Poor Planning Research Articles

Development Strategies for Africa: Lessons from Asia, Europe, USA and Canada

The study analyzed development strategies for Africa with specific emphasis on lessons from the developed countries of Europe, Asia, the United States of America, and Canada. Development is akin to a sustainable livelihood, hence, the need for a country to devise means for the achievement and maintenance of accelerated improvements in the holistic affairs of the people and their environs. The objectives of the study were to analyze major development strategies suitable for African countries, identify challenges of development strategies in African countries and proffer solutions to ameliorate them. The Economic Theory of Modernization was adopted for the study. The qualitative research methodology which is mainly descriptive was adopted for the study through the use of secondary sources of data like internet sources, textbooks, journals, etc. It was discovered that primary exports and diversification, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI); planned use of external aids, natural resources economics, and domestic resource mobilization, constitutes major development strategies for the underdeveloped and developing countries of Africa. It was also discovered that problems of unorganized vision and plans, corruption, poor funding, ineffective tax administration system and poor plan implementation and evaluation limit the success of development strategies in African countries. It was recommended that special funds for development plans should be independent of the general budget and agencies of implementation and evaluation should be created for any development plan or programme.

Urban Vulnerability Analysis Based on Micro-Geographic Unit with Multi-Source Data—Case Study in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China

This study introduces a novel approach to urban public safety analysis inspired by a streetscape analysis commonly applied in urban criminology, leveraging the concept of micro-geographical units to account for urban spatial heterogeneity. Recognizing the intrinsic uniformity within these smaller, distinct environments of a city, the methodology represents a shift from large-scale regional studies to a more localized and precise exploration of urban vulnerability. The research objectives focus on three key aspects: first, establishing a framework for identifying and dividing cities into micro-geographical units; second, determining the type and nature of data that effectively illustrate the potential vulnerability of these units; and third, developing a robust and reliable evaluation index system for urban vulnerability. We apply this innovative method to Urumqi’s Tianshan District in Xinjiang, China, resulting in the formation of 30 distinct micro-geographical units. Using WorldView-2 remote sensing imagery and the object-oriented classification method, we extract and evaluate features related to vehicles, roads, buildings, and vegetation for each unit. This information feeds into the construction of a comprehensive index, used to assess public security vulnerability at a granular level. The findings from our study reveal a wide spectrum of vulnerability levels across the 30 units. Notably, units X1 (Er Dao Bridge) and X7 (Gold Coin Mountain International Plaza) showed high vulnerability due to factors such as a lack of green spaces, poor urban planning, dense building development, and traffic issues. Our research validates the utility and effectiveness of the micro-geographical unit concept in assessing urban vulnerability, thereby introducing a new paradigm in urban safety studies. This micro-geographical approach, combined with a multi-source data strategy involving high-resolution remote sensing and field survey data, offers a robust and comprehensive tool for urban vulnerability assessment. Moreover, the urban vulnerability evaluation index developed through this study provides a promising model for future urban safety research across different cities.

Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management in Kathmandu city, Nepal – An impact of an incomplete data set

Few studies have been done about engineered facilities related to waste collection, treatment, and disposal in the waste management sectors across Nepal. The decision support system is not well established, resulting in poor planning and execution of waste management. Available data for performing a life cycle assessment (LCA) is limited. We used an LCA model to investigate waste management options for Nepal's capital, Kathmandu. We also tested the hypothesis that exclusion from the LCA model of variables for which there was no data would make no difference in the management rankings. The assessment was based on three scenarios: business as usual, including collection, transportation, and landfilling; recycling; and conjunctive disposal comprised of composting and landfilling. The LCA methodology we used includes detailed unit processes and quantified values of various resources and emissions to compute the impact level on the environment. The contribution of the collection, transportation, landfilling, and recycling was calculated as global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and fuel energy consumption for each scenario. Scenario 3 ranked higher than scenarios 1 and 2 based on available data. The results were based on the environmental burden of metric tons of municipal solid waste handled at landfills, regardless of what was recycled and composted. Scenario 3 yielded minimum environmental impacts and was a cost-efficient option. Using a range of literature values for the missing variables, it was shown that the excluded variables made no difference in the scenario rankings. The study successfully employed the LCA as a decision-making tool in waste management in Kathmandu, which can be useful for other cities in developing countries.

The Role of Project Health Check Reports in Identifying Indicative Factors of a Troubled Project

Government-sponsored projects in Iraq significantly improve the economic situation and provide services but face high rates of troubling blocks. This work aims to identify indicative factors of the Troubled Project using periodic health check reports based on a literature review and interviews with Iraqi experts. As a result, a questionnaire was prepared that included four sections. The first is personal information; the second section is information about knowing the level of institutions’ implementation of project management through prepared documents. The third section is about indicative factors for the project's trouble, including 25 workers; the fourth section is about the questions in the periodic reports to check the project's health. Findings show that the following factors affect the troubled projects: inaccurate initial budget and schedule estimates; poor project scope description; poor team communication; poor planning and definition of the project; lack of a risk management plan and disregarding risk indicators; high rate of rework, and ineffective documentation of project plans with a high relative importance index that ranges from 0.91 to 0.81. Thus, the institutions' activation of the project examination reports with the proposed questions with a relative importance index ranging from 0.88 to 0.77 helps identify the main factors for the troubled projects.

Evaluation of Design Process of Commercial Construction Project Based on Lean Design Concept

To determine design reliability, this study paper evaluates the design process of commercial construction projects. To streamline design efforts, decrease needless design errors, and boost design reliability, a new design workflow will be developed using commercial building concepts. The suggested procedures will give team members input on the state of the design and enable ongoing development. One of the pioneering applications of the lean methodology to building project design will be the proposed processes. Labour overruns, inadequate monitoring, and control, a lack of competence on the part of the contractor's key staff, poor planning or scheduling, and poor planning and monitoring of the refurbishment project were the top 5 variables influencing the commercial construction design process.

Pengaruh Kecerdasan Emosional terhadap Literasi Keuangan serta Implikasinya terhadap Perencanaan Keuangan Mahasiswa

The rise of various symptoms of financial problems among students has serious impacts. Poor financial planning is indivisible from the impact of emotional intelligence and the level of money related proficiency. Financial planning must be managed properly and planned to achieve the desired life goals, so that financial planning can be said to be healthy. In this regard, a study investigating strategy was utilized with a quantitative approach, using Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. From the results of the study it was found that there was a positive and significant influence between emotional intelligence on financial literacy, financial literacy on financial planning, and also emotional intelligence on financial planning. In addition, financial literacy is considered capable of mediating the impact of emotional intelligence on financial planning. And for the contribution of the indirect effect, which was 40%, it was greater than the direct effect, which was 28.6%. For further research, additional variables such as financial attitudes can be used, where this financial attitude is a person's discipline regarding how to manage finances which can later complement models that affect financial planning in expansion to the autonomous factors utilized in this way of thinking.

Accuracy of Structure-from-Motion/Multiview Stereo Terrain Models: A Practical Assessment for Applications in Field Geology

We assess the accuracy of Structure-from-Motion/Multiview stereo (SM) terrain models acquired ad hoc or without high-resolution ground control to analyze their usage as a base for inexpensive 3D bedrock geologic mapping. Our focus is on techniques that can be utilized in field projects without the use of heavy and/or expensive equipment or the placement of ground control in logistically challenging sites (e.g., steep cliff faces or remote settings). We use a Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) survey as a basis for the comparison of two types of SM models: (1) models developed from images acquired in a chartered airplane flight with ground control referenced by natural objects located on Google Earth scenes; and (2) drone flights with a georeference established solely from camera positions located by conventional, differentially corrected Global Navigation Satellite systems (GNSS). We find that all our SM models are indistinguishable in scale from the LiDAR reference model. The SM models do, however, show rigid body translations and rotations, with translations generally within the 1–5 m size of the natural objects used for ground control, the resolution of the GNSS receivers, or both. The rigid body rotations can be attributed to a poor imaging plan, which can be avoided with survey planning. Analyses of point densities in various models show a limitation of Terrestrial LiDAR point clouds as a mapping base due to the rapid falloff of resolution with distance. In contrast, SM models are characterized by relatively uniform point densities controlled by camera optics, the numbers of images, and the distance from the target. This uniform density is the product of the Multiview stereo step in SM processing that fills areas between key points and is important for bedrock geologic mapping because it affords direct interpretation on a point cloud at a relatively uniform scale throughout a model. Our results indicate that these simple methods allow SM model construction to be accurate to the range of conventional GNSS with resolutions to the submeter, even cm, scale depending on data acquisition parameters. Thus, SM models can, and should, serve as a base for high-resolution geologic mapping, particularly in a steep terrain where conventional techniques fail. Our SM models appear to provide accurate visualizations of geologic features over km scales that allow detailed geologic mapping in 3D with a relative accuracy to the decimeter or centimeter level and absolute positioning in the 2–5 m precision of GNSS; a geometric precision that will allow unprecedented new studies of any geologic system where geometry is the fundamental data.

Land Use Conflicts and Planning Implications: Insights from Kumbo, Cameroon

As actors compete over land for varied reasons, conflicts linked to the multiplication of incompatible land uses have witnessed an increase. This validates the need for renewed evidence on the trigger mechanisms and manifestations of land use conflicts. To close this knowledge gap, this paper examines land use conflict dynamics and their planning implications in Kumbo – Cameroon. The paper further explores the manifestations of land use conflicts, and examine planning options to stem such conflicts. Data for this study was obtained through a random survey of 394 respondents. This was further complemented by interviews and focus group discussions. The data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the logit model. This was further buttressed through spatial analysis using Arc GIS 10.8. The logit results reported that informal economic activities tend to increase the likelihood of land use conflicts in Kumbo. Furthermore, the analysis showed an intricate direct relationship between poor planning and implementation of policies, and increasing land use conflicts in Kumbo. In the wake of an expected increase in land use conflicts, this paper suggests pragmatic solutions aimed at relocating and realigning compatible land uses in this community.

Environmental concentrations, characteristics and risk assessment of microplastics in water and sediment along the Western Cape coastline, South Africa

Plastic debris is accumulating in all environments globally and South Africa’s poor waste management plan has led to an increase in plastic contamination throughout the country. Information about microplastics (MPs) in urban and rural coastal environments in South Africa is poor. The aim of this study was to determine coastal MP concentrations in water (particles/L) and sediment (particles/kg). Sampling took place in summer of 2020 during low tide at 14 sites, along the coast of the Western Cape, South Africa. MPs were extracted and analysed based on shape, color, size and polymer type (using an ATR-FTIR). An ecological risk assessment was done to assess the potential risks posed by MPs in all sample types. Sediment MP concentrations (185.07 ± 15.25 standard error particles/kg) were higher than water (1.33 ± 0.15 particles/L). Gordon’s Bay (site 12) had the highest MP concentrations in sediment samples (360 ± 36.74 particles/kg), identifying harbors as the main source for MP contamination. Kalk Bay (site 9) displayed the highest concentration in water samples (4.97 ± 0.18 particles/L), suggesting that the source of MPs are from stormwater outfall pipes and human activities. Filaments were the most dominant MP shape (89%) for all samples, with black/grey (water) and transparent (sediment) being the most dominant colors (31% and 31% respectively). Dominant sizes were 1000–2000 μm in water and 2000–5000 μm in sediment. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (29%) was the most dominant polymer type recorded in water samples and natural fibres (mainly cotton) (32%) recorded in sediment. Based on the risk assessment, MPs recorded at Mouille Point (site 6) poses the greatest ecological risk associated with polymers. MP concentrations reported in this study provide a baseline for future studies along the Western Cape coastline of South Africa.

Effects of e-learning technologies on university librarians and libraries: a systematic literature review

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify the effects of emerging technologies in e-learning on university librarians and libraries. The study also intended to identify emerging technologies in e-learning and challenges being faced to implement e-learning technologies.Design/methodology/approachThe preferred reporting items for the systematic review and meta-analysis method was applied as the research methodology for conducting the study. A total of 25 core studies published in peer-reviewed journals were selected to conduct a systematic literature review. The data were analysed through a thematic approach.FindingsThe results of the study revealed that e-learning technologies assist library professionals to strengthen their expertise and support them in initiating smart library services to deliver customer-focused services. A shortage of skilled manpower, the unavailability of adequate IT infrastructure, a lack of technical support, copyright issues, poor planning and ineffective library leadership are major challenges to implementing emerging technologies in e-learning.Originality/valueThe study offers theoretical implications by adding valuable literature to the existing body of knowledge. It has a societal impact as it has offered recommendations and practical solutions for the successful adoption of emerging technologies in e-learning. The study also offers managerial implications to develop fruitful policies for implementing e-learning technologies for the innovative sustainable competence development of library manpower and implementation of smart library services.

ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTENT OF POST-HARVEST LOSSES ALONG THE CASSAVA VALUE CHAIN IN ANAMBRA STATE

Addressing food security challenges is vital to the future of Africans and Nigerians. Despite the economic importance of cassava to the teaming populace in Nigeria, it is not devoid of post-harvest losses. This study explored the extent of post-harvest losses along the cassava value chain in Anambra State. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and was conducted in Anambra State in the South-Eastern part of Nigeria. The study population comprises all cassava farmers in the state's four Agricultural Zones (AZs): Onitsha, Aguata, Awka, and Anambra. Multistage, purposive, and random sampling techniques will be used to select the respondents for the study. Primary data was used for the study and collected using a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Shannon's diversity index, and the Tobit regression model based on the study's objectives. The study revealed that the size of cassava postharvest loss is 266,116 kg. The chain of highest loss is at harvesting, which accounts for about 55 % of the total loss, followed by the loss at processing, 33 %, and then a loss at distribution, 12 %. The Tobit regression result of the factors responsible for cassava post-harvest loss shows that poor processing skills, farmers' well-being, poor planning, and pest and disease attacks are the significant factors determining cassava post-harvest loss in the study area. The study, therefore, recommends that policies be implemented to help the farmers reduce the losses, especially by enforcing adequate training of local farmers in cassava processing.

Immune deep reinforcement learning-based path planning for mobile robot in unknown environment

A new deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) integrating kinematics analysis and immune optimization (KAI-DDPG) is proposed to address the drawbacks of DDPG in path planning. An orientation angle reward component, linear velocity reward factor, and safety performance reward factor are added to the DDPG reward function based on kinematic modeling and analysis of mobile robots. A multi-objective performance index turns the path planning problem into one of multi-objective optimization. We propose KA-DDPG, which uses the orientation angle, linear speed, and safety degree as evaluation indices, and information entropy to alter the influence coefficient of the multi-objective function in the reward function. KAI-DDPG is proposed to address the low learning and training efficiency of KA-DDPG, using immune optimization to optimize the experience samples in the experience buffer pool. Performance indices of traditional path planning and the proposed techniques are compared on a gazebo simulation platform, and the results suggest that KAI-DDPG can mitigate the drawbacks of DDPG, such as a protracted training cycle and poor path planning technique, and can broaden the range of application.

Analysis And Design of Mobile Applications For Make-Up Artist Services (Halomua) With The Design Thinking Framework

Designing an application user interface design is an important part of creating an attractive application. However, there are several problems such as lack of attention to detail, failure to identify and solve customer problems, and poor planning or organization. The design thinking method performs stages ranging from empathize, define, ideate, and prototype, to usability testing to reduce these problems. At the empathize stage, data is obtained through interviews with MUAs and online questionnaires that have been filled out by respondents. At the define stage, a profile picture of each respondent along with their problems and goals was created. At the idea stage, feature mapping, information architecture, low fidelity wireframe, medium fidelity wireframe, and user flow are made so that it can facilitate users in operating the tasks designed in the application. The prototype stage is to create a flowchart design for each case so that users can find out how the application can run properly. The results of usability and user satisfaction are measured using the System Usability Scale (SUS). The SUS average value of 85.2 is obtained, which means that the value of the UI design results is included in category B with an "Excellent" status.

Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server

Cardinality estimation is widely believed to be one of the most important causes of poor query plans. Prior studies evaluate the impact of cardinality estimation on plan quality on a set of Select-Project-Join queries on PostgreSQL DBMS. Our empirical study broadens the scope of prior studies in significant ways. First, we include complex SQL queries containing group-by, aggregation, outer joins and sub-queries from real-world workloads and industry benchmarks. We evaluate on both row-oriented and column-oriented physical designs. Our empirical study uses Microsoft SQL Server, an industry-strength DBMS with a state-of-the-art query optimizer that is equipped with techniques to optimize such complex queries. Second, we analyze the sensitivity of plan quality to cardinality errors in two ways by: (a) varying the subset of query sub-expressions for which accurate cardinalities are used, and (b) introducing progressively larger cardinality errors. Third, query processing techniques such as bitmap filtering and adaptive join have the potential to mitigate the impact of cardinality estimation errors by reducing the latency of bad plans. We evaluate the importance of accurate cardinalities in the presence of these techniques.

Soil degradation and mitigation in agricultural lands in the Indian Anthropocene

AbstractCurrent widespread and intensive soil degradation in India has been driven by unprecedented levels of population growth, large‐scale industrialization, high‐yield agriculture, urban sprawl and the spread of human infrastructure. The damage caused to managed and natural systems by soil degradation threatens livelihoods and local services and leads to national socio‐economic disruption. Human‐induced soil degradation results from land clearing and deforestation, inappropriate agricultural practices, improper management of industrial effluents and wastes, careless management of forests, surface mining, urban sprawl, and ill‐planned commercial and industrial development. Of these, inappropriate agricultural practices, including excessive tillage and use of heavy machinery, over‐grazing, excessive and unbalanced use of inorganic fertilizers, poor irrigation and water management techniques, pesticide overuse, inadequate crop residue and/or organic carbon inputs, and poor crop cycle planning, account for nearly 40% (121 Mha) of land degradation across India. Globally, human activities related to agriculture contribute to the transgression of four of the nine Planetary Boundaries proposed by Rockström et al. (2009): Climate Change, Biodiversity Integrity, Land‐system Change, and altered Phosphorus and Nitrogen Biogeochemical Flows. This review focuses on how knowledge of soil processes in agriculture has developed in India over the past 10 years, and the potential of soil science to meet the objectives of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger (End hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture), using the context of the four most relevant Planetary Boundaries as a framework. Solutions to mitigate soil degradation and improve soil health in different regions using conservation agricultural approaches have been proposed. Thus, in this review we (1) summarize the outputs of recent innovative research in India that has explored the impacts of soil degradation on four Planetary Boundaries (Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, Land‐system Change, and altered Biogeochemical Flows of Phosphorus and Nitrogen) and vice‐versa; and (2) identify the knowledge gaps that require urgent attention to inform developing soil science research agendas in India, to advise policy makers, and to support those whose livelihoods rely on the land.

Evaluation of Sustainable Spatial Suitability of Urban and Population Expansion in Al Hillah City Using Remote Sensing Techniques

The study focused on explaining urban expansion and sustainable development of urban land and explaining the role of population expansion in Al Hillah city, Al Hillah city in the center of Babylion Governorate located. The study relied on analyzing the population data of the city of Al Hillah for a period of time (22 years) for the period (2000-2022). This data was analyzed and its role in planning and designing residential areas and neighborhoods in the Al Hillah city was analyzed based on the standards of urban planning and sustainable growth of cities. Landsat 5TM was used in the investigation, Landsat 8OLI satellite data to retrieve the NDVI, NDBI, and NDWI. The findings showed that between 2000 and 2022, urban and population growth increased, and the gradual disappearance of green lands and agricultural during these years as a result of poor planning, and this will lead to the elimination of green and agricultural areas. Urban areas are established quickly, as population pressure leads to the elimination of agricultural lands, In addition to the high temperatures, which led to changing livelihoods, affecting green lands as well, and increasing urban expansion at high rates. The recent results are useful for planning, management and sustainable development of the urban areas. There was a pressing need to make the right choice in this situation, and while it didn’t help to solve the full issue, it did help to address a significant portion of it by rerouting this growth and arranging it away from agricultural regions in order to protect future generations.

Theatre practitioners and organisational adaptive capacity in disaster response.

Disasters are increasing globally, requiring flexible strategic approaches from healthcare organisations to manage the resultant influx of patients requiring care while also maintaining normal operational services. Theatre practitioners play a key role in disaster response and recovery; however, a lack of appropriate skill utilisation may be reducing overall organisational adaptive capacity and leading to poorer outcomes for organisations, staff and patients. Understanding what skills individual practitioners have, and how they can be deployed to the greatest effect, is a concern for managers to ensure optimal use of resources and to reduce negative impacts of disaster response upon healthcare personnel. This is especially pertinent in the post-COVID healthcare climate where a paucity of operating theatre practitioners and poor workforce planning has led to a lack of surgical capacity at a time when it is most needed.

Significant factors affecting the New Zealand transportation infrastructure project cost – quantity surveyors' perception

PurposeCost overrun is one of the critical issues faced in construction projects, as nine out of ten projects will likely go over the budget. In particular, transportation infrastructure (TI) projects, such as roads and bridges, are vastly affected by cost overruns, which can delay the entire project. This research intends to identify the factors affecting the cost overruns in New Zealand (NZ) TI projects.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted using a questionnaire survey involving ninety-two participants experienced in infrastructure project estimation in NZ. Quantitative methods were used to analyse the data.FindingsFifty-three factors were identified through literature under ten categories. Based on the survey, ten significant factors were identified with a high grade of importance. The three most critical factors were “frequent design changes,” “poor planning and scheduling” and “inadequate tender documentation.” It was found that the cost overrun is primarily affected by the pre-contract stage causes.Research limitations/implicationsThe data were collected from professionals involved in NZTI projects. Therefore, the implications may be different for other contexts.Practical implicationsThe results will improve the current estimation practice by developing a new statistical model considering all the significant variables for NZTI projects.Originality/valueAlthough much research is done to identify these factors, they are only considered in a few statistical cost models. These new statistical models mainly focused on technical variable factors similar to the current standard estimation process. However, the results of this research, qualitative and quantitative factors, will be used for the future cost model.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LITERATURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN NIGERIA

Nigeria's construction industry is a critical sector that drives economic growth and development, but it faces numerous challenges that affect project performance. This study aimed to identify the factors and obstacles that impede construction project performance in Nigeria through a comprehensive literature review. The review involved a systematic approach to identify relevant studies from reputable academic databases, and the findings were synthesized and analyzed. The study found that poor project planning and scheduling, inadequate risk management, corruption, and ineffective stakeholder management were the primary factors contributing to poor project performance in Nigeria. The study highlights that these factors are interrelated and can exacerbate one another, leading to significant cost overruns, delays, and substandard work. Additionally, the study found that effective project management was a key success factor in improving project performance. To improve construction project performance in Nigeria, the study recommends that stakeholders in the industry should focus on improving project planning and scheduling, risk management, stakeholder management, and promoting ethical standards to curb corruption. By adopting these measures, the Nigerian construction industry can improve project performance, deliver high-quality infrastructure, and contribute to the country's economic growth and development.

EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION PLAN IN SMALL TO MEDIUM ENTERPRISES’ PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT IN SOUTH AFRICA

The South African Government, through the Department of Transport (DoT), offers financial support to various engineering companies to use in their road construction projects to improve the country’s road infrastructure. However, many road projects allocated to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are not completed on schedule. Communication plan was used as a lens to track essential elements involved in ensuring project success. A probability stratified random sampling method was used to select 34 respondents from the DOT who completed questionnaires as part of this quantitative study. Employees of the DoT’s Finance department in KwaZulu-Natal province were chosen because they were well placed to highlight the communication plan followed and challenges experienced in handling financial contracts and monitoring of such between themselves and the SMEs. On the one hand, the respondents generally claimed to have sound measures to monitor the progress of funded projects and apply appropriate techniques to cope with awarded contracts. On the other hand, they conceded that poor planning and poor communication management were the main challenges facing the department. The study calls for regular, open communication to enhance the success of projects which should be monitored in every phase following clear performance indicators. If problems are identified, a communication strategy to resolve them should be established; this strategy should be evaluated against its objectives.