PON1 Levels Research Articles

High Doses of Boron Have No Protective Effect Against Nephrolithiasis or Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model.

Boron plays roles in the metabolism of calcium, vitamin D, steroid hormones, healthy bone development, and maintenance of cell membranes. The biological effects of boron are dose-dependent but follow a U-shaped pattern, rendering it important to define the active range. The studies of Bahadoran et al. on rats and Naghii et al. on humans showed that low doses of boron (3 and 10mg/day) prevented kidney stone formation. The aim of this study was to determine whether high doses of boron have an anti-urolithiatic or antioxidant effect on nephrolithiasis in an experimental rat model. The study was conducted on 50 adult male Wistar rats randomized to five groups. Nephrolithiasis was induced with water containing 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) and 2% ammonium chloride (AC). This treatment was given to animals in all groups for 10days, except the positive and negative controls. Simultaneously, groups 2, 3, and 4 were given boric acid via gavage at doses of 25, 50, and 100mg/kg/day (equivalent to 4/8/16mg boron respectively) as the source of boron. Animals in the negative and positive control groups were given 6μL/g distilled water without boric acid. At day 10, intra-cardiac blood samples were drawn from all animals. The right and left kidneys were removed for biochemical and histopathological examinations, respectively. The groups were compared with respect to serum urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), serum paraoxonase (PON1) activity, tissue calcium and oxalate levels, and stone burden as determined by histopathological examination. Serum urea and creatinine levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), while serum calcium and phosphorous levels were significantly lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), in animals given EG/AC compared to negative controls. No significant differences were detected in serum calcium, phosphorous, urea, or creatinine levels between animals treated with boron and positive controls (p > 0.05). Serum PON1 activity was significantly lower in animals given EG/AC than in negative controls (p < 0.001), while no significant difference in serum PON1 level was detected between rats treated with boron and positive controls. No significant differences were detected in vitamin D, TAS, TOS, tissue calcium, or tissue oxalate levels among groups. No stone formation was detected on histopathological examination in negative controls. No significant differences were found in stone formation between rats treated with boron and positive controls. Based on this study, high doses of boron had no protective effect against nephrolithiasis and oxidative stress.

New mechanistic insights on the metabolic-disruptor role of chlorpyrifos in apoE mice: a focus on insulin- and leptin-signalling pathways.

Recently, we have provided evidence, suggesting that mice expressing the human apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) are more prone to develop an obesity-like phenotype and a diabetic profile when subchronically fed a chlorpyrifos (CPF)-supplemented diet. The aim of the current study was to examine the underlying mechanisms through which CPF alters both insulin- and leptin-signalling pathways in an APOE-dependent manner. Both adult apoE3- and E4-targeted replacement and C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CPF at 0 or 2mg/kg body weight/day through the diet for 8 consecutive weeks. We determined the expression of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3, SOCS3, IRS-1, p-IRS-1, AKT, p-AKT, GSK3β, p-GSK3β, and apoE in the liver, as well as hepatic mRNA levels of pon1, pon2, and pon3. CPF markedly disrupted both leptin and insulin homeostasis, particularly in apoE3 mice. Indeed, only CPF-fed apoE3 mice exhibited an increased phosphorylation ratio of STAT3, as well as increased total SOCS3 protein levels. Similarly, the exposure to CPF drastically reduced the phosphorylation ratio of both AKT and GSK3β, especially in apoE3 mice. Overall, CPF reduced the expression of the three pon genes, principally in C57BL/6 and apoE3 mice. These results provide notable mechanistic insights on the metabolic effects of the pesticide CPF, and attest the increased vulnerability of apoE3 carriers to its metabolic-disruptor role.

Serum Endocan Levels are Associated With Paraoxonase 1 Concentration in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.

Endocan is a soluble proteoglycan released by the vascular endothelium. The increase of its serum levels is associated with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We studied the association of serum endocan with the lipid profile of 105 CKD patients with dyslipidemia, divided in two groups, non-dialyzed (CKD, N = 57) and hemodialysis (HD, N = 48) in comparison with 30 normal controls (NC). We also analyzed endocan in relation with the concentration of two serum HDL-linked members of the paraoxonase (PON) family, PON1 and PON3, which have been previously found to have antiatherogenic properties. The results showed that endocan levels were significantly higher in HD patients than in CKD patients (P < 0.001) and NC (P < 0.001). PON1 was significantly decreased only in HD patients compared to NC (P < 0.001), whereas PON3 was significantly increased in both patient groups (P < 0.001). Endocan levels were significantly and positively correlated with total cholesterol and LDL-C in CKD and additionally were negatively correlated with HDL-C in HD group. PON1 levels were significantly correlated with endocan in both groups, while no correlation was observed for PON3 in either group. Multiple regression analysis between endocan and the above lipid parameters in the total of patients revealed that endocan was independently associated only with PON1 (β = -0.513, P = 0.002). It is concluded that the increase of serum endocan levels in patients with CKD may be associated with the decrease of PON1 concentration, irrespective of lipid alterations produced by atherosclerosis development.

Paraoxonase activity in sera of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The results of our study showed significantly decreased levels of PON1 in patients with chronic liver diseases (controls 185 ± 14 U/l, NAFLD 160 ± 15 U/l, chronic hepatitis 99 ± 18 U/l, cirrhosis 52 ± 11 U/l). There were significant correlations of PON activities with standard liver function tests (Tab. 1, Ref. 5).

Paraoxonase-1 is a better indicator than HDL of Atherosclerosis – A pilot study in North Indian population

ObjectivesThe present study aims to evaluate the levels of HDL and Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and their correlation in atherosclerotic patients with and without diabetic mellitus (DM) as well as in control subjects in Northern Indian population. Materials and methodsWe analyzed lipid profiles and Serum PON1 levels by automated analyzer and ELISA, respectively. Study subjects (N = 150) were divided in three groups; Group I: Atherosclerotic patients without DM (N = 50), Group II: Atherosclerotic patients with DM (N = 50); Group III: Controls (N = 50). ResultsWe found a significantly (p < 0.0001) low levels of HDL-C in Group I (32.2 ± 7.3) and Group II (36.9 ± 11.5) as compared to Group III (41.0 ± 7.1). PON-1 levels were also significantly lower in Group I (60.1 ± 10.5) and Group II (50.0 ± 13.9) when compared to Group III (95.0 ± 12.0). We observed a significant correlation (r = 0.59, p < 0.001) between the levels of PON1 and HDL-C in study subjects. ConclusionsThe reduced levels of HDL and PON-1 and their significant correlation in CAD patients may be associated with the pathogenesis of this disease. Considering HDL as a dependent variable, Paraoxonase-1 is the most important parameter contributing to the total variation in HDL in CAD.

Chlorpyrifos-induced parkinsonian model in mice: Behavior, histopathology and biochemistry

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on Paraoxonase (PON1) activity, and levels of lipid profile, total sialic acid (TSA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant capacity (TOC) in the plasma and brain tissue of mice with chlorpyrifos-ethyl (CPF)-induced Parkinson. Material and methodIn the study, 35 male Swiss albino mice were divided into 5 groups including equal number of mice as follows; intraperitoneal injection of saline for mice in control (C) group, subcutaneous injection of 80mg/kg CPF for CPF group, intraperitoneal injection of 10μmol/kg CAPE for CAPE group, subcutaneous injection of 80mg/kg CPF and intraperitoneal injection of 10μmol/kg CAPE for CPF+CAPE group and intraperitoneal injection of 10% ethanol diluted in physiological saline solution for 21days for ethanol (E) group. All the mice were fed with normal feed and tap water ad libitum. At the end of the study, PON1 activity, lipid profile (except for brain), and TSA, TAC and TOC levels in the plasma and brain tissue were analyzed. Tissue samples of brain substantia nigra were evaluated histopathologically. ResultsLevels of plasma TAC, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and PON1 activity were statistically lower in CPF group than the other groups (P<0.001). Also, levels of plasma TOC, TSA, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were statistically higher in CPF group than the other groups(P<0.001). PON1 activity and level of TAC were significantly lower in brain tissue of CPF groups (P<0.001). In addition, TOC and TSA levels were significantly higher in brain tissue in CPF group (P<0.001). ConclusionIn conclusion, CAPE showed a protective effect on PON1 activity and levels of lipid profile, TSA, TAC and TOC in plasma and brain tissue and prevented the neurodegenerations in brain tissue in CPF-induced Parkinson's disease.

Paraoxonase activity in the serum of peripartum dairy cows with different placental lactogen concentrations

The action of the bovine placental lactogen (bPL) hormone on maternal metabolism is still poorly known. Some markers, such as the acute phase protein paraoxonase (PON1), are used as indicators of liver function and help to determine the metabolic condition during the transition period in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of paraoxonase (PON1) in the serum of peripartum dairy cows with different levels of bPL. Based on the plasma bPL concentration, 18 cows were divided equally into three groups: LOW ( &lt; 2,68 ng bPL mL-1), MEDIUM (2,68–2,80 ng bPL mL-1), and HIGH ( &gt; 2,80 ng bPL mL-1). The experiment was conducted between 21 days prepartum and 28 days postpartum. Serum samples were collected during the experiment for the determination of bPL concentrations and PON1 activity. The bPL concentration was significantly different between the experimental groups (P ? 0,0001) and the days of serum collection (P ? 0,0001). In the prepartum dairy cows, the PON1 levels were different between the groups (P ? 0,05) and the days of serum collection (P ? 0,05). Cows with high bPL concentration had lower serum PON1 activity (P ? 0,05), while cows with low hormone levels had higher enzyme activity (P ? 0,05). In the postpartum period, there was a significant difference between the days of serum collection (P ? 0,0001) and the interaction between groups and collections (P ? 0,01). The group with high concentrations of bPL had lower levels of PON1 (P ? 0,01), while the group with low bPL maintained higher concentrations of PON1 (P ? 0,01). It was concluded that the cows with higher concentrations of bPL in the prepartum period present a reduction in the serum activity of the PON1 enzyme during the peripartum period.

Serum Oxidative Stress Levels in Patients with Nasal Septal Deviation.

Comparison of the total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and paraoxonase (PON1) serum levels in patients with nasal septum deviation (NSD) and healthy subjects. The TAS, TOS, and PON1 serum levels of 47 patients with NSD (mean age 35.3) and 50 healthy subjects (mean age 37.8) were compared in this study. We found significantly higher TAS levels in the control group (p<0.001). The mean TAS value was 1.196 mmoL/L in the control group, whereas it was 1.046 mmoL/L in the NSD group. On the other hand, TOS was significantly higher in the NSD group (p<0.001). We found that the mean TOS value was 6.600 mmoL/L in the control group, and 20.194 mmoL/L in the NSD group. The NSD and control groups had similar PON1 levels (p=0.446). The mean PON1 value was 279.64 U/L in the control group, and 324.21 U/L in the NSD group. We detected higher TOS and lower TAS levels in patients with NSD compared to healthy subjects. These results indicate that patients with NSD are exposed to oxidative stress.

Levels of paraoxonase, high-density lipoprotein and total sialic acid levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Paraoxonase (PON1) have been considered to have a role in various pathological processes, including inflammatory response, cardiovascular disease and recently also in ovarian dysfunction. We aimed to evaluate relation high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels and PON1 activity and total sialic acid status (TSA) levels in serum of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and healthy individuals. Twenty PCOS patients (PCOS group) and 20 healthy nonhyperandrogenic women (control group) were studied in the current study. Levels of HDL, TSA, and activity of PON1 were measured in serum of PCOS patients. Levels of PON1 activity and level of HDL were significantly lower in the PCOS group than in the control group. TSA levels were higher in the PCOS group than the control group. There was also a significant correlation between the parameters and syndrome initiation. In conclusion, patients with PCOS had high level of PON1. It might be hypothesized that elevated serum TSA, HDL and PON1 may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk in PCOS and/or menstrual irregularities associated with this syndrome.

Phenol-enriched olive oils modify paraoxonase-related variables: A randomized, crossover, controlled trial.

Low paraoxonase (PON)1 activities, and high PON1 and low PON3 protein levels are characteristic of cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to assess short- and long-term effects of virgin olive oils (VOO), enriched with their own phenolic compounds (PC; FVOO) or with them plus complementary PC from thyme (FVOOT), on PON-related variables and the mechanisms involved. Two randomized, controlled, double-blind, and crossover interventions were conducted. In an acute intake study, participants ingested three FVOOs differing in PC content. In a sustained intake study, participants ingested a control VOO and two different FVOOs with the same PC content but differing in PC source. Acute and sustained intake of VOO and FVOO decreased PON1 protein and increased PON1-associated specific activities, while FVOOT yielded opposite results. PON3 protein levels increased only after sustained consumption of VOO. Mechanistic studies performed in rat livers showed that intake of isolated PC from VOO and from thyme modulate mitogen-activated protein kinases and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors regulating PON synthesis, while a combination of these PCs cancels such regulation. This study reveals that the intake of phenol-enriched FVOOs modulates oxidative balance by modifying PON-related variables according to PC content and source, and this modulation can be perceived as beneficial.

Paraoxonase and arylesterase activity in bladder cancer.

Oxidative stress is the main pathogenetic mechanism in bladder cancer among many other causes. We aimed to investigate whether a potential relationship exists between bladder cancer and the activities of paraoxonase (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE) enzymes. The study included 56 patients with bladder cancer, and 57 healthy individuals. The relationships between enzyme activity and tumour grade, stage, muscular invasion and tumour size were evaluated. For statistical analysis, One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Independent-T, ANOVA and Post-Hoc Bonferroni tests were used. Serum levels of PON1 and ARE enzymes, and total cholesterol were significantly lower in bladder cancer group. While other lipid parameters were similar in both the patient and the control groups. Levels of ARE were positively correlated with lipid parameters except for HDL cholesterol. Our results showed that decreased serum PON1 and ARE enzyme activities are related with tumour load and recurrence. Further studies with larger samples are needed to confirm predictive role of enzymatic activities of PON1 and ARE in the diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer.

Abstract 569: Albuminuria, the HDL Proteome, and Prevalent Coronary Artery Calcium in Type 1 Diabetes

Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Albuminuria is strongly associated with CVD risk and fully accounts for the excess overall mortality risk in some T1D cohorts. One important contributor might be alterations of the HDL proteome. In the current study, we tested the hypotheses that albuminuria is associated with alterations in the HDL proteome in T1D, and that these alterations are associated with prevalent CVD. We performed a cross-sectional study of 191 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) participants selected according to levels of urine albumin excretion (67 persistent normoalbuminuria, 64 persistent microalbuminuria, and 60 persistent macroalbuminuria). We used targeted proteomics and isotope dilution tandem-mass spectrometry to quantify the concentration of 47 proteins in HDL. Adjusting for age, sex, DCCT treatment group, duration of diabetes, lipid-lowering medications, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, smoking, BMI, and HbA1c, and after accounting for multiple comparisons, six proteins in HDL were significantly associated with albuminuria (2 increased and 4 decreased). For example, compared to normoalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria was associated with 57% and 177% higher AMBP ( P =0.0003) and PTGDS ( P =0.0006), respectively, and 28% and 27% lower PON1 ( P =0.002) and PON3 ( P =0.008), respectively. Furthermore, PON1 and PON3 in HDL were strongly and negatively associated with the presence of coronary artery calcium, with odds ratios per 1-SD difference of 0.63 (0.43-0.92, 95% CI, P =0.02) for PON1 and 0.59 (0.40-0.87, 95% CI, P =0.008) for PON3. Our observations indicate that the HDL proteome is remodeled in albuminuric patients with T1D, and that these alterations in HDL’s protein cargo may mediate, in part, the relationship of albuminuria with CVD. Because PON1 and PON3 are anti-atherogenic in hypercholesterolemic mice, our data suggest that low levels of PON1 and PON3 in HDL increase the risk of atherosclerosis in diabetic humans. In future studies, it will be important to determine whether reductions of PON1 and PON3 in HDL predict the risk of future CVD in subjects with T1D.

Paraoxonase-1 activity is related to Trichinella spiralis-induced hepatitis in rats.

Little is known about the potential adverse effects of a chronic zoonotic nematode Trichinella spiralis infection on hepatic inflammation and its relationship to paraoxonase (PON)-1 and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of T.spiralis infection on hepatic synthesis of PON1. Wistar rats were infected with 2500 first-stage larvae (L1) of T.spiralis, and serum PON1 and BuChE activities were evaluated. Hepatic expression levels of PON1, BuChE and various cytokines and chemokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1] were evaluated for up to 9weeks post-infection (p.i.). The effect of these changes on the degree of hepatic apoptosis was also investigated. Trichinella spiralis infection in rats induced significant decreases in serum PON1 activities from day 2 until week 7 p.i. and BuChE activity starting from day 4 until 2weeks p.i. Moreover, T.spiralis infection increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and TGF-β1 during the enteral phase of the parasite life cycle. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 showed significant increases during the enteral phase for the former and the muscle phase for the latter. These were associated with hepatic inflammation and apoptosis. These events typically decreased hepatic PON1 and BuChE mRNA expression. Immune responses mounted against T.spiralis infection in rats were associated with hepatic inflammation and a subsequent decrease in serum PON1 and BuChE activities.

Effect of the Oxidant-Antioxidant System in Seminal Plasma on Varicocele and Idiopathic Infertility in Male Humans.

The aim of this study was to investigate seminal oxidant-antioxidant activity in idiopathic and varicocele infertility in men. Total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), paraoxonase (PON1), aryl esterase (ARE), and total thiol levels (TTL) were measured in seminal plasma with an autoanalyzer. The TOS/TAC ratio was determined as the oxidative stress index (OSI). A histopathological evaluation of the sperm was performed in the andrology laboratory of the hospital. Number, motility, morphology, volume, pH, and leukocytes were evaluated in all samples according to World Health Organization criteria. The three study groups were as follows: G1, males with idiopathic infertility; G2, males with varicocele infertility; and G3, normal healthy males (had fathered a child in the last 2 years). Each group was composed of 36 men (age, 25 - 40 years). The Rel Assay Diagnostics kit was used to determine the levels of the parameters. The study was conducted according to the principles of the declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Sakarya University Medicine Faculty Ethic Committee (e.n: 16214662/050.01.04/07). Statistical significance was assumed if p < 0.05. All statistical evaluations were performed using SPSS (version 20.0 for Windows; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). No differences were detected between the mean values of antioxidant parameters among the three groups (Kruskal-Wallis test). The p-values of the test parameters (TAC, TOS, PON1, ARE, TTL, OSI) are respectively: 0.494, 0.548, 0.068, 0.151, 0.202, 0.873. The antioxidant parameters of all subjects were compared using the MannWhitney U-test in both groups as fertile (G3) and infertile (G1 + G2). The PON1 levels in infertile subjects were significantly higher than those in fertile subjects. There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.042). The other antioxidant parameters had no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The ARE was not performed in group 3 (control) due to a methodological problem. PON1 levels in infertile subjects were significantly higher than those of fertile subjects.

Evaluation of Paraoxonase, Arylesterase and Malondialdehyde Levels in Schizophrenia Patients Taking Typical, Atypical and Combined Antipsychotic Treatment.

ObjectiveHuman serum paraoxonase (PON1) prevents lipids from peroxidation and functions as an antioxidant mechanism. Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) is the final product of lipid peroxidation and can be used as an indicator of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate PON1, MDA, and arylesterase (ARY) levels in schizophrenic patients who are taking typical, atypical, or combined (typical and atypical) antipsychotic drug treatment, with respect to those of healthy controls.MethodsWe evaluated 41 patients (11 taking typical antipsychotics, 19 taking atypical antipsychotics, 11 taking combined anti-psychotics) and 43 healthy controls.ResultsMDA levels were higher in schizophrenic patients taking typical antipsychotics compared with healthy controls (p=0.001). ARY levels were higher in patients taking atypical antipsychotics compared with healthy controls (p=0.005). PON1 activity was similar in all groups.ConclusionOur results indicate that treatment with typical antipsychotic drugs could be related to increased MDA levels; and antipsychotic medication may increase PON1 levels in schizophrenic patients.

Total antioxidant, total oxidant and serum paraoxonase levels according to lipid administration method in parenterally fed premature infants

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine whether lipid solutions delivered separately or in mixture with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions effect the balance between oxidant and antioxidant levels in premature infants.Methods: A total of 60 preterm newborns who were delivered at their 30–34 gestational weeks and received TPN were included in the study. Premature newborns were randomized into two groups based on the delivery method of the lipid solution, separately (Group 1) or in mixture with TPN solutions (Group 2). Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and paraoxonase (PON-1) levels were analyzed in both blood samples, and oxidative stress index (OSI) was also calculated.Results: Thirty cases from both groups were included in the study. Statistically significant decrease in the level of TAS and increase in the level of PON-1 were detected at 72 h of TPN therapy in both groups (p < 0.05). Statistically significant decrease in both TOS and OSI levels were observed in Group 2 (p < 0.05). In association with these findings, any statistically significant intergroup difference was not detected in both parameters regarding oxidant balance (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Our study showed that according to lipid administration method any difference for oxidant–antioxidant balance was not detected.

Effect of Lipoic Acid on Serum Paraoxonase-1 and Paraoxonase-3 Protein Levels and Activities in Diabetic Rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and lipoic acid treatment on serum paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-3 protein levels and paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities.36 rats were equally and randomly divided into 4 groups as control, lipoic acid, diabetes and diabetes+lipoic acid. To induce diabetes, a single dose of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to diabetes and diabetes+lipoic acid groups. Lipoic acid (10 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally for 14 days to lipoic acid and diabetes+lipoic acid groups. Serum PON1 and PON3 protein levels were measured by western blotting. Serum paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities were determined by the measuring initial rate of substrate (paraoxon, phenylacetate and dihydrocoumarin) hydrolysis.Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus caused a significant decrease whereas lipoic acid treatment caused a significant increase in serum PON1 and PON3 protein levels and paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities. The increase percent of serum PON3 protein was higher than that of serum PON1 protein and the increase percent of serum lactonase activity was higher than that of serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in diabetes+lipoic acid group.We can report that, like PON1 protein, PON3 protein and actually its lactonase activity may also have a role as an antioxidant in diabetes mellitus and lipoic acid treatment may be useful for the prevention of the atherosclerotic complications of diabetes by increasing serum PON1 and PON3 protein levels and serum enzyme activities.

Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in adults with vitamin B12 deficiency

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARES) enzyme activity in adults with vitamin B12 deficiency, and specific changes in the activities of these enzymes following vitamin B12 treatment.Methods: A total of 46 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency (aged 18–82 years) and 45 healthy volunteer controls (aged 19–64 years) participated in this study. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum vitamin B12, homocysteine (HCY), methylmalonic acid, PON1, and ARES levels were measured.Results: Paired comparison showed that pre- and post-treatment values for PON and ARES were similar between patients and controls (both P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between patients’ pre-/post-treatment PON or HCY levels and serum vitamin B12 levels, compared with those of the control group (P > 0.05).Discussion: The results of the present study do not support the hypothesis that the antioxidant enzymes PON and ARES have an underlying role in vitamin B12 deficiency and related hyperhomocysteinemia. Our findings suggest that PON and ARES do not play a role in the systemic effects of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Paraoxonase Activity and Lipid Profile in Paediatric Nephrotic Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study.

Dyslipidaemia of Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is known to be linked to oxidative reactions and atherosclerosis. Paraoxonase (PON1) has been implicated in the prevention of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) lipid peroxidation and also degrades biologically active oxidised lipids in lipoprotein. The present study was taken up to assess PON1 levels in paediatric nephrotic syndrome and also to see if any correlation exists between lipid parameters and PON1. This study consists of Group 1 with 40 cases of NS in the age group of 2-14 years and Group 2 with 40 age and sex matched healthy controls. Lipid profile and paraoxonase activity was measured in serum samples of both the groups. Statistical analysis by student's t-test showed that the mean levels of Total Cholesterol, Trigylycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly increased in Group 1 when compared to Group 2 (p <0.001). The mean levels of HDL were similar in both groups. The levels of PON1 were significantly lowered in Group 1 when compared to Group 2. Correlation studies showed no significant correlation between lipid profile and PON1. Cases have atherosclerotic dyslipidaemia and significantly decreased PON1 activity. Decreased PON1 may lead to increased oxidation of LDL accelerating the process of atherosclerosis.

Serum Protein KNG1, APOC3, and PON1 as Potential Biomarkers for Yin-Deficiency-Heat Syndrome.

Yin-deficiency-heat (YDH) syndrome is a concept in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for describing subhealth status. However, there are few efficient diagnostic methods available for confirming YDH syndrome. To explore the novel method for diagnosing YDH syndrome, we applied iTRAQ to observe the serum protein profiles in YDH syndrome rats and confirmed protein levels by ELISA. A total of 92 differentially expressed proteins (63 upregulated proteins and 29 downregulated proteins), which were mainly involved in complement and coagulation cascades and glucose metabolism pathway, were identified by the proteomic experiments. Kininogen 1 (KNG1) was significantly increased (p < 0.0001), while apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3, p < 0.005) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1, p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the serum of YDH syndrome rats. The combination of KNG1, APOC3, and PON1 constituted a diagnostic model with 100.0% sensitivity and 85.0% specificity. The results indicated that KNG1, APOC3, and PON1 may act as potential biomarkers for diagnosing YDH syndrome. KNG1 may regulate cytokines and chemokines release in YDH syndrome, and the low levels of PON1 and APOC3 may increase oxidative stress and lipolysis in YDH syndrome, respectively. Our work provides a novel method for YDH syndrome diagnosis and also provides valuable experimental basis to understand the molecular mechanism of YDH syndrome.