Extraction Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Pulsed Electric Field Treatment of Oat and Barley Flour: Influence on Enzymes, Non-starch Polysaccharides, Dough Rheological Properties, and Application in Flat Bread

AbstractThis study examined the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on enzymes, non-starch polysaccharides, and bread-making potential of oat and barley flour. Enzyme activity, microstructure, β-glucan extractability, molecular weight (Mw) and structure of non-starch polysaccharides, dough rheology, and flat bread properties were determined. An exponential decay model explained better the residual activity of oat β-glucanase across electric field intensity than barley β-glucanase. PEF treatment of flour at 12 kV/cm for 162 ms significantly reduced β-glucanase activity (40.2–76.5%) while increasing the concentration of total β-glucans (33.5%) and water-extractable arabinoxylans (36–41%). Mw of linear β-d-glucans decreased (9%) while Mw of branched arabinoxylans increased (6–33%). Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in microstructure of barley proteins. Blending wheat flour (70%) with oat or barley flour (30% weight) after PEF treatment enhanced gluten aggregation energy (29–19%) and breakdown viscosity (18–43%) of dough, as well as increased β-glucan content (21–32%) but reduced specific volume (11–24%). The findings of this study provide a comprehensive insight into the PEF’s potential for retarding enzymatic reactions and preserving integrity of cereal non-starch polysaccharides.

Comparison of polysaccharides from ginkgo biloba leaves with extracellular polysaccharides from endophytic Lysinibacillus sphaericus Ya6

Ginkgo biloba leaf polysaccharide (GBLP) is a biomolecule with various activities such as anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory, but the natural production is low. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) was isolated and purified from endophytic Lysinibacillus sphaericus Ya6 of ginkgo biloba. Similarities in chemical structure and biological activity of two polysaccharides were investigated. Results showed that both polysaccharides are acidic polysaccharides containing pyran rings with characteristic absorption peaks for polysaccharides and carboxylates. The molecular weights varied slightly, with 13.20 kDa and 12.08 kDa for EPSYa6 and GBLP, respectively. GCMS– showed that fucose was present only in EPSYa6, and rhamnose and arabinose were higher in GBLP than in EPSYa6. These gaps above may result in higher antioxidant activity of GBLP than EPSYa6, as verified in free radical scavenging capacity. EPSYa6 and GBLP also have antibacterial effects, and EPSYa6 has a wide antibacterial spectrum. Overall, EPSYa6 has similar chemical structure and same biological activity to GBLP, which provides a theoretical basis for subsequent product development. This study can alleviate the shortage of polysaccharide resources caused by the long growth cycle of ginkgo and the complex natural polysaccharide extraction process, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the ecological environment.

Pulsed electric field‐assisted extraction of mushroom ß‐glucan from Pleurotus pulmonarius by‐product and study of prebiotic properties

SummaryPleurotus pulmonarius is one of the most widely consumed mushrooms containing low calories and fat. This study aimed to extract polysaccharides mainly ß‐glucan from P. pulmonarius by‐products including cap and stem using pulsed electric field (PEF) and study their prebiotic properties. The by‐products were subjected to PEF at a field strength of 5, 7.5 and 10 kV cm−1, a frequency of 15 Hz and a number of pulses of 12 000; then, the ß‐glucan content was determined with K‐YBGL assay test kit compared with a conventional extraction method using hot water at 100 °C for 6 h. In raw materials, crude carbohydrate contents in the cap and stem were 50.42% and 68.78%, respectively, and the ß‐glucan contents were 34.03% and 50.22%, respectively. After treated with PEF at 7.5 kV cm−1, the highest yield of 4.18% with ß‐glucan content of 14.10% was achieved. And the stem treated at 10 kV cm−1 showed the highest yield of 2.34% with ß‐glucan content of 21.39%. Comparatively lower yield and ß‐glucan contents were found in the samples treated with hot water. Scanning electron micrographs suggested that PEF caused severe damage to both samples. Additionally, the study of the prebiotic properties revealed that both products exhibited the ability to stimulate the growth of target lactic acid bacteria and the production of short‐chain fatty acid. This study suggested that PEF could enhance the extraction efficiency of β‐glucan with prebiotic potential from P. pulmonarius by‐products.

M1 macrophages polarized by crude polysaccharides isolated from Auricularia polytricha exhibit anti-tumor effect on human breast cancer cells

Breast cancer has been reported to correlate with the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) or M2-like macrophages in tumor microenvironment (TME) that could promote breast cancer progression. In contrast, M1-like macrophages displayed anti-tumor activity toward cancer. This study was focused on Auricularia polytricha (AP), a cloud ear mushroom, which has been reported for anti-tumor activity and immunomodulation. AP extracts were screened on differentiated THP-1 macrophages (M0). Results demonstrated that water extract (APW) and crude polysaccharides (APW-CP) could upregulate M1-related genes and cytokines production (IL-6, IL-1 β and TNF-α) significantly. Moreover, APW and APW-CP showed a high expression of CD86 (M1 marker) compared to M0. The NF-κB signaling pathway is crucial for pro-inflammatory gene regulation. The APW and APW-CP treatment showed the induction of the NF-κB pathway in a dose-dependent manner, which related to the β-glucan content in the extracts. Furthermore, APW-CP polarized macrophages were investigated for anti-tumor activity on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Results showed that APW-CP could inhibit the invasion of breast cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Therefore, M1 macrophages polarized by APW-CP showed anti-tumor activity against the breast cancer cells and β-glucan may be the potential M1-phenotype inducer.

Ultrasound assisted hot water extraction of polysaccharides from Taraxacum mongolicum: Optimization, purification, structure characterization, and antioxidant activity.

Ultrasound assisted hot water extraction (UAHWE) was applied to extraction of polysaccharides from Taraxacum mongolicum with hot water as extract solvent. Experimental factors in UAHWE process were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction parameters to achieve the highest Taraxacum mongolicum polysaccharides (TMPs) yield (12.08±0.14)% by UAHWE were obtained under the ultrasound power of 200W, extraction temperature of 62°C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20g/mL, and extraction time of 40min, and then the crude TMPs were further purified by DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to obtain a homogenous polysaccharide fraction (TMPs-1-SG). Subsequently, the structure of TMPs-1-SG was characterized by UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Congo red test. The results display that TMPs-1-SG with an average molecular weight of 5.49 × 104Da was comprised of mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), xylose (Xyl), and arabinose (Ara) with a molar ratio of 39.85:52.61:27.14:6.30. Moreover, TMPs-1-SG did not contain a triple helix structure. Furthermore, TMPs-1-SG and TEM presented a sheet-like, rod-shaped, and irregular structure. Finally, the antioxidant activity of TMPs-1-SG was evaluated by in vitro experiment. The IC50 values of scavenging DPPH and OH radicals for TMPs-1-SG achieved 0.71mg/mL and 0.75mg/mL, respectively. The findings can provide an effective method for extracting polysaccharides from natural resources.

Inhibition of Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Prostatic Carcinoma DU145 Cells by Polysaccharides from Yunnan Rosa roxburghii Tratt.

This study aimed to investigate methodologies for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits and their impact on various cellular processes in prostate cancer DU145 cells, including survival rate, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Compared to the control group, the polysaccharide exhibited a significant reduction in the viability, migration, and invasion rates of DU145 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner within the polysaccharide-treated groups. Additionally, it effectively arrested the cell cycle of DU145 cells at the G0/G1 phase by downregulating the expressions of CDK-4, CDK-6, and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis by upregulating the expressions of Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, and BAX. Polysaccharides were extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt sourced from Yunnan, China. Extraction and decolorization methods were optimized using response surface methodology, based on a single-factor experiment. Polysaccharide purification was carried out using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The optimal dosage of R. roxburghii Tratt polysaccharide affecting DU145 cells was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Cell migration and invasion were assessed using transwell and scratch assays. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis. Western blotting and Quantitative real-time PCR were utilized to examine protein and mRNA expressions in DU145 cells, respectively. Rosa roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides, consisting of D-mannose, L-rhamnose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucose, D-galactcose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and L-fucose, possess the ability to hinder DU145 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis through the modulation of relevant protein and gene expressions.

Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Quinoa Polysaccharides.

Quinoa, known as the "golden grain" for its high nutritional value, has polysaccharides as one of its sources of important nutrients. However, the biological functions of quinoa polysaccharides remain understudied. In this study, two crude polysaccharide extracts of quinoa (Q-40 and Q-60) were obtained through sequential precipitation with 40% and 60% ethanol, with purities of 58.29% (HPLC) and 62.15% (HPLC) and a protein content of 8.27% and 9.60%, respectively. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that Q-40 contained glucose (Glc), galacturonic acid (GalA), and arabinose (Ara) in a molar ratio of 0.967:0.027:0.006. Q-60 was composed of xylose (xyl), arabinose (Ara), galactose, and galacturonic acid (GalA) with a molar ratio of 0.889:0.036:0.034:0.020. The average molecular weight of Q-40 ranged from 47,484 to 626,488 Da, while Q-60 showed a range of 10,025 to 47,990 Da. Rheological experiments showed that Q-40 exhibited higher viscosity, while Q-60 demonstrated more elastic properties. Remarkably, Q-60 showed potent antioxidant abilities, with scavenging rates of 98.49% for DPPH and 57.5% for ABTS. Antibacterial experiments using the microdilution method revealed that Q-40 inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), while Q-60 specifically inhibited MRSA. At lower concentrations, both polysaccharides inhibited MDA (MD Anderson Cancer Center) cell proliferation, but at higher concentrations, they promoted proliferation. Similar proliferation-promoting effects were observed in HepG2 cells. The research provides important information in the application of quinoa in the food and functional food industries.

Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharides suppress excessive melanogenesis via JNK-mediated pathway: Investigation in 8- methoxypsoralen induced B16–F10 melanoma cells and clinical study

Skin hyperpigmentation is a worldwide condition associated with augmented melanogenesis. However, conventional therapies often entail various adverse effects. Here, we explore the safety range and depigmentary effects of polysaccharides extract of Tricholoma matsutake (PETM) in an in vitro model and further evaluated its efficacy at the clinical level. An induced-melanogenesis model was established by treating B16–F10 melanoma cells with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Effects of PETM on cell viability and melanin content were examined and compared to a commonly used depigmentary agent, α-arbutin. Expressions of key melanogenic factors and upstream signaling pathway were analysed by quantitative PCR and western blot. Moreover, a placebo-controlled clinical study involving Chinese females with skin hyperpigmentation was conducted to measure the efficacy of PETM on improving facial pigmented spots, melanin index, and individual typology angle (ITA°). Results demonstrated that PETM (up to 0.5 mg/mL) had little effect on the viability and motility of B16–F10 cells. Notably, it significantly suppressed the melanin content and expressions of key melanogenic factors induced by 8-MOP in B16–F10 melanoma cells. Western blotting results revealed that PETM inhibited melanogenesis by inactivating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and this inhibitory role could be rescued by JNK agonist treatment. Clinical findings showed that PETM treatment resulted in a significant reduction of facial hyperpigmented spot, decreased melanin index, and improved ITA° value compared to the placebo-control group. In conclusion, these in vitro and clinical evidence demonstrated the safety and depigmentary efficacy of PETM, a novel polysaccharide agent. The distinct mechanism of action of PETM on melanogenic signaling pathway positions it as a promising agent for developing alternative therapies.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Okra Mucilage: Rheological Properties of its Aqueous Solutions

Using chemical and physicochemical techniques, we extracted the mucilaginous component of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) by the ultrasound-assisted extraction method, then evaluated the resulting polysaccharide extract's rheological properties. Our investigation encompassed examining the flow behavior of polysaccharides extracted under different okra to distilled water ratios (1:10 and 1:30) and various polysaccharide concentrations (1, 2, 3 and 4%, w/v) over a temperature range of 10°C to 80°C. Employing the power law model, we derived parameters and found that okra polysaccharides displayed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow characteristics. The flow behavior index ranged from 0.234 to 0.947, with the consistency coefficient ranging from 4.37 to 244.50 mPa.s. Increasing temperature resulted in a decrease in both the consistency coefficient (K) and flow behavior index (n), while concentration elevation led to higher consistency coefficient values. However, the flow behavior index did not exhibit consistent trends with concentration variations. Three statistical parameters; correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and chi-square (χ2) were used to evaluate the fit of the power law model to the experimental data. Our study further explored temperature’s impact on the apparent viscosities of okra polysaccharide samples and modeled the influence of temperature on the consistency index using the Arrhenius equation. Samples with solid-to-solvent ratios of 1:10 and 1:30 showed increasing activation energy with concentration rise, with the highest value recorded at 275.84 kJ/mol for the 1:10 ratio sample with a 4% concentration. In SEM images, okra polymers exhibit irregular, wavy, rough textured surface, and amorphous appearance. These findings hold promise for optimizing ultrasound extraction protocols and enhancing the industrial utilization of mucilages through their rheological properties.

Impact of Molecular Weight Variations in Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharides on Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Obesity in Caenorhabditis elegans.

This research investigates the impact of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOP) with different molecular weights on antioxidant effects, lifespan enhancement, and obesity reduction, utilizing both in vitro analyses and the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. Through a series of experiments-ranging from the extraction and modification of polysaccharides, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and analysis of composition to the evaluation of antioxidant capabilities, this study thoroughly examines DOP and its derivatives (DOP5, DOP15, DOP25) produced via H2O2-Fe2+ degradation. The results reveal a direct relationship between the molecular weight of polysaccharides and their bioactivity. Notably, DOP5, with its intermediate molecular weight, demonstrated superior antioxidant properties, significantly extended the lifespan, and improved the health of C. elegans. Furthermore, DOP15 appeared to regulate lipid metabolism by affecting crucial lipid metabolism genes, including fat-4, fat-5, fat-6, sbp-1, and acs-2. These findings highlight the potential application of DOP derivatives as natural antioxidants and agents against obesity, contributing to the development of functional foods and dietary supplements.

Astragalus membranaceus Polysaccharide Regulates Small Intestinal Microbes and Activates IL-22 Signal Pathway to Promote Intestinal Stem Cell Regeneration in Aging Mice.

Aging can cause degenerative changes in multiple tissues and organs. Gastrointestinal diseases and dysfunctions are common in the elderly population. In this study, we investigated the effects of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide (APS) and Astragalus membranaceus ethanol extract (AEE) on age-related intestinal dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis in naturally aging mice. The energy expenditure and physical activity of 23-month-old C57BL6/J mice were recorded using a metabolic cage system. Pathological changes in the intestine were evaluated using Alcian blue staining. The protein levels of leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) and Stat3 in the small intestine were determined using immunohistochemistry. The intestinal cell migration distance was assessed using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunofluorescence staining. The gene transcription levels of intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers and ISC-related signaling pathways were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Microbiota analysis based on 16S rDNA was performed to evaluate the composition of the gut microbiota. APS and AEE improved a series of aging phenotypes in female but not in male aging mice. APS and AEE ameliorate intestinal dysfunction and histopathological changes in aging mice. APS had a more significant anti-aging effect than AEE, particularly on intestinal dysfunction. APS promotes ISC regeneration by activating the IL-22 signaling pathway. Cohousing (CH) experiments further confirmed that APS induced the IL-22 signaling pathway by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus, thereby promoting the regeneration of ISCs. Our results show that APS may serve as a promising agent for improving age-related intestinal dysfunction.

In vitro anti-tumoral and immunomodulatory effects of acidic polysaccharides isolated from the fungus Gloeosoma mirabile

Polysaccharides from wood-rooting fungi have attracted attention due to their broad pharmacological properties. Herein, we report the antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of acid polysaccharides isolated from fungi Gloeosoma mirabile. The polysaccharide extracts displayed significant antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HCT-116, U-937) in a dose-dependent manner and induction of IL-6 in macrophage RAW 264.7. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that high polysaccharide concentrations induced apoptosis by 83% in HL-60 cells. Based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy studies, acidic polysaccharides from G. mirabile were mainly composed of arabinose, α-D-galactopyranose and methyl β-D-galactopyranoside.

Ultrasound Assisted Aqueous Two‐Phase Extraction of Polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicus: Process Optimization, Structure Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity

AbstractUltrasound assisted aqueous two‐phase extraction (UATPE) is used to extract polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicus (OJPs). Experimental factors in UATPE process are optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions are obtained as follows: the ethanol concentration of 34%, ammonium sulfate concentration of 23%, solid‐to‐liquid ratio of 1:17 g/mL, and ultrasound power of 480 W, and the yield of OJPs is 9.41% ± 0.12%, and then the crude OJPs are further purified by different column chromatography to obtain a homogenous fraction (OJPs‐2‐SG), and identified its structure via different methods. OJPs‐2‐SG with a molecular weight of 1.25 × 105 Da is comprised of mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), and rhamnose (Rha) with a molar ratio of 5.15: 26.39: 68.72:8.41. Moreover, OJPs‐2‐SG contained α and β glycosidic bonds, and didn't showed a triple helix structure. Furthermore, OJPs‐2‐SG described irregular structures, and cylindrical and conical block like features. The IC50 values of scavenging 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), and superoxide (O2‐) radicals for OJPs‐2‐SG achieved 3.72 mg/mL, 3.89 mg/mL, and 8.71 mg/mL, respectively. These results provide important references for the extraction and application of polysaccharides.

Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Polysaccharide from Fructus Ligustri Lucidi Incorporated in PVA/Pectin Hydrogels Accelerate Wound Healing.

In cutaneous wound healing, an overproduction of inflammatory chemokines and bacterial infections impedes the process. Hydrogels can maintain a physiologically moist microenvironment, absorb chemokines, prevent bacterial infection, inhibit bacterial reproduction, and facilitate wound healing at a wound site. The development of hydrogels provides a novel treatment strategy for the entire wound repair process. Here, a series of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi polysaccharide extracts loaded with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and pectin hydrogels were successfully fabricated through the freeze-thaw method. A hydrogel containing a 1% mixing weight ratio of FLL-E (named PVA-P-FLL-E1) demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties such as swellability, water retention, degradability, porosity, 00drug release, transparency, and adhesive strength. Notably, this hydrogel exhibited minimal cytotoxicity. Moreover, the crosslinked hydrogel, PVA-P-FLL-E1, displayed multifunctional attributes, including significant antibacterial properties, earlier re-epithelialization, production of few inflammatory cells, the formation of collagen fibers, deposition of collagen I, and faster remodeling of the ECM. Consequently, the PVA-P-FLL-E1 hydrogel stands out as a promising wound dressing due to its superior formulation and enhanced healing effects in wound care.

The Ethyl Acetate Extract of Caulerpa microphysa Promotes Collagen Homeostasis and Inhibits Inflammation in the Skin.

Inflammation and collagen-degrading enzymes' overexpression promote collagen decomposition, which affects the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix. The polysaccharide and peptide extracts of the green alga Caulerpa microphysa (C. microphysa) have been proven to have anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and antioxidant effects in vivo and in vitro. However, the biological properties of the non-water-soluble components of C. microphysa are still unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated the higher effective anti-inflammatory functions of C. microphysa ethyl acetate (EA) extract than water extract up to 16-30% in LPS-induced HaCaT cells, including reducing the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, the excellent collagen homeostasis effects from C. microphysa were proven by suppressing the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion, enhancing type 1 procollagen and collagen expressions dose-dependently in WS1 cells. Moreover, using UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis, four terpenoids, siphonaxanthin, caulerpenyne, caulerpal A, and caulerpal B, were identified and may be involved in the superior collagen homeostasis and anti-inflammatory effects of the C. microphysa EA extract.

Ultrasound-Assisted Multi-Enzyme Extraction for Highly Efficient Extraction of Polysaccharides from Ulva lactuca.

Ulva polysaccharides present several physiological activities including antiviral, antitumor and anti-plasmodial effects. However, current processing usually results in low yields and high prices, thus lacking commercialization potential. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method for the extraction of Ulva polysaccharides with high biological activity. The effect of cell wall-degrading enzymes including cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase and protease on Ulva polysaccharide extraction was studied by statistical mixing design. Using the most effective enzyme preparations as the basic components, the optimal proportions of the enzyme mixture were determined as follows: cellulase 35.3%, pectinase 34.5%, alkaline protease 30.2%, which increased the polysaccharide yield from 6.43% in the absence of enzymes to 26.68%. Subsequently, through response surface analysis, the optimal conditions were determined: enzyme concentration of 1.5%, enzymatic time of 1.1 h, ultrasonic time of 90 min and enzymatic temperature of 60 °C. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the extraction yield of Ulva polysaccharides could be increased to 30.14%. Moreover, extracted polysaccharides exhibit strong antioxidant properties in DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and H2O2-induced cellular damage models. This study laid a solid foundation for the use and development of Ulva polysaccharides.

Optimization of Microwave Assisted Aqueous Two‐Phase Extraction of Polysaccharides from Malus hupehensis and Evaluation Its Antioxidant Activity

AbstractThe two models of microwave assisted aqueous two‐phase extraction (MATPE) of polysaccharides from Malus hupehensis are established by response surface methodology (RSM) and back propagation neural network (BP‐NN), compared their prediction ability, and comparatively optimized extraction process by using RSM and BP‐NN coupled genetic algorithm (GA), and the antioxidant activity of M. hupehensis polysaccharides (MHPs) is evaluated by the scavenging ability of free radicals. The results show that the predictive ability of BP‐NN is significantly better than that of RSM. The optimal extraction parameters to achieve the highest MHPs yield (4.71 ± 0.04)% by MATPE are obtained through BP‐NN coupled GA method under the microwave power of 337 W, mass fraction of ammonium sulfate of 23%, ethanol concentration of 29%, and liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 22 mL g−1. The IC50 values of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) scavenging capacities for MHPs achieve 5.13 and 3.29 mg mL−1, respectively. The findings provide important references for the development and utilization of M. hupehensis.

An efficient and environmentally-friendly extraction, characterization and activity prediction of polysaccharides from Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii

Traditional hot water reflux extraction, ultrasonic-water extraction (UW), ultrasonic-natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction (U-NADES), ultrasonic-water and enzyme extraction (U-W-E) and ultrasonic-NADES and enzyme extraction (U-NADES-E) are employed for the extraction of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii polysaccharides (RNP), in which, the U-NADES-E has being proved as the most effective method. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the conditions for U-NADES-E method. Using the optimal extraction conditions, the yield of RNP can be enhanced by nearly two-fold in comparison to the traditional extraction method, achieving a yield of 7.38 %, with a mere 30-min treatment and low ultrasonic power at 240 W. The RNP's composition included Rhamnose, Arabinose, Galactose, Glucose and Galacturonic Acid by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. The polysaccharides from two different species of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii have also been characterized and identified. Network pharmacology and molecular docking predict that RNP may exert its effects in vivo through binding to PPARA, ACE and REN proteins, thereby potentially impacting diabetes outcomes. This study proposes a new, efficient, energy-saving and environmentally-friendly method for the extraction of RNP.

Enzyme-Assisted Ultrasonic Extraction and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Schizochytrium limacinum Meal.

Enzyme-assisted ultrasonic extraction (EAUE) was utilized and optimized for extracting polysaccharides from Schizochytrium limacinum meal (SLMPs) via the response surface methodology. The optimal EAUE conditions were determined as follows: enzyme concentration at 5.18%, ultrasonic temperature at 53 °C, ultrasonic duration of 40 min, ultrasonic power at 60 W, and a liquid-to-material ratio of 34 mL/g, achieving a polysaccharide extraction yield of 11.86 ± 0.61%. The purified polysaccharide component, SLMP1-1, isolated using DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-100 columns, exhibited potent antioxidant activity. SLMP1-1, with a molecular weight of 25.5 kDa, comprises glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 16.39:14.75:1:693.03. 1H NMR analysis revealed the α configuration of SLMP1-1. Antioxidant assessments, including DPPH, ABTS, and ferric ion reduction assays, were detected with inhibitory values at 21.82-82.98%, 38.21-98.46%, and 3.30-20.30% at 0.2-1.0 mg/mL. This confirmed the effective antioxidant capacity of SLMP1-1, which is notably enhanced post oral and gastric digestion. The findings suggest that polysaccharides extracted from Schizochytrium limacinum meal hold significant promise as natural antioxidants.

From sea to sea: Edible, hydrostable, and degradable straws based on seaweed-derived insoluble cellulose fibers and soluble polysaccharides

The widespread use of disposable plastic straws has caused a long-lasting environmental problem. Potential alternatives for plastic straws are far from satisfactory due to the low utility, poor water stability, and non-ideal natural degradability. In this work, an edible, hydrostable, and degradable straw was developed from the economically significant seaweed. Seaweed-derived insoluble cellulose fibers were used as the building block of the straw, and the soluble polysaccharide extracts were explored as the natural glue through the chelation with Ca2+. Repeated freeze-thawing was introduced to strengthen the molecular interactions, which further improved its mechanical stability and hydrostability. The straw exhibited remarkable natural degradability in open environments, particularly in marine-mimicking conditions. By incorporating pH-sensitive food pigments, the straws could indicate acid-base property of a beverage or even discriminate the freshness of milk. The versatile seaweed-derived straw adhered to the biocycle concept of “from sea to sea” to alleviate the burden of white pollution on oceans.