Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ratio Research Articles

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Basil, Thyme and Sage Plant Additives and Their Functionality on Broiler Thigh Meat Quality.

Meat industries across the world are constantly focusing to find natural low-cost additives for the development of novel meat products to meet consumer demand for improving the health benefits. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and the bioactive compounds of some herbal plants, namely basil, thyme, sage, and their functionality on broiler chicken thigh meat quality. Chemical composition, as well as total antioxidant activity, polyphenols, vitamin E lutein and zeaxanthin and the fatty acids of the plants, were analyzed. According to findings, total polyphenols was 21.53 mg gallic acid/g in basil, 31.73 mg gallic acid/g in thyme and 38.87 mg gallic acid/g in sage. The antioxidant capacity was 19.91 mM Trolox in basil, 54.09 mM Trolox in thyme and 54.09 mM Trolox in sage. Lutein and zeaxanthin from basil was 267.91 mg/kg, 535.79 mg/kg in thyme and 99.89 mg/kg, and vitamin E ranged from 291.71 mg/kg in basil to 379.37 mg/kg in thyme and 148.07 mg/kg in sage, respectively. After, we developed a trial on 120 unsexed broiler chickens (n = 30) which were separated into four groups with six replications of five chickens each: control (C); 1% basil (B); 1% thyme (T) and 1% sage (S). The B, T and S groups deposited significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentration of zinc, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and vitamin E in meat samples compared with the C group. In the experimental groups, the proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in the thigh muscles were significantly improved (p < 0.05). The tested plants exhibited a significant (p = 0.0007) hypocholesterolemic effect in the meat of the B (45.90 mg/g), T (41.60 mg/g) and S (48.80 mg/kg) experimental groups compared with the C (60.50 mg/g) group. These results support the application of the studied plants as natural sources of additives which could be effective in improving meat quality, from the human consumption perspective.

The effect of roasting, storage temperature, and ethanoic basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) extract on the oxidative stability of crude sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) oil.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual oilseed crop that is widely used for crude sesame oil (CSO) extraction. CSO is unrefined, thus, may impact the storage stability due to the uncontrolled processing and handling conditions, and absence of preservatives. The purpose of this study intends to analyze the fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of CSO. In a complete randomized (2*2*2) factorial design, clean sesame seeds (3.92% moisture content) were used for oil extraction with/without roasting treatment (200°C). The fatty acid profile and oxidative value of the CSO were analyzed. The roasted sesame seed oil extraction yield was higher (50.9%) and composed of 83.15% unsaturated fatty acids with an omega‐6 to omega‐3 ratio of 95.3. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) was 2.9, while the moisture content of the CSO was 0.37%, exceeding the tolerable limit. The predominant fatty acids of CSO include palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. Elevated thermal condition during processing and handling speeding up oxidation exceeded the tolerable limit after 25 days of storage, while the ethanoic basil extract was found to inhibit oxidation in the range of 16.38%–90% (p‐value < .05). The peroxide value (PV), para‐anisidine value (p‐AV), and total oxidation (TOTOX) value of CSO with 50 ppm (parts per million) basil extract were detected within the range of 0.29–3.92, 0.75–2.59, and 1.57–8.6 milliequivalents (meq) O2/kg oil, respectively, below the tolerable limit. Nevertheless, basil extract's antioxidant property was declined during prolonged storage, in particular, at elevated temperature. The use of organic extracts of locally available sweet basil herb is capable of mitigating oxidation and substituting inorganic antioxidant for a healthier diet.

Role of omega 3 and omega 6 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and vitamin D deficiency as risk determinants of metabolic syndrome in obesity: Worksite based case-control observational study

Background and aimsRisk factors for metabolic syndrome among obese population are not clear. The role of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Arachidonic acid (AA) Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA), their ratio and vitamin D deficiency as risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) was explored in obese worksite workers. MethodsThe 145 obese worksite workers were enrolled and MS was diagnosed using adult treatment panel III criteria. The levels of EPA, AA PUFA were estimated using liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometer and vitamin D levels with ELISA method. The association of MS with the tertiles of EPA, AA PUFAs, their ratio and vitamin D was estimated by calculating odds ratio and 95% C.I., taking lowest tertiles as the reference group using logistic regression model adjusted for age and gender. Results105 out of 145 obese worksite workers; 72.4%, 95% C.I. (64.5%, 79.5%) had metabolic syndrome. The odd of MS was significantly lower in the group having highest tertiles of EPA 0.24 (0.09, 0.71) and was higher 2.0 (1.02, 3.89) in subjects with highest tertiles of AA: EPA ratio. The AA PUFA and vitamin D levels had no significant association with MS. ConclusionThe low levels of omega 3 PUFA (EPA) and elevated ratio of AA: EPA PUFA was significantly associated with MS in obese works site workers.

The effect of dietary hemp and camelina cakes on liver fatty acid profile of ducks

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to determine the effects of dietary hempseed or camelina cakes rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid profile of liver lipids and carcass characteristics of ducks. A total of 108 one-day-old male ducks were allocated to 3 dietary treatments. The Control (C) group diet was supplemented with 15 and 20% rapeseed cake from days 1 to 23 and 24 to 49, respectively, whereas the rapeseed in Experimental 1 (HE) and Experimental 2 (CA) was replaced by hempseed cake and camelina cake in the same proportion, respectively. Inclusion of dietary hempseed cake resulted in higher carcass yield (P < 0.05) and growth performance (P < 0.05) but did not increase the proportion of liver n-3 PUFA (P > 0.05). Dietary enrichment with camelina cake reduced carcass yield (P < 0.05), feed intake (P < 0.01) but had no significant effect on the body weight and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05) of ducks. The amount of n-3 PUFA and long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA in the CA group was 2.47 and 2.35 times (P < 0.01) higher compared with that of the C group, respectively. The inclusion of dietary camelina has helped to produce a healthier human nutrition liver with an n-6/n-3n PUFA ratio of 3.38 .

Total Lipids, Fatty Acid Composition, Total Cholesterol and Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant Vitamins in the longissimus lumborum Muscle of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from Different Production Systems of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon.

Simple SummaryThe constant search for higher living standards and better health makes consumers more aware of the nutritional compositions of foods. Water buffalo meat has so far been poorly characterized. In this work, we have analyzed the influence of different production systems in the Eastern Amazon on meat nutritional quality parameters of water buffalo. Meat nutritional value was improved when buffaloes were reared in Marajó Island extensive system during the rainy season, as it had lower levels of cholesterol and higher amounts of α-tocopherol, associated with a higher h/H ratio and a lower index of atherogenic. Also, this meat had lower levels of saturated fatty acids and higher amounts of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Overall, meat from buffaloes raised in pasture production systems showed better lipid nutritional quality.The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of distinct production systems and seasonal variation in the Brazilian Eastern Amazon on the meat lipid composition of water buffaloes. Water buffaloes were reared in commercial farms in the Eastern Amazon either in extensive systems (Marajó Island, Nova Timboteua and Santarém locations), during rainy or dry seasons, or intensive (feedlot) systems. Animals reared in extensive systems were fed natural pastures, and those reared in feedlots were fed sorghum silage and commercial pellets. Buffaloes were slaughtered and ribeye muscle (longissimus lumborum) samples collected. Lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids were analyzed. The nutritional value of meat from buffaloes reared in Marajó Island extensive system during the rainy season was higher than that of other systems, as it had lower levels of cholesterol and higher amounts of α-tocopherol associated with higher hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio and lower index of atherogenic. Also, this meat had lower percentages of saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA, with increased PUFA/saturated fatty acids ratio and decreased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. However, all extensive systems produced meat with a relatively low index of thrombogenicity values, which is advantageous for human health.

Immune Response and Fatty Acid Profile of Eggs from Laying Hens Fed Fermented Feed Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Western diets are dominated by the consumption of chemically modified foods, characterized by a deficiency of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Lack of n-3 PUFAs is also present in livestock feed, which negatively affects livestock health, including immune response, and results in a low content of n-3 PUFAs in animal products. The goal of this experiment was to study the effect of the addition of feed containing PUFAs produced by the fungus Mortierella alpina on immune parameters (IgA, MUC-2, IGF-2, phagocytoses and selected lymphocyte subsets) and the composition of the intestinal microbiota of hens and egg fatty acids profile. Hens were divided into groups (control, F10—supplemented with 10% of fermented feed, F15—supplemented with 15% of fermented feed). The relative expression of all genes was markedly upregulated, mainly in the F15 group. Likewise, in F15, a significant increase in both phagocytes engulfing capacity and the level of oxidative burst was observed. Neither CD T cell subpopulations nor the CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly affected. A significant increase in small intestinal enterobacteria was observed in the F15. The fatty acid profile of eggs in both experimental groups showed an increased proportion of n-3 PUFAs and decreased n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio. The results of this work show that the addition of 15% omega-3 acids enriched fermented feed positively affected the immune response of laying hens and improved the fatty acid composition of eggs.

Enhancement of Astaxanthin and Fatty Acid Production in Haematococcus pluvialis Using Strigolactone

Improving the production rate of high-value nutraceutical compounds, such as astaxanthin and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), is important for the commercialization of Haematococcus pluvialis biorefineries. Here, the effects of a phytohormone, strigolactone analog rac-GR24, on cell growth and astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis in H. pluvialis were investigated. Four concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8 µM) of rac-GR24 were initially added during 30 days of photoautotrophic cultivation. The addition of rac-GR24 improved cell number density and chlorophyll concentration in H. pluvialis cultures compared to the control; the optimal concentration was 8 µM. Despite a slightly reduced astaxanthin content of 30-d-old cyst cells, the astaxanthin production (26.1 ± 1.7 mg/L) improved by 21% compared to the rac-GR24-free control (21.6 ± 1.5 mg/L), owing to improved biomass production. Notably, at the highest dosage of 8 µM rac-GR24, the total fatty acid content of the treated H. pluvialis cells (899.8 pg/cell) was higher than that of the untreated cells (762.5 pg/cell), resulting in a significant increase in the total fatty acid production (361.6 ± 48.0 mg/L; 61% improvement over the control). The ratio of PUFAs, such as linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids, among total fatty acids was high (41.5–44.6% w/w) regardless of the rac-GR24 dose.

Creation of Innovative Food Products Based on Soybeans to Ensure Food Security of the Far Eastern Region

The formation of a healthy lifestyle of the population of the Russian Federation, including due to the supply of nutrition foods, is an important task that is supported at the state level. The development of innovative food technologies using regional raw materials can be positively influenced by the country’s food security. Studies are aimed at studying consumer demand for enriched emulsion foods in the form of mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces of functional appointment and the development of new recipes and technologies of the products of the specified assortment group. It was established that in the region there is a deficiency of low fatty, with a balanced fatty acid composition enriched with vitamins. The range of mayonnaise products offered by the regional trading network does not satisfy consumers and requires the development of innovative emulsion foods of functional purpose. As a result of experimental studies, the technology of mayonnaise sauce from soy protein and a vitamin and fat basis, which includes a blend of soy and sesame vegetable oils and sea buckthorn berries. The resulting mayonnaise sauce is characterized as a high-protein, low-calorie product, with the optimal ratio of polyunsaturated (ω-6: ω-3) fatty acids, enriched with β-carotene, vitamins E and C.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Blood Levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids on Reading and Writing (Dis)Abilities.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether there are associations between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) blood levels, reading/writing performance and performance in neuropsychological tasks. Moderate to strong correlations were found between PUFA levels (specific omega-6/omega-3 ratios) and reading/writing abilities, and the former and neuropsychological test scores. Mediation models analyzing the direct and indirect effects of PUFA on reading and writing scores showed that the effects of fatty acids on learning measures appear to be direct rather than mediated by the investigated visual and auditory neuropsychological mechanisms. The only significant indirect effect was found for the difference in accuracy between the left and right visual fields in visual-spatial cueing tasks, acting as a mediator for the effect of PUFA ratios on writing accuracy. Regression analyses, by contrast, confirmed the roles of phonological awareness and other visual attentional factors as predictors of reading and writing skills. Such results confirm the crucial role of visual-spatial attention mechanisms in reading and writing, and suggest that visual low-level mechanisms may be more sensitive to the effects of favorable conditions related to the presence of higher omega-3 blood levels.

Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) as Feedstuffs in Meat Type Poultry Diet: A Source of Protein and n-3 Fatty Acids.

Simple SummaryOne of the main problems in poultry production is to find more sustainable feed protein sources, other than the most widely used soya bean meal. An alternative protein source could be the underexploited oilseed crop camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), which is mostly grown for biodiesel production, but is also characterized by disease and pest resistance, tolerance to cold weather, drought and low fertility soil. This review presents the nutritive value of camelina seeds, oil and cake (a by-product of biodiesel production), and their effect on the growth performance and fatty acid profile of muscles and liver in meat type poultry. The research results indicated that supplementation of poultry diets with camelina feedstuffs beneficially modified the fatty acid composition of meat and liver. The ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased, whereas the content of α-linolenic and long-chain n-3 PUFA increased in poultry tissues.Camelina seed or seed processing derivatives, i.e., cake, are cheap alternative protein feed ingredients for meat type poultry. Camelina is an oilseed crop containing 36.8% oil in seeds, while in the cake the oil content accounts for 6.4–22.7%. If compared with other Brassicaceae family plants, camelina is distinguished by a unique fatty acid composition, because the content of α-linolenic fatty acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) varies from 25.9 to 36.7% of total fatty acids. The total tocopherol content in camelina oil and cake are, respectively, 751–900 and 687 mg/kg. Addition of camelina to poultry nutrition increases the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in poultry meat and liver. The content of ALA in chicken muscles increases by 1.3–4.4, 2.4–2.9 and 2.3–7.2 times after supplementing chicken diets with, respectively, camelina cake (8–24%), seed (10%), and oil (2.5–6.9%) in comparison with the control group. Camelina cake (5–25%), seed (10%) and oil (2.5–4%) inclusion in chicken diets results in 1.5–3.9 times higher total n-3 PUFA content in muscles and liver. Meanwhile, supplementation of chicken diets with camelina oil (4–6.9%), seed (5–10%) and cake (5–25%) results in, respectively, a 1.8–8.4, 1.6–1.9 and 1.3–2.9 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in muscles, and 3.29 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the liver. After inclusion of different amounts of camelina cake in chicken diets, a healthy for human nutrition n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from 1.6 to 2.9 was found in chicken muscles.

Dietary Malic Acid Supplementation Induces Skeletal Muscle Fiber-Type Transition of Weaned Piglets and Further Improves Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary malic acid supplementation on skeletal muscle fiber-type transition during nursery period and the subsequent meat quality of finishing pigs. Results showed that malic acid supplementation for 28 days increased oxidative fiber percentage of weaned piglets, accompanied by the increased aerobic oxidation in serum and longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle. Additionally, activities of total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase in serum were increased. Moreover, dietary malic acid supplementation during nursery period tended to increase pH24h and significantly decreased drip loss in LT muscle of finishing pigs. The content of total saturated fatty acid (SFA) and total monounsaturated fatty acid in LT muscle was significantly decreased, whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid to SFA tended to increase. Together, dietary malic acid supplementation during nursery period can effectively increase antioxidant capacity and oxidative fibers percentage of weaned piglets, and further improve water holding capacity and nutritional values of pork in finishing pigs.

A comparative study on fatty acid profile in selected vessels of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

Atherosclerosis is one of the leading non-communicable diseases in Sri Lanka. Analysis of fatty acid composition in blood vessels is important in understanding the development of atherosclerosis. Here, analyses of fatty acid profiles in major arteries which are commonly used in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery (CABG) were subjected to investigation. Patients (n = 27) undergoing elective CABG were enrolled in the study. A small biopsy segment of the saphenous vein (SV), radial artery (RA), and left internal mammary artery (LIMA) of patients was obtained during the surgery. The fatty acid (FA) profile of tissue samples was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). Among the different arteries tested, palmitic acid and stearic acid were the predominant fatty acids. As far as monounsaturated FA (MUFA) are concerned, oleic acid was found to be the most abundant MUFA in vessels. The FA profile of LIMA samples had a higher SFA percentage and lower unsaturated FA percentage compared to other vessels. Furthermore, the vessel samples of RA indicated the highest percentage of pro-inflammatory ω -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as well as a higher percentage ratio between ω -6: ω -3 PUFA. The fatty acid composition and ω -6: ω -3 PUFA ratio suggests that LIMA graft is preferred for CABG over RA and SV.

The effect of dietary Echium oil supplementation on the fatty acid profile, omega-3 fatty acid content and subcutaneous fat quality of pork

This study evaluated the effect of five dietary oils - palm (Control), soya, linseed, fish and Echium oil at a 1% inclusion level- on growth performance, feed efficiency, subcutaneous fat quality and fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat. The trial consisted of 60 gilts, randomly allocated to ten groups with six animals per pen. Dietary treatment had no significant effect on growth performance, feed efficiency or lean meat content of pigs. All colour parameters, extractable fat content, fat free dry matter, and moisture content of subcutaneous fat were unaffected by dietary treatment. The only significant difference for fat firmness was between the control treatment containing palm oil (Bergafat HPL 106) and the linseed oil treatment (P = 0.049), with the control producing the hardest fat. The iodine value was significantly lower in the control treatment (P < 0.001). Both the Echium and linseed oil treatments increased the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid:saturated fatty acid (PUFA:SFA) and decreased the omega-6:omega-3 (n-6:n-3) ratio of subcutaneous fat. Stearidonic acid concentration of subcutaneous fat was the highest (P < 0.001) for the Echium oil treatment (0.21%). The fish oil treatment had significantly higher levels (P < 0.001) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total EPA+DPA+DHA than all other treatments. The Echium oil treatment resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) higher EPA, DPA and EPA+DPA+DHA levels in subcutaneous fat than the linseed oil, soya oil and control treatments. The result suggests that Echium oil can be used in pig diets to improve the long chain n-3 fatty acid content of subcutaneous fat.

Effects of different diets on fatty acid composition and nutritional values of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides )

This study investigated the effects of different diets (formulated feed, frozen trash fish and conversion of two diets) on fatty acid composition of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. A total of 184 food-size individuals were collected from 21 commercial largemouth bass ponds. In all samples, thirty-two fatty acids were detected, and five fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C20:5n3 and C22:6n3) were major, which accounted for 75% of the total fatty acid content. There was a positive correlation between the fatty acid composition in diets and fillet. Significant differences were detected in the fatty acid composition of largemouth bass between frozen trash fish group and formulated feed group. Statistical analyses revealed that 17 fatty acids, including DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid), were highly significantly different between three diet groups (p < 0.01). The levels of ω-3 PUFAs (Polyunsaturated fatty acid), ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs ratio, and S: M: P ratios of frozen trash fish group were significantly higher than formulated feed group. These results could provide theoretical basis for the transformation and upgrading of diets for largemouth bass and have important significance for promoting healthy and sustainable aquaculture methods.

Dioxin-like Activity in Pregnant Women and Indices of Fetal Growth: The ACCEPT Birth Cohort.

Exposure to lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (lipPOPs) elicits a number of species- and tissue-specific toxic responses, many of which involve the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This study aims to measure the combined serum dioxin-like activity of lipPOPs in Greenlandic Inuit pregnant women and the associations with fetal growth indices. The combined dioxin-like activity of serum lipPOPs extracts was determined using the AhR reporter gene bioassay and expressed as pico-gram (pg) TCDD equivalent (TEQ) per gram serum lipid [AhR-TEQ (pg/g lipid)]. Significant AhR-TEQ was found in >87% of serum samples with the median level of 86.2 pg TEQ/g lipid. The AhR-TEQ level positively correlated with the marine food intake biomarker n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio, while negatively correlated with body mass index and parity. Women giving birth to infants with low birth weight (<2500 g) and length (<50 cm) had higher AhR-TEQ level compared to those with normal weight and length infants. For previous smokers, we found significant inverse associations between maternal AhR-TEQ level and fetal growth indices. In conclusion, exposure of Greenlandic Inuit pregnant women to dioxin-like compounds through traditional marine food can adversely influence the fetal growth via induced AhR activity. Smoking might have modifying effects.

Effects of silage to concentrate ratio and duration of feeding on the fatty acid composition of ovine muscle and adipose tissue

Context Dietary strategies may influence the fatty acid composition of sheep meat and ultimately its nutritional and sensory quality. Aim This study investigated the effects of silage to concentrate ratio and feeding duration on the concentration of intramuscular fatty acids and branched chain fatty acid in subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. Methods Pasture fed lambs were assigned in groups of 11 to one of nine dietary treatments consisting of silage to cereal concentrate at ratios (dry matter basis) of 100:0 (silage), 50:50 (silage:concentrate) or 0:100 (concentrate) for three feeding durations (36, 54 or 72 days) pre-slaughter. A 10th group of 11 lambs remained at pasture until slaughter. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared using a microwave-assisted method and quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection. Results The concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and proportions of C18:3n-3 and C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 decreased for mixed feed and/or concentrate treatments, but not for silage, from 36 to 72 days. The C18:2n-6 and n-6 PUFA concentrations increased for mixed feed and concentrate, but not for silage, from 36 to 72 days. The animals that remained at pasture had lower C18:2n-6 and n-6 PUFA than those receiving mixed feed for 72 days, concentrate for 54 days and concentrate for 72 days, but higher C18:3n-3, C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 and n-3 PUFA concentrations than the indoor finishing groups. The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was lower in pastured lambs compared to the other groups. 4-Methyloctanoic acid and 4-ethyloctanoic acid were higher in concentrate and mixed feed treatments than in silage while 4-methylnonanoic acid increased with increase in concentrate level in the diet. Conclusion The ratio of silage to concentrate in the diet and duration of feeding pre-slaughter influence the fatty acid composition of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. Implications The results are important for lamb producers in understanding the nutritional and sensory implications of altering lamb diets.

Lipid and protein oxidation and colour stability during display in high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging of beef from late-maturing bulls fed rumen protected fish oil

Increasing the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in beef enhances its nutritional value but may compromise its oxidative shelf life. In this experiment, the impact of inclusion of rumen protected fish oil (PFO) in the finishing diet of late-maturing bulls on muscle fatty acid profile, antioxidant content, lipid stability, colour and protein oxidation was investigated. Charolais-sired suckler bulls were offered ad libitum, for 101 d pre-slaughter, a barley-based concentrate (C) or a concentrate containing rumen PFO. Following post-mortem ageing for 14 d, M. Longissimus thoracis muscle was subjected to simulated retail display (4°C, 1,000 lux for 12 h out of 24 h) for 3, 7 and 10 d in modified atmosphere packs (O2:CO2; 80:20). The concentrations of C22:6n-3, n-6 PUFA and total PUFA and the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were higher (P &lt; 0.001) in muscle of PFO bulls compared to C bulls, while the α-tocopherol concentration was lower (P &lt; 0.01). The concentrations of C18:3n-6, C20:4n-6, n-3 PUFA and highly peroxidisable PUFA were lower (P &lt; 0.05) on day 14 compared to day 0 of display. Lipid oxidation after 10 d of display was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in muscle of PFO bulls compared to C bulls but not to an extent that would be detected by a consumer. Colour stability was not affected. It is concluded that the increase in PUFA concentration achieved had minor effects on bull beef shelf life.

Effects of blended oils with different n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders and hepatic steatosis in rats

This study investigated the effects of blended oils with different n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on the metabolic disorders and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed rats. The 1:1 group had significantly lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) levels than those of the Lard group. The 5:1 group had significantly lower serum LDL-C, LPL, and adiponectin (ADP) than those in the Lard group. Serum LDL-C, angiotensin II (Ang II), endothelin-1, LPL and ADP levels in the 1:1 and 5:1 groups were significantly lower than those in the normal control group. The 5:1 group had significantly lower serum ADP, Ang II, LPL and resistin levels than those in the 20:1 group. The 20:1 group had significantly higher serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, nitric oxide (NO), 3-nitrotyrosine, free fatty acid and LPL levels than those in the 1:1 ratio group. Blended oils with a low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio improved metabolic disorders and hepatic steatosis by regulating lipid metabolism, adipokines, endothelial cell function, and liver lipid metabolism. Conversely, a high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio had adverse effects on metabolic profiles in high-fat diet-fed rats.

Applications of Cannabis Sativa L. in Food and Its Therapeutic Potential: From a Prohibited Drug to a Nutritional Supplement.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a herbaceous anemophilous plant that belongs to the Cannabinaceae family. The cannabis seed (hemp) has long been utilized as a food source and is commercially important as an edible oil source. In this review, the positive and negative health effects of cannabis, the relationship between cannabis and various diseases, and the use of cannabis in various food products have been discussed. In addition, the scientific literature on the potential use of cannabis and its derivatives as a dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and chronic degenerative diseases in animals and humans has been reviewed. Cannabis is being developed as a key ingredient in a variety of food items, including bakery, confectionery, beverages, dairy, fruits, vegetables, and meat. Hemp seeds are high in readily digestible proteins, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), insoluble fiber, carbs, and favorable omega-6 PUFA acid to omega-3 PUFA ratio and have high nutritional value. The antioxidants of cannabis, such as polyphenols, help with anxiety, oxidative stress, and the risk of chronic illnesses, including cancer, neurological disorders, digestive problems, and skin diseases. Cannabis has been shown to have negative health impacts on the respiratory system, driving, and psychomotor functions, and the reproductive system. Overall, the purpose of this research is to stimulate more in-depth research on cannabis’s adaptation in various foods and for the treatment of chronic illnesses.

Low Dietary n6/n3 Ratio Attenuates Changes in the NRF 2 Gene Expression, Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammatory Markers Induced by Fructose Overconsumption in the Rat Abdominal Adipose Tissue.

The objective of this study was to examine the benefits of different n6/n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on the lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in the adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fructose diet. Male and female rats were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) (n6/n3 ratio ~7), a high-fructose group (HF) (n6/n3 ratio ~7), an N6-HF group (n6/n3 ratio ~50), and the DHA-HF group (n6/n3 ratio ~1, with the addition of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid). The CON group received plain water and the HF group received 15% fructose in their drinking water. Fructose induced an increase in the content of serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, and HOMA-IR index. Among the fatty acids, elevated proportions of C18:1n9 and C16:1n7, as well as an increase in total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), were found in the adipose tissue of the HF group. Fructose treatment also changed oxidative parameters, including a marked increase in the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Meanwhile, DHA supplementation caused a significant decrease in the serum MDA concentration in comparison with the HF group. In addition, DHA/EPA supplementation attenuated oxidative stress by increasing NRF 2 gene expression. Fructose treatment also significantly decreased the adiponectin level, while DHA supplementation ameliorated it. The changes observed in this trial, including the decrease in the content of DHA and EPA, the decreased EPA/ARA ratio, and the increase in the expression of inflammatory genes, are characteristics of the low-grade inflammation caused by fructose treatment. These changes in the rat adipose tissue could be prevented by dietary intervention consisting of DHA supplementation and a low n6/n3 ratio.