Polyethylene Terephthalate Film Research Articles

Development of the technology for a transdermal therapeutic system of the anti-inflammatory action

Aim. To develop the technology for manufacturing a transdermal therapeutic system of anti-inflammatory action in the laboratory and substantiate the choice of a support coating. Materials and methods. For the study, model samples of the transdermal patch were used; their main components were a dry extract of white willow bark, a dry extract of sage leaves, quercetin, PVP, eudragit, PEO-400 and isopropyl alcohol – up to 100.0, as well as a support coating – a polyethylene terephthalate film. Organoleptic and technological research methods were applied. Results and discussion. The rational technology of the laboratory production of an anti-inflammatory patch based on natural substances and the type of a support coating – a polyethylene terephthalate film with a thickness of 50 microns has been theoretically and experimentally substantiated. It has been found that the optimal mode of drying experimental patch samples is 50 °C, the drying time is 10 min. Keeping the samples in the thermostat for longer than 10 min, or at a temperature above 50 °C, leads to significant over-drying of the adhesive base, a film devoid of adhesive properties is formed, and it completely lags behind the polymer base. A flowchart for obtaining a patch has been developed, critical production parameters have been determined, and permissible deviation limits have been set. Conclusions. The technology for manufacturing of an anti-inflammatory patch based on natural substances has been developed in the laboratory. The optimal support coating for the patch has been selected, the optimal drying mode of the adhesive composition has been determined. The critical parameters of the technological process for obtaining a patch have been determined.

Deep-learning-assisted optical steganographic encryption via ghost encoding and binary hologram

We propose a steganographic approach for encrypting optical images by integrating ghost encoding and computer-generated holography. The process involves encoding a secret image using ghost imaging during its collection and subsequently encrypting it into a binary amplitude-only hologram (BAOH) with steganographic characteristics. The resultant BAOH servers as the ciphertext and can be printed out on a polyethylene terephthalate film using an inkjet printer. To enhance flexibility and reconstruction quality, we incorporate a deep neural network driven by sparse and noisy data to work alongside into the cryptosystem. Both the pure digital hologram cyphertext and its physical representation can be successfully decrypted. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of our scheme, offering benefits such as easy-to-carry storage, low production costs, and high security.

Evaporation Driven Hydrovoltaic Generator Based on Nano-Alumina-Coated Polyethylene Terephthalate Film.

Collecting energy from the ambient environment through green and sustainable methods is highly expected to alleviate pollution and energy problems worldwide. Here, we report a facile and flexible hydrovoltaic generator capable of utilizing natural water evaporation for sustainable electricity production. The generator was fabricated by coating nano-Al2O3 on a twistable polyethylene terephthalate film. An open circuit voltage of 1.7 V was obtained on a piece of centimeter-sized hydrovoltaic generator under ambient conditions. The supercapacitor charged by the hydrovoltaic device can power a mini-motor efficiently. Moreover, by expanding the size or connecting it in series/parallel, the energy output of the generator can be further improved. Finally, the influence factors and the mechanism for power generation were primarily investigated. Electrical energy is produced by the migration of water through charged capillary channels. The environmental conditions, the properties of the solution and the morphology of the film have important effects on the electrical performance. This study is anticipated to offer enlightenment into designing novel hydrovoltaic devices, providing diverse energy sources for various self-powered devices and systems.

A coupled piezo-triboelectric nanogenerator based on the electrification of biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate food packaging films

This study reports that biaxially oriented silica-filled polyethylene terephthalate (BOPET) films used worldwide as food packaging materials combine unique dual electrification properties that enable the effective conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. The electricity output depends on the physical contact and separation of the polymeric matrix and triboelectric pair material with different affinities for electrons on its surface. To exploit the dual piezoelectric and triboelectric electrification of the films materials, a hybrid piezoelectric triboelectric nanogenerator energy harvester using this film as an electron source was assembled and tested. When BOPET film is paired with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibre network, which due to the electronegativity difference gained electrons, the performance of the nanogenerator to the output open-circuit increases voltage values above 305 V, and the short-circuit current density and charge density to 12 ± 1μAcm−2 and 37 ± 2μCm−2, respectively. Further, underlaying the PVDF tribo-contact layer by a dielectric low permittivity spunbond non-woven polypropylene raises the performance of the nanogenerator more than doubled (624 V) with corresponding densities of 61 ± 7μAcm−2 and 101 ± 4μCm−2.

A mechanoluminescent material, ZnS:Mn,Li, with enhanced brightness for visualizing dental occlusion.

Mechanoluminescent materials are characterized by high luminescence intensity, high repeatability, no external voltage activation, and a good linear relationship between stress and mechanoluminescence intensity within a certain range. Therefore, mechanoluminescent materials have attracted increasing attention from researchers in the fields of stress sensing, encryption and anti-counterfeiting, structural health monitoring, energy-saving lighting, intelligent wearable devices, and other fields. In this study, ZnS:Mn powders with different Mn2+ ratios and different ion doping were synthesized by a high-temperature solid-phase reaction, and the synthesis of various materials was characterized. Then, the optimal mechanoluminescence effect of the ZnS:1%Mn,1%Li materialwas obtained. The photoluminescence intensity of ZnS:1%Mn,1%Li was 16.7 times higher than that of the sample without doping with Li+, and the mechanoluminescence intensity was 1.64 times higher. Finally, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film was combined with ZnS:Mn,Li mechanoluminescent powders to prepare flexible three-layer composite film. Based on this, a feasible strategy for the detection of temporomandibular disorders was proposed. The composite film is easy to use, economical, and safe, and has good mechanoluminescent performance, which has potential application value in the field of occlusal force detection and visualization.

Strong Interface Interaction of ZnO Nanosheets and MnSx Nanoparticles Triggered by Light over Wide Ranges of Wavelength to Enhance Their Removal of VOCs

The characteristics of the surface and interface of nanocomposites are important for exerting multi-functional properties and widening interdisciplinary applications. These properties are mainly depending on the electronic structures of materials. Some key factors, such as the surface, interface, grain boundaries, and defects take vital roles in the contribution of desired properties. Due to the excellent sensitivity of the QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) device, the surface and interface features of the nanocomposite were studied with the aid of the gas-response of the sensors (Sensor’s Gas-Sensitivity) in this work. To make full use of the visible light and part of NIR, a ZnO/MnSx nanocomposite was constructed using hydrothermal synthesis for narrowing the bandgap width of wide bandgap materials. The results indicated that the absorbance of the resulting nanocomposite was extended to part of the NIR range due to the introduction of impurity level or defect level, although ZnO and MnS belonged to wide bandgap semiconductor materials. To explore the physical mechanism of light activities, the photoconductive responses to weak visible light (650 nm, etc.) and NIR (near-infrared) (808 nm, 980 nm, and 1064 nm, etc.) were studied based on interdigital electrodes of Au on flexible PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film substrate with the casting method. The results showed that the on/off ratio of ZnO/MnSx nanocomposite to weak visible light and part of NIR light were changed by about one to five orders of magnitude, with changes varying with the amount of MnSx nanoparticle loading due to defect-assisted photoconductive behavior. It illustrated that the ZnO/MnSx nanocomposite easily produced photo-induced free charges, effectively avoiding the recombination of electrons/holes because of the formation of strong built-in electrical fields. To examine the surface and interface properties of nanocomposites, chemical prototype sensor arrays were constructed based on ZnO, ZnO/MnSx nanocomposite, and QCM arrays. The adsorption response behaviors of the sensor arrays to some typical volatile compounds were examined under a similar micro-environment. The results exhibited that in comparison to ZnO nanosheets, the ZnO nanosheets/MnSx nanocomposite increased adsorption properties to some typical organic volatile compounds significantly. It would have good potential applications in photo-catalysts, self-cleaning films, multi-functional coatings, and organic pollutants treatment (VOCs) of environmental fields for sustainable development. It provided some reference value to explore the physical mechanism of materials physics and photophysics for photo-active functional nanocomposites.

A synergy of atmospheric plasma and UV-additive incorporated PU and styrene–isoprene-styrene adhesive for improving inter-layer adhesion in PVF/Fabric/BOPET laminate for aerostat envelope

Engineers and material scientists face a significant challenge in finding the right adhesive and technology to join the layers of a multi-layered laminated composite for making lightweight aircrafts. This paper focuses on a novel method of exposing substrates to atmospheric-plasma using different purging gases and subsequent adhesive-lamination. Three separate plasma-exposed layers— polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film, polyester fabric, and biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BOPET) film were joined together using two different solvent-borne/pressure-sensitive adhesives, based on polyurethane and styrene-isoprene-styrene. Both adhesives were compounded with organic UV-additives and nano-carbon black for improving weather resistance. The composite laminates were exposed to accelerated weathering for 100h to qualify for the targeted application of aerostat envelope/hull. Among different gas combinations, the helium/oxygen-mixture (80:20) showed the best results in terms of surface etching/functionalization, which strongly attributed to improving adhesion-strength. Among two adhesives, styrene-isoprene-styrene-based adhesive performed much better. This adhesive was UV-cured after post-weathering cycle, and it improved inter-laminar adhesion strength by 81% and reached 16.2 N/cm. As a consequence, it prevented adhesive breakage from the weak bond layers and turned it into a cohesive failure from the adhesive layer. Most importantly, the laminated fabric showed excellent helium gas barrier property, which improved further after weathering cycle, making it ideal for the targeted application.

Glacier as a source of novel polyethylene terephthalate hydrolases.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a major component of microplastic contamination globally, which is now detected in pristine environments including Polar and mountain glaciers. As a carbon-rich molecule, PET could be a carbon source for microorganisms dwelling in glacier habitats. Thus, glacial microorganisms may be potential PET degraders with novel PET hydrolases. Here, we obtained 414 putative PET hydrolase sequences by searching a global glacier metagenome dataset. Metagenomes from the Alps and Tibetan glaciers exhibited a higher relative abundance of putative PET hydrolases than those from the Arctic and Antarctic. Twelve putative PET hydrolase sequences were cloned and expressed, with one sequence (designated as GlacPETase) proven to degrade amorphous PET film with a similar performance as IsPETase, but with a higher thermostability. GlacPETase exhibited only 30% sequence identity to known active PET hydrolases with a novel disulphide bridge location and, therefore may represent a novel PET hydrolases class. The present work suggests that extreme carbon-poor environments may harbour a diverse range of known and novel PET hydrolases for carbon acquisition as an environmental adaptation mechanism.

Flexible Organic Thin‐Film Transistors with Liquid‐Crystalline Organic Semiconductor, Ph‐BTBT‐10

Flexible organic thin‐film transistors with liquid‐crystalline organic semiconductor, 2‐decyl‐7‐phenyl‐benzothienobenzothiophene (Ph‐BTBT‐10), which is suitable for flexible transistor material because the polycrystalline thin films can be easily fabricated at about 100 °C or lower by solution process, are fabricated. 25 μm‐thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film and photosensitive resin poly(vinyl cinnamate) (PVCi) are used as flexible substrate and gate insulator, respectively. The PVCi gate insulator layer is crosslinked by UV light and the crosslinking reaction increases solvent resistance of PVCi gate insulator. Uniform Ph‐BTBT‐10 polycrystalline thin films are fabricated on the PVCi gate insulator and the crystallinity and electrical characteristics of Ph‐BTBT‐10 are not damaged by PVCi gate insulator. The entire process is performed below 130 °C considering the heat resistance temperature of the PET film. The fabricated transistors show the mobility of and threshold voltage of 0.57 ± 0.38 V.

Soft capacitive tactile sensing array with high-robustness for three-axis pressure measurement

Tactile sensing with capability to measure and differentiate synergistic normal and shear pressures real-timely is crucial for possible dexterous manipulation of objects in robotic applications. Here in this paper, the measuring principle, as well as fabrication and testing of a soft tactile sensing array for three-axis pressure measurement are proposed. It is enabled by a floating electrode structure rather than a typical electrode-dielectric-electrode sandwiched prototype that the interconnects and sensing electrodes are realized using flexible printed circuit (FPC) meanwhile the floating electrodes are easily fabricated on a soft polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The transformation of embedding fragile interconnects into soft PDMS sensor body under excessive bending and deformation to a FPC layer of increased robustness and less compression drastically reduce the possibility of loss of function, and guarantee the robustness of the designed tactile sensing array. Moreover, hierarchically porous PDMS composite as the dielectric inlaid between floating electrode layer and sensing electrode layer results in a soft tactile sensing array with enhanced sensitivity (0.04 kPa−1 under normal pressure and 0.10 kPa−1 under shear pressures), large pressure sensing range (>300 kPa under normal pressure and > 62 kPa under shear pressures), minimal hysteresis, excellent repeatability, and fast response time (less than 60 ms) attributing to the synergistic effect of uniformly distributed macro and micro pores. The constructed soft tactile sensing array would provide essential sensing feedback for controlling an artificial arm in various tasks, illustrating its great potential application in robotics.

Ti3C2Tx MXene Paper-Based Wearable and Degradable Pressure Sensor for Human Motion Detection and Encrypted Information Transmission.

Paper-based flexible sensors are of great significance for promoting the development of green wearable electronic devices due to their good degradability and low cost. In this work, a paper-based wearable pressure sensor with a sandwich structure is proposed, which is assembled from a sensing layer printed with Ti3C2Tx MXene ink, an interdigitated electrode printed in the same simple and economical way, and two polyethylene terephthalate films. The demonstrated paper-based pressure sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity in a wide pressure sensing range, as well as cyclic stability at a certain pressure. The sensor can be attached to the human body's surface to monitor various pressure-related physical activities. Using a self-designed mobile phone APP, the special pressure signals collected from the sensor can be transmitted and translated, and an intelligent and encrypted information transmission system can be established. Since only ordinary printing paper and Ti3C2Tx MXene ink are used, the pressure sensor is easy to prepare, economical, and environmentally friendly, and it can be degraded by stirring in water without generating electronic waste. It can be foreseen that the proposed sensor shows bright application potential in the sustainable development of healthcare and human-computer interaction fields.

Development of lightweight and flexible crystalline silicon solar cell modules with PET film cover for high reliability in high temperature and humidity conditions

Lightweight and flexible solar cell modules have great potential to be installed in locations with loading limitations and to expand the photovoltaics market. We used polyethylene terephthalate films instead of thick glass cover as front cover materials to fabricated lightweight solar cell modules with crystalline silicon solar cells. Because of the absence of a glass cover, the fabricated modules have flexible properties. The fabricated modules were subjected to accelerated degradation tests to evaluate their reliability. The test results showed that these lightweight and flexible modules exhibit high reliability under both high temperature and high humidity conditions.

Ag seed layer effects on SnO2 thin films for triboelectric devices

Materials with triboelectric properties are critical to boosting the efficiency of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) by gathering power from waste force and mechanical movement. In this study, we explored tin-oxide (SnO2) thin films with silver (Ag) seed layer properties for friction surfaces at TENGs. Investigation of the triboelectric behavior of semi-conductor/polymer coupling structured TENGs formed by thin films with and without Ag seed layer after heat treatment was explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and semi-logarithmic current-voltage measurements. Similar structural characterization studies were carried out in indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate film (PET/ITO) for the polymer friction layer. Semiconductor/polymer coupling structured TENG efficiency was evaluated in contact-separation mode and the output voltage-current was enhanced to 80 V, 4 μA, and 210 μW of output power calculated by depositing a SnO2 thin film on an Ag seed layer, respectively. Our findings offer a different perspective for synthesizing the semi-conductor/polymer coupling structured TENGs for promising applications in a range of application technologies.

Biodegradation Potential of Polyethylene Terephthalate by the Two Insect Gut Symbionts Xanthomonas sp. HY-74 and Bacillus sp. HY-75.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a plastic material that is widely used in beverage bottles, food packaging, and other consumer products, which is highly resistant to biodegradation. In this study, we investigated the effects of two insect gut symbionts, Xanthomonas sp. HY-74 and Bacillus sp. HY-75, during PET biodegradation. Both strains degraded PET-containing agar plates, and the sole nutrition source assay showed that HY-74 had different degradation rates depending on the presence of specific carbon and nitrogen sources, whereas HY-75 exhibited comparable degradation across all tested conditions. The two strains biodegraded the PET film with 1.57 ± 0.21% and 1.42 ± 0.46% weight loss after 6 weeks, respectively. Changes in the morphology and structure of the PET films, such as erosion, scratching, and surface roughening, were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, the two strains biodegraded PET powder, broke it into its degradation products, and changed the surface functional groups. This is the first study to investigate the biodegradation of PET by Hymenoptera gut-derived microbes and offers promising insights into the potential applications of insect gut symbionts in PET waste management.

Wax-shaped wettability assisted patterning of silver nanowires on various substrates as transparent, flexible, or stretchable electrodes

With the rapid development of flexible and wearable devices, flexible transparent conductive electrodes are highly demanded. However, there is no available technology that can pattern emerging electric materials (e.g., silver nanowires (AgNWs)) on versatile substrates in large scale to achieve high performance in different aspects on demands, such as transparency, flexibility, stretchability, and biocompatibility. Here, a wax-shaped wetting/dewetting (WSWD) method is demonstrated to pattern AgNWs networks into transparent conductive circuits ranging from tens of micrometers to centimeters on various substrates. For instance, the AgNWs coatings patterned on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films achieve high electrical conductivity and optical transparency up to 73%, and a stable resistance (CV < 0.1%) after cyclic bending (>200 times); the AgNWs coatings patterned into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels exhibit good durability after cyclic bending (>200 times) and stretching (30% strain). Finally, the flexible AgNWs coatings are used as wearable transparent heaters applied to the human finger joint and wrist, which are thermally stable and safe (42 °C < T < 50 °C for 3 min) under cyclic bending. Thus, this method provides a simple, low-cost, green, and versatile means for fabricating transparent conductive electrodes, which can be applied to optoelectronic, wearable, and healthcare devices.

Highly Efficient Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells on Polyethylene Terephthalate Films via Dual Halide and Low‐Dimensional Interface Engineering for Indoor Photovoltaics

Flexible perovskite solar cells are lightweight, bendable, and applicable to curved surfaces. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become the substrate of choice compared to other plastic substrates like polyethylene naphthalate. PET is not only stable but also much cheaper to manufacture, an important factor for photovoltaics (PV). Herein, highly efficient devices on PET are demonstrated using a dual low‐temperature (≤100 °C) approach, first by anion mixing (replacing I with Br) of the lead‐containing perovskite composition, increasing bandgap (42% improvement), and then by interfacial engineering with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) (a further 26% improvement), reaching efficiencies of 28.9% at 200 lx and a record 32.5% at 1000 lx. The TBA+ cation intercalates into the structure, substituting formamidinium cations at the perovskite/TBAB interface, inducing the formation of large‐sized, lower dimensional structures over the 3D perovskite matrix. The resulting PV cell has 1.4 times higher carrier lifetime, one order of magnitude lower leakage currents, and 3 times lower defect densities, suppressing recombination. Importantly, stability (ISOS‐D1 protocol) improves by more than double with treatment. Highly efficient and stable cells on PET films enable seamless integration with wearable, portable, smart building, and Internet of Things electronic devices, expanding the reach of indoor applications.

A novel Bacillus subtilis BPM12 with high bis(2 hydroxyethyl)terephthalate hydrolytic activity efficiently interacts with virgin and mechanically recycled polyethylene terephthalate

Biotechnological treatment of plastic waste has gathered substantial attention as an efficient and generally greener approach for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) depolymerization and upcycling in comparison to mechanical and chemical processes. Nevertheless, a suitable combination of mechanical and microbial degradation may be the key to bringing forward PET upcycling. In this study, a new strain with an excellent bis(2 hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) degradation potential (1000 mg/mL in 120 h at 30 °C) and wide temperature (20-47 °C) and pH (5-10) tolerance was isolated from a pristine soil sample. It was identified as Bacillus subtilis BPM12 via phenotypical and genome analysis. A number of enzymes with potential polymer degrading activities were identified, including carboxylesterase BPM12CE that was efficiently expressed both, homologously in B. subtilis BPM12 and heterologously in B. subtilis 168 strain. Overexpression of this enzyme enabled B. subtilis 168 to degrade BHET, while the activity of BPM12 increased up to 1.8-fold, confirming its BHET-ase activity. Interaction of B. subtilis BPM12 with virgin PET films and films that were re-extruded up to 5 times mimicking mechanical recycling, revealed the ability of the strain to attach and form biofilm on each surface. Mechanical recycling resulted in PET materials that are more susceptible to chemical hydrolysis, however only slight differences were detected in biological degradation when BPM12 whole-cells or cell-free enzyme preparations were used. Mixed mechano/bio-degradation with whole-cells and crude enzyme mixes from this strain can serve to further increase the percentage of PET- based plastics that can enter circularity.

Enhancing the Electrical Conductivity and Strength of PET by Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Film Coating.

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with excellent physicochemical properties are considered a promising candidate for the electrical and mechanical reinforcements of polymers. However, the poor dispersion of SWCNTs in plastics seriously limits their application and their achieved performance enhancement. Here, we coat a freestanding, highly conductive SWCNT film onto the surface of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film by a hot-pressing method. Due to the uniform SWCNT network structure and strong interfacial interaction, the SWCNT/PET hybrid film showed notably enhanced electrical and mechanical properties even though with a very low SWCNT weight fraction of 0.066%. The surface square resistance of the SWCNT/PET film decreased to 120-140 Ω/□ from 1016 Ω. In addition, Young's modulus and tensile strength of the SWCNT/PET film reached 4.6 GPa and 148 MPa, which are 31.3 and 24.4%, respectively, higher than the pure PET film. The SWCNT/PET film shows excellent mechanical durability and thermal stability, demonstrating its potential use as an antistatic material.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Composite Films with Enhanced Flame Retardancy and Gas Barrier Properties via Self-Assembly Nanocoating.

The flammability and gas barrier properties are essential for package material. Herein, a highly-oriented self-assembly nanocoating composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and montmorillonite (MMT) was prepared for endowing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films with excellent flame retardancy and gas barrier properties. The specific regular nanosheet structure of the PVA/MMT composite nanocoating was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the vertical burning test (VBT) suggested that the thermal stability and flame-retardancy of the coated PET films were considerably improved with more pick-up of the resulting nanocoating. When reaching 650 °C, there was still 22.6% char residual left for coated PET film, while only 6% char residual left for pristine PET film. During the vertical burning test, the flame did not spread through the whole PET film with the protection of PVA/MMT nanocoating, and no afterflame was observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is consistent with vertical burning test, proving that the thermal stability and flame retardancy of coated PET films were considerably enhanced with the increment of PVA/MMT. Thanks to the multi-layer structure, PVA/MMT nanocoating could effectively improve the gas barrier properties of PET films, and the oxygen vapor transmittance rate and water vapor transmittance rate of PET films were more than four hundred times lower and 30% lower than those of neat PET film. Our work demonstrates that bi-functional flame retardant and gas barrier materials could be gained via constructing inorganic/organic highly-oriented self-assembly nanocoating, which is promising in the area of packaging.

Roll‐to‐Roll Patterning of Indium‐Tin‐Oxide Electrodes Using a Low‐Cost Laser‐Marking Machine

This study aims to explore the optimal process conditions for patterning indium‐tin‐oxide electrodes with polyethylene terephthalate films using a low‐cost laser‐marking machine equipped with an F‐theta lens. The feasibility of applying this equipment in roll‐to‐roll (R2R) processes and flexible sensors is also investigated. Moreover, the study involves analyzing the laser characteristics, precision, and focal length of the equipment, as well as adjusting the laser power and focal length to achieve the desired line width without damaging the substrate. The proposed equipment and an R2R patterning method are applied to a pressure‐leak sensor that employs a surfactant as the sensing material. The findings show that the low‐cost laser‐marking machine can be used for flexible sensor research and can support a fast, cost‐effective patterning method, making it possible to develop new sensors quickly.