Extraction Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Polysaccharide extraction from Myxopyrum smilacifolium trunk and its antioxidant capacity

As a traditional medicinal plant in Vietnam, Myxopyrum smilacifolium has been used for a long history to treat cough, nervous disorders, numbness, rheumatism, and cephalalgia. Nevertheless, reports on the antioxidant activity and extraction of M. smilacifolium polysaccharides are still very rare. This study was designed to extract a high yield of polysaccharides from the M. smilacifolium trunk and characterize it. As a result, the maximum yield of the polysaccharides of 5.13 ± 0.05% was obtained with an extraction time of three hours, extraction temperature of 100 oC, the ratio of water to sample of 1:50 as extraction solution, extraction number of times 3, and the ratio of ethanol to extract volume 5:1 (v/v). Polysaccharides was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC). The average molecular weight of extracted polysaccharides was around 3.78 × 105 Da. In vitro assays dan impressive antioxidant activities of the extracted polysaccharides, containing 0.2423 ± 0.0028 mg GA/g or 0.2142 ± 0.0007 μmol AS/g. The IC50 values of polysaccharides in the DPPH and ABTS methods were 0.89 mg/mL and 3.85 mg/mL, respectively. These findings exhibited the potential for application or further research and development of polysaccharides from Myxopyrum smilacifolium.

Solution properties of laccase-treated pectic polysaccharides derived from steam-dried sugar beet pulp

Steam-drying of sugar beet pulp enables hot water extraction of pectic polysaccharides without adding acid to the extraction medium with a yield higher than the conventional preparation method but a lower molecular weight. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of laccase treatment on the molecular weight and solution properties of the pectic polysaccharides derived from steam-dried sugar beet pulp using hot water extraction. The weight average molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of the pectic polysaccharides increased from 97.1 kDa to 147 kDa and from 0.383 dL/g to 0.525 dL/g due to isopropanol fractionation to remove low molecular weight fractions, respectively, and then to 661 kDa and 0.832 dL/g by the laccase treatment at the highest laccase rate examined, respectively. The intrinsic viscosity values showed a power-law relationship with the molecular weight, the exponent value of which was found to be 0.32 prior to the isopropanol fractionation or 0.38 after the isopropanol fractionation. These values were much lower than that derived theoretically for a random coil (0.5) and closer to that for a sphere (0.33). Compared to the results previously reported for various polysaccharides, the concentration dependence of the specific viscosity in the semi-dilute region was weaker, the critical concentration which is the threshold between dilute and semi-dilute solutions was higher, and the so-called coil overlap parameter was lower. The present results indicate that the pectic polysaccharides examined in this study had highly branched, compact, and spherical molecular structure.

Optimized Extraction and Fermentation of Antioxidant Polysaccharides from Polygonatum odoratum

Purpose: We wished to determine the optimal method for the extraction of polysaccharides with antioxidant activities from <i>Polygonatum odoratum</i>.Methods: Single-factor and orthogonal tests were applied to identify the best parameters for water extraction and fermentation. The solid-liquid ratio, temperature, and duration of water extraction were determined according to the total polysaccharide content. The fermentation temperature, agitation speed, inoculation amount, and fermentation time were investigated according to the optical density of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The molecular weight distributions of water- and fermentation-extracted polysaccharides were determined by high performance gel permeation chromatography. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ABTS radical scavenging capacities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).Results: The optimum water extraction parameters were 80°C for 2.5 h with a 1:60 solid-liquid ratio. For fermentation, an 8% extraction volume was inoculated with <i>S. cerevisiae</i>. Optimal fermentation occurred at 28°C for 28 h, with an agitation speed of 180 r/min. The molecular weights of water- and fermentation-extracted polysaccharides were 2.067×10<sup>4</sup> and 9.475×10<sup>3</sup> Da, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP results demonstrated an obvious increase in antioxidant activity after fermentation.Conclusion: The fermentation extraction of <i>P. odoratum</i> may provide valuable materials for future cosmetic use.

Extraction of Polysaccharides from Root of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax. and the Effects of Ultrasound Treatment on Its Properties and Antioxidant and Immune Activities.

The hydrophilic polysaccharides (PS) were isolated and purified from the tuberous roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla. The extraction process of PS from Pesudostellariae radix was optimized by single-factor experiments and orthogonal design. The extract was purified by DEAE cellulose column to obtain the pure polysaccharide PHP. Then PHP was treated with different intensities of sonication to study the effect of sonication on PHP's characteristics and its biological activity in vitro and in vivo. The results of this study revealed that ultrasound treatment did not significantly change the properties of PHP. Further, with the increase of ultrasound intensity, PHP enhanced the proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophage RAW264.7. Meanwhile, it could also significantly improve the body's antioxidant activity and immune function. The results of this study demonstrated that PHP has the potential as a food additive with enhanced antioxidant and immune functions, and its biological activities could be enhanced by sonication.

Characterization and biological activities of polysaccharides extracted from Auricularia auricula with different extraction methods

Polysaccharides derived from Auricularia auricula exhibit diverse biological activities and hold significant potential for commercial utilization as functional food ingredients. In this investigation, polysaccharides from A. auricula were obtained using six extraction techniques (ammonium oxalate solution extraction, sodium hydroxide solution extraction, hot water extraction, pectinase and cellulase-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction). Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison was conducted to evaluate their physicochemical properties and biological functionalities. The ammonium oxalate solution extraction method yielded a higher extraction rate (11.76%) and polysaccharide content (84.12%), as well as a higher uronic acid content (10.13%). Although the six Auricularia polysaccharides had different molecular weight distributions, monosaccharide molar ratios, similar monosaccharide compositions, and characteristic functional groups of polysaccharides, they exhibited different surface morphology. In vitro assays showed that polysaccharides extracted by ammonium oxalate solution possessed good scavenging ability against DPPH free radical, hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion free radical as well as reduction power of iron ion. At the same time, both polysaccharides extracted by ammonium oxalate solution and sodium hydroxide solution promoted NO production in mouse macrophages along with the secretion of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These results indicated significant differences in the structure and characteristics among Auricularia polysaccharides prepared by various extraction methods, which may be related to the variety or origin of A. auricula; furthermore, their bioactivities varied accordingly in vitro assays where the ammonium oxalate solution extraction method was found more beneficial for obtaining high-quality bioactive Auricularia polysaccharides.

Antioxidant activity of Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia contributions of different solvent extractions and their inhibitory effect on α-amylase

Phellinus spp. have historically been used as traditional medicines to treat various diseases owing to their antioxidant, antitumor, and antidiabetic activities. Polysaccharides exhibit antidiabetic activity. In the present study, the polysaccharide contents of four Phellinus strains were compared. Phellinus igniarius QB72 possessed higher polysaccharide production, stronger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and α-amylase inhibitory activity. The three polysaccharides were sequentially extracted and partially purified from the fermentation mycelia using hot water, 1 % (NH4)2C2O4, and 1.25 M NaOH. Hot water extract polysaccharides exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging and strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase with an IC50 value of 6.84 ± 0.37 mg/mL. The carbohydrate content of A1 (approximately 17457 Da) was approximately 88.28 %. The α-amylase inhibitory activity IC50 was decreased (3.178 ± 0.187 mg/mL) after DEAE water elution. P. igniarius QB72 hot-water extracts of partially purified polysaccharides have great potential as α-amylase inhibitors in food and medication-assisted additives.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from faba bean (Vicia faba L.) pod: optimization based on extraction yield, total phenolic content, and evaluation of its antioxidant activity

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from faba bean (Vicia faba L.) pod: optimization based on extraction yield, total phenolic content, and evaluation of its antioxidant activity

Anti-inflammatory mechanism and application of mycelial polysaccharides

Studies have shown that mycelial polysaccharides can regulate the body's resistance to inflammation in different ways, this paper briefly describes how the extraction of mycelial polysaccharides can reduce the impact on the performance of mycelium, as well as some of the mycelial polysaccharides on the mechanism of inflammation resistance. In order to provide a theoretical basis for helping mycelial polysaccharides to become good anti-inflammatory drugs.

Ultrasonic extraction of Moringa oleifera seeds polysaccharides: Optimization, purification, and anti-inflammatory activities

Natural polysaccharides exhibit numerous beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities. Moringa oleifera seeds are of high dietary and therapeutic value which drew a lot of attention. However, the regulation effect on anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides remains to be studied. Herein, novel bioactive polysaccharides (MOSP-1) were extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds, and the anti-inflammatory properties of MOSP-1 were uncovered. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to prepare the polysaccharides with optimized conditions (70 °C, 43 min, and liquid-solid-ratio 15 mL/g). Then, DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow columns were applied to isolate and purify MOSP-1. Rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose were identified as the monosaccharide constituents of MOSP-1, with a molecular weight of 5.697 kDa. Their proportion in molarity was 1:0.183:0.108:0.860 and 8 types of glycosidic linkages were discovered. Bioactive assays showed that MOSP-1 possessed scavenging activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals, confirming its potential antioxidation efficacy. In vitro experiments revealed that MOSP-1 could reduce the expression of inflammation-related cytokines, inhibit the activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 (the MAPK signaling pathway), and enhance phagocytic functions. This study indicates that polysaccharides (MOSP-1) from Moringa oleifera seeds with anti-inflammatory properties may be used for functional food and pharmaceutical product development.

Efficient extraction of pectic polysaccharides from thinned unripe kiwifruits by deep eutectic solvent-based methods: Chemical structures and bioactivities

To promote the potentially industrial applications of thinned unripe kiwifruits, two deep eutectic solvent-based methods, including deep eutectic solvent-assisted extraction (DAE) and microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (MDE), were optimized for the extraction of polysaccharides from thinned unripe kiwifruits (YKP). Results showed that the yields of YKP-D prepared by DAE and YKP-DM prepared by MDE were extremely higher than YKP-H prepared by hot water extraction. Furthermore, YKP-H, YKP-D, and YKP-DM were mainly composed of pectic polysaccharides, including homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) domains. Besides, both YKP-D and YKP-DM exhibited stronger antioxidant, anti-glycosylation, and immunomodulatory effects than those of YKP-H, and their higher contents of uronic acids and bound polyphenols as well as lower molecular weights could partially contribute to their bioactivities. Overall, these results revealed that the developed MDE method could be utilized as a promising method for highly efficient extraction of YKP with superior beneficial effects.

Effects of Near-Freezing Temperature Combined with Jujube Polysaccharides Treatment on Proteomic Analysis of 'Diaogan' Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.).

This study involved the extraction of polysaccharides from jujube for application in apricot storage. Although near-freezing temperature (NFT) storage is commonly employed for preserving fresh fruit, its effectiveness is somewhat limited. Incorporating jujube polysaccharides was proposed to augment the preservative effect on apricots. Our findings demonstrated that the combined use of NFT and jujube polysaccharides can maintain fruit color, and effectively inhibit decay. Additionally, Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) quantitative proteomic technology was utilized to analyze protein variations in 'Diaogan' apricots during storage. This dual approach not only markedly lowered the activity of polyphenol cell wall-degrading enzymes (p < 0.05) but also revealed 1054 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), which are related to sugar and energy metabolism, stress response and defense, lipid metabolism, and cell wall degradation. The changes in DEPs indicated that the combined use of NFT and jujube polysaccharides could accelerate the conversion of malic acid to oxaloacetic acid and regulate antioxidant ability, potentially extending the storage lifespan of apricot fruit.

Использование новых кормовых добавок из местных растительных ресурсов в рационах кур-несушек

Purpose. To establish the effect of extruded grain of amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus chlorostachys) with and without the addition of a complex of enzymes, sunflower polysaccharide extract (hereinafter referred to as SPE), sunflower and pumpkin fuses in combination with bischofite on economic, biological, hematological indicators and the immune status of laying hens. Materials and Methods. The experiment was carried out on laying hens of the industrial herd of the Hayseks brown cross at the breeding enterprise of the Volgograd region of the Svetloyarsky district on the basis of Agricultural enterprise "Svetly" JSC "Agrofirm Vostok". Blood biochemical parameters were determined according to the methods of JSC "Deacon-DS" using the appropriate set of biochemical reagents on automatic biochemical analyzers URIT-800Vet, URIT-3020, other studies – on certified equipment in the complex analytical laboratory of VRIMMP (Volgograd, Russia). The obtained results were processed using software, calculating the mean value (M), standard errors of the mean value (±SEM) and determination of the Student-Fisher test for the significance of the difference. Results. The positive dynamics of cholesterol reduction by 6.87% was proved with the addition of 10% amaranth and by 9.86% with the addition of 10% amaranth and 250 g/t of the multienzyme complex. The use of sunflower polysaccharide extract in feeding laying hens – a by-product of sunflower oil production – in the amount of 3; 5 and 7% contributed to an increase in the yield of hatching eggs, respectively, by 88, 239 and 149 pcs. regarding control, increase in the intensity of egg production, feed conversion. The highest efficiency in the production of hatching eggs was achieved when using sunflower polysaccharide extract at a dosage of 5.0% in the diet structure. A significant increase in the productivity of chickens of all experimental groups by a value of 2.00 to 3.94% (P≤0.001) was established with the addition of pumpkin, sunflower phosphatides and bischofite, while the upper value was recorded with the addition of sunflower phosphatides and bischofite. The addition of pumpkin phosphatides contributed to the greatest increase in the weight of the laid egg relative to the control by 2.7 g (4.38%). Feeding both types of phosphatides contributed to the economy of feed, lowering cholesterol levels by 2 to 3.6%. The use of bischofite was manifested in a significant increase in the thickness of the shell, respectively, by a value from 13.0 to 21.2 microns. Conclusion. The greatest reduction in cholesterol levels (by 9.86%) and efficiency in the production of eggs was achieved with the addition of 10% amaranth and 250 g/t of the multi-enzyme complex. The best economic and biological indicators of poultry were recorded when using sunflower polysaccharide extract at a dosage of 5.0% in the diet structure. The addition of sunflower phosphatides in the amount of 3% and 2.6% bischofite contributed to a significant increase in the productivity of chickens by 3.94% (P≤0.001). The addition of pumpkin phosphatides contributed to the greatest increase in the weight of the laid egg relative to the control by 2.7 g (4.38%). The inclusion of bischofite in the diet of laying hens resulted in a significant increase in shell thickness by 13.0 to 21.2 µm.

A polysaccharide from the seed of Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi: Extraction, purification, characterization and functional properties

Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi is widely distributed in Yunnan and Guizhou, China, and the perisperm of its seeds is frequently used as a traditional banquet sweet food with transparent color, smooth-tasting, low-fat, and high-carbohydrate. Herein, a cellulase-assisted extraction method was applied using response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the seeds of G. japonica var. delavayi. The highest extraction yield (82.23 ± 0.50%) was obtained under 5% cellulase, 176 mL/g liquid-to-material ratio, and enzymolysis parameters of 55 °C for 90 min at pH 4.5. The purified seed polysaccharide (PS) primarily contained galactomannan (weight average molecular weight, 42.74 kDa), which was linked by the monosaccharide residues 1,6-α-Galp, 1,4,6-α-D-Galp, 1,2,4,6-β-D-Manp, and 1,3,6-α-D-Galp. The PS obtained has a single-crystal structure, is thermodynamically stable, and its molecules aggregate in water. Furthermore, PS possesses high cholate binding capacity and a substantial inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Taken together, the findings of this report offer a theoretical foundation for developing and utilizing G. japonica var. delavayi.

Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antiviral Activity of Sulfated Polysaccharide (Fucoidan) from Sargassum asperifolium (Turner) J. Agardh

Brown algae possess a diverse array of acidic polysaccharides, including fucoidan. The present research intends to investigate the extraction and characterization of algal polysaccharides to explore their antiviral activity. A light brown sulfated polysaccharide was extracted (with a yield of 18% of dry weight) from Sargassum asperifolium algal powder. The results of fractionation of sulfated polysaccharide revealed the occurrence of two primary fractions: low-sulfated polysaccharides (SPF1) and high-sulfated polysaccharides (SPF2). The bioassays conducted on SPF2 demonstrated a greater level of antioxidant activity compared to SPF1, with respective IC50 values of 17 ± 1.3 µg/mL and 31 ± 1.1 μg/mL after a duration of 120 min. The cytotoxicity of SPF2 on Vero cells was determined, and the calculated half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was found to be 178 ± 1.05 µg/mL. Based on these results, an antiviral activity assay was conducted on SPF2. The results demonstrated that SPF2 had greater efficacy against Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) compared to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1), with corresponding half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 48 ± 1.8 µg/mL and 123 ± 2.6 µg/mL, respectively. The active SPF2 was characterized by FT-IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The extracted fucoidan can be used as a natural therapeutic agent in combating various viral infections.

Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum fermentation on the physicochemical, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory ability of polysaccharides from Lvjian okra

Okra polysaccharides exhibits a range of biological activities. To date, its processing using microbial fermentation has not been explored. This study investigated the fermentation of okra juice with various lactic acid bacteria, followed by the extraction and characterization of crude polysaccharides (termed OPS-F), in contrast to their non-fermented counterpart (OPS). Changes in physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory ability were noted. The results demonstrated that OPS-F had a 7.42–12.53 % increase in total polysaccharides content compared to OPS. However, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography indicated a reduction in the molecular weight of OPS-F (7.9–9.5 × 105 Da) relative to OPS (1.66 × 106 Da). Compared to OPS, OPS-F had reduced levels of mannose, glucose, glucuronic acid and arabinose, but increased rhamnose, galacturonic acid and galactose, exhibiting enhanced solubility and lower apparent viscosity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed minimal changes in polysaccharide structure post-fermentation. Moreover, despite a decrease in antioxidant activity post-fermentation, OPS-F exhibited superior immunomodulatory potential. In conclusion, fermenting okra juice with lactic acid bacteria alters the physicochemical properties of crude polysaccharides and enhances their immunomodulatory activity, offering a promising approach for developing new functional food resources.

Extraction and structural profiling of polysaccharides from Rehmannia glutinosa and anti-inflammatory action via the NF-κB/IκBα pathway

Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch is a useful crop for both industrial and medical use. Polysaccharide is one of the rich components, while its separation, purification and structural characteristics are rarely reported. In this work, two new natural polysaccharides, RGP90–1–1 and RGP90–1–2 (molecular weights 13.2 kDa and 6.2 kDa, respectively), were obtained from Rehmannia glutinosa. The structural characteristics, including monosaccharide composition, linkage, and configuration, were analyzed by HPLC, FT-IR, GC-MS NMR spectroscopy, and so on. The main component of RGP90–1–1 was arabinose, with trace amounts of glucose and xylose, with the linkages L-Araf-(1→, →3)-L-Araf-(1→, →5)-L-Araf-(1→, D-Glcp-(1→, →3, 5)-L-Araf-(1→, →2, 5)-L-Araf-(1→, →6)-D-Glcp-(1→ and →2, 3, 4)-D-Xylp-(1→. RGP90–1–2 consisted of large amounts of arabinose and a small amount of glucose, with linkages including L-Araf-(1→, →3)-L-Araf-(1→, →5)-L-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-L-Araf-(1→ and →6)-D-Glcp-(1→. Furthermore, inhibition experiments of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities showed that RGP90–1–1 and RGP90–1–2 had potential hypoglycemic effects. In vitro, RGP90–1–2 dose-dependently attenuated the secretion of nitric oxide and the expression of iNOS in LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammation model and exerted significant anti-inflammatory effects via NF-κB/IκBα pathway. The findings suggest that RGP90–1–1 and RGP90–1–2 have the potential for development into new hypoglycemic drugs or health food. It offers a scientific foundation for increasing the planting applications and public awareness of Rehmannia glutinosa.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Ulva rigida and evaluation of their antioxidant activity

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of sulfated polysaccharides from the cell walls of Ulva rigida green macroalgae was performed with a central composite design using the independent variables (pH 2–10, extraction temperature 40–80 °C, time 50–130 min and liquid/solid ratio of raw material 15–75 mL/g) with response surface methodology. Optimum conditions were obtained as pH 4.92, extraction temperature 73 °C, time 126 min, and the liquid/solid ratio of the raw material as 68 mL/g. Under these optimum conditions, the experimental yield was obtained as 13.22 %, and the results were close and in harmony with the estimated value of 12.91 %. FT-IR results, especially at the peaks corresponding to wave numbers 850 cm−1 and 1256 cm−1, the tension vibrations of sulfated esters in C-O-S and SO bonds were more clearly observed in the extracted ulvan components. As a result of the SEM images obtained by considering the surface morphology, it was observed that the sulfated polysaccharides from the cell wall were more prominently removed after the lipids were removed and as a result of the precipitation process. While the extracted sulfated polysaccharides showed higher antioxidant activity, although the results were close to each other. The total phenolic content was higher in the extracted sulfated polysaccharides.

Ultrasound assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of polysaccharides from corn stigma: Process optimization, structure characterization, and immunomodulatory activity

The two models of ultrasound assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (UATPE) of polysaccharides from corn stigma were established by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), and compared the prediction ability of RSM and ANN models. Subsequently, the extraction process of corn stigma polysaccharides (CSPs) was optimized by the combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and ANN. The results show that two models could precisely predict the CSPs yield, whereas the prediction ability of ANN was better than RSM. The optimum combination of process parameters was as follows: the ultrasound power of 466 W, extraction temperature of 54 °C, liquid-to-solid ratio of 47 mL/g, and extraction time of 31 min. The highest CSPs yield was 9.89% ± 0.14% under the above parameters, and then the crude CSPs were further purified by DEAE-52 and Sephadex G − 100 chromatography to obtain a homogenous fraction (CSPs-2-SG with a molecular weight of 2.86 × 106 Da) that consisted of Man, GlcA, GalA, Glc, Gal, and Xyl with a molar ratio of 9.14:16.35:11.27:91.08:6.49:4.71. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that CSPs-2-SG showed irregular structures including uneven fragments, some holes, and spherical aggregates on the surface. Finally, the immunomodulatory activity of CSPs-2-SG was evaluated by RAW264.7 cells. CSPs-2-SG could improve viability, phagocytic rate, and NO content of RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, CSPs-2-SG could increase the levels of IL − 1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. The findings provide important references for utilizing corn stigma as a potential natural immune regulator.

Structural Characteristics and Multiple Bioactivities of Volvariella volvacea Polysaccharide Extracts: The Role of Extractive Solvents.

The chemical structures and functional properties of plant-based polysaccharides are critically influenced by extractive solvents, but their roles are not clear. In this study, the structural characteristics and multiple bioactivities of Volvariella volvacea polysaccharides (VVPs) subjected to water (VVP-W), alkalis (sodium hydroxide, VVP-A), and acids (citric acid, VVP-C) as extractive solvents are investigated systematically. Of the above three polysaccharides, VVP-W exhibited the highest molecular weights, apparent viscosity, and viscoelastic properties. Functional analyses revealed that VVP-C had an excellent water-holding capacity, foaming properties, and emulsifying capacity, while VVP-A exhibited a promising oil-holding capacity. Moreover, VVP-C displayed strong inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which could be attributed to its content of total phenolics, proteins, and molecular weights. These findings have important implications for selecting the appropriate extraction techniques to obtain functional polysaccharides with targeted bioactive properties as food additives.

Optimization of Plasma Activated Water Extraction of Pleurotus ostreatus Polysaccharides on Its Physiochemical and Biological Activity Using Response Surface Methodology.

This study focused on optimizing the extraction of P. ostreatus polysaccharides (POPs) using plasma-activated water (PAW). A single factor and response surface methodology were employed to optimize and evaluate the polysaccharide yield, physiochemical characteristics, and biological activities of POPs. The observed findings were compared to those obtained by the conventional hot water extraction method (100 °C, 3 h), as the control treatment. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained at 700 W PAW power, 58 s treatment time, 1:19 sample-to-water ratio, and 15 L/min gas flow rate. In these conditions, the PAW-treated samples experienced changes in surface morphology due to plasma etching, leading to a 288% increase in the polysaccharide yield (11.67%) compared to the control sample (3.01%). Furthermore, the PAW-treated sample exhibited superior performance in terms of biological activities, namely phenolic compounds (53.79 mg GAE/100 g), DPPH scavenging activity (72.77%), and OH scavenging activity (65.03%), which were 29%, 18%, and 38% higher than those of control sample, respectively. The results highlighted the importance of process optimization and provided new evidence for PAW as an alternative approach to enhance the extraction efficiency of POPs, a novel source of natural antioxidants which enables diverse applications in the food industry.