymer filament materials such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETg), (2) optimized 3D printing process parameters, and (3) a hybrid approach by integrating 3D printed microfluidic devices with cast poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) blocks. We begin by optimizing four essential 3D printing process parameters (layer height, printing speed, cooling fan speed, and extrusion flow), affecting the overall transparency of 3D printed devices. Optimized parameters produce exceptional optical transparency close to 80% in 3D printed PETg devices. Next, we demonstrate the potential of FDM-based 3D printing to fabricate transparent micromixing devices with complex planar and nonplanar channel networks. Most importantly, cells cultured on native 3D printed PETg surfaces show excellent cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation during 3 days of culture without extracellular matrix coating or surface treatment. Next, we introduce L929 cells inside hybrid PETg-PDMS biomicrofluidic devices as a proof of concept. We demonstrate that 3D printed hybrid biomicrofluidic devices promote cell adhesion, allow bright-field microscopy, and maintain high cell viability for 3 days. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the proposed fabrication approach for developing 3D printed microfluidic devices from other FDM-compatible transparent polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).

Collaborative algorithms that combine AI with IoT towards monitoring and control system

Recently, a new IoT structure known as the Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) comes into play. Crowd counting is a promising field in data analysis of AIoT, however, due to poor transparency and high data security risks, developing a novel network architecture that can precisely elevate the counting of heavy crowd is extremely difficult. In addition, the fusion of IoT and AI also poses several challenges. The focus of this work is on the effective design of IoT framework and deep learning algorithm towards security of smart city. The system can be used to estimate the crowd traffic in public places, and can prevent the occurrence of congestion, stampede and other accidents, such as stations, airports, large-scale exhibitions, tourist attractions and other places. The constructed system contains video collection, upload and display as well as data analysis and early warning operation at the embedded device end, and automatically tracks densely crowd areas by controlling the video monitoring device. Moreover, the cloud platform can be controlled through the network. Our proposed algorithms are composed of two main aspects, i.e., division and focus. Firstly, we propose a novel density-adaptive Gaussian kernel to elevate the quality of density maps. Then, we propose a module based on conditional random fields for feature fusion. Finally, we propose a block segmentation module to predict our segmentation results and extract the context-aware information in segmentation stage. Experiments on our captured data, the Shanghai Tech, UCF_CC_50 and UCF_QNRF datasets demonstrate that our solution has obtained better performance and lower count errors over the state of the art.

Transmittance enhancement of La0.4Gd1.6Zr2O7 transparent ceramic by aqueous AM gel-casting with pretreated powder

Via a powder pretreatment process, transparent La0.4Gd1.6Zr2O7 ceramics were successfully fabricated through the aqueous AM (acrylamide) gel-casting technique. Our research shows that the water absorption of La2O3 has significant influence on the viscosity of slurry, leading to low density of the green body and poor transparency of ceramic. By pretreating the mixed powder via a solid-state reaction, the viscosity and pH results have shown that the single-phase pretreated powder has a positive improvement on the gel-casting process. Compared with the mixed powder, the pretreating method has effectively improved the slurry with higher solid content and lower viscosity. Therefore, the pretreated powder combined with gel-casting method have a positive influence on the density of green body and the optical quality of obtained La0.4Gd1.6Zr2O7 ceramics. The polished ceramics with 40 mm in diameter (Ø = 40 mm) and 1.5 mm in thickness (δ = 1.5 mm) exhibited the in-line transmittance of 78% at 1100 nm and a maximum transmittance of about 80% in the infrared region, as well as a wide range of high stable transmittance among 0.6–6.0 µm wavelength. Our work opens a way for highly transparent ceramic preparation by aqueous AM gelling system with hygroscopic rare earth oxide as raw materials.

Letter to the Editor: Landsbergis et al (2019) Titled "Work Exposures and Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Railroad Maintenance-of-Way Workers".

Letter to the Editor: Landsbergis et al (2019) Titled "Work Exposures and Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Railroad Maintenance-of-Way Workers".

MGNREGA: Ensures Guaranteed Wage Employment in Rural Area

The Mahatma Gandhi Nation Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is perhaps the world largest right to work model being implemented in India. The most distinctive feature of MGNREGA from the earlier rural public works programme is that it has provided a legal entitlement to work on demand. But unfortunately MGNREGA is not meeting demand for wage employment in rural areas it may be because poor transparency and accountability and lack of capacity on the part of Panchayats. Lack of awareness among villagers about the provisions of the Act and not using proper strategy for awareness building is another factor which is responsible for lacuna due to which proper implementation of MGNREGS is remain challenge in rural areas.There are still lots of problems in the implementation of MGNREGA. Still, it has not reached the poor and needy due to lack of interest of the implementing agencies especially local self governance in rural area. MGNERGS needs more creative innovative and time bound efforts from the local governance institutions to meet the demand for wage employment in rural area. Gram Sabha and Social audit can play crucial role to implement these scheme.The present paper is based of secondary source of literature, discusses about whether MGNREGA really meeting demands of wage employment at village level and suggests mechanism for effective implementation of MGNREGA.

Guest Editorial Explainable AI: Towards Fairness, Accountability, Transparency and Trust in Healthcare

The papers in this special section focus on explainable artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare services. Recent advances in AI, precision health, and medicine have paved the way for the accelerated adaptation and use of intelligent tools and systems in decision-making processes across the healthcare spectrum. Insights and knowledge derived from complex analytics are used to implement diagnostic and therapeutic solutions and targeted interventions in individuals and communities across the globe. Given the complexity of the current multi-dimensional clinical and public health data landscape, providing explainability in the context of socio-environmental and technical systems is a key to revealing pathways from socio-economic disadvantages to health disparities and implementing equitable interventions. As the complexity of the underlying data sets and AI-based algorithms increases, the explainability and justifiability of the insights generated decrease. Humans need to understand the underlying mechanism behind these insights to know whether they are sound, correct, trustable, and justifiable to make informed decisions. Lack of understandability and explainability in the biomedical domain often leads to poor transparency and accountability and ultimately lower quality of care and suboptimal and unfair health policies. Explainability is considered one of the prerequisites for deep medicine, where AI is meant to provide composite, panoramic views of individuals’ medical data.

Electronic structures, effective masses and optical properties of B6Ch (Ch=O, S, Se, Te) based on DFT study

In this paper, crystal structures, effective masses, electronic and optical properties of B6Ch (Ch = O, S, Se, Te) are studied within density functional theory (DFT). The band structures show that B6O, B6S and B6Se are semiconductors, while the zero-bandgap B6Te displays metallic properties. Moreover, the optical properties involving absorption coefficients, refractive index and extinction coefficients of B6Ch are shown and analyzed. The obtained results lead to a conclusion that B6Ch results in heavier effective masses and poor transparency. This is explained by the fact that the s orbitals of anion will cause lower dispersion of band edge and influence its positions.