Political Ethics Research Articles

Autonomy, rationality, and religious initiation: replies to Hand, Wareham, Gheaus, Lewin, and Clayton

Abstract John Tillson concludes the symposium on his Children, Religion and the Ethics of Influence by replying to his five respondents. The reply focusses on Michael Hand’s defence of parental rights to raise their children in their faith; Ruth Wareham’s suggestion that the value of autonomy rules out a wider range of impermissible religious influences than Tillson’s account is able to; David Lewin’s alternative criteria for ethical influence and scepticism about rationality’s objectivity; Anca Gheaus’ proposal that initiation into multiple contradictory religious faiths is permissible; and Matthew Clayton’s rejection of the book’s perfectionist political morality.

Research on Political Ethical Alienation in the Space of the Other Starting from Adolf Eichmann

Modern anthropology and spatial politics advocate understanding and studying the other, reflecting on oneself through the other. Great eras demand both theoretical and practical innovation, and political ethics should never be metaphysical in the ivory tower. This article takes the relevant events of Adolf Eichmann, a high-ranking Nazi official during World War II, who indiscriminately massacred numerous Jews, as an example. It reflects and analyzes the breakdown of value rationality and the disregard and trampling of moral ethics under fascist authoritarianism during World War II. Combining relevant behavioral experiments, the study explores the causes of alienation from the perspectives of alienated subjects, motives, and opportunities. This leads to a discussion of solutions to ethical alienation in the process of social development, proposing ideas for overcoming potential political ethical dislocation through emphasis on quality education, balancing social systems and ethical morals, and calling for collective reflection and nurturing a sense of responsibility for others. Maintaining a clear self-awareness under the control of desires in the high-tech era is conducive to avoiding the quagmire of alienation and provides warnings and development ideas for the long-term development of our countrys politics.

Beyond right and wrong: on the conditionality of dirty hands

AbstractDirty Hands theorists disagree about how agents should resolve a high-cost moral dilemma, but their disagreement is partly because they tend to discuss widely different cases of a broad and heterogeneous phenomenon. Moralists are typically concerned with problems that often involve an agent who is under coercion and is asked to engage in an activity that will cause severe and certain harm to individuals. Realists, on the other hand, base their observations on cases where political parties negotiate to form coalitions or policy platforms; these compromises may affect the political integrity and representative credibility of the agent, but less so their moral integrity as measured by universal moral standards. Yet, both types of Dirty Hand scenarios concern the same phenomenon: an urgency to make a morally costly compromise. As a result, we propose to evaluate Dirty Hands problems by placing them on a dual continuum based on two conditions: their projected outcomes, and their external circumstances. We propose that the position of a moral problem on this continuum affects the extent to which a compromise is or is not excusable. Finally, we consider the implications of our findings for the Dirty Hands debate and for the study of political ethics more broadly.

Ethics-Oriented and Anti-Ethical Political Conduct of Rulers in the Political Society of Iran Based on Karen Horney's Theory: A Review of Historical Books

The aim of the present research was to examine the ethics-oriented and anti-ethical political conduct of rulers in the political society of Iran based on Karen Horney's theory, with a review of historical books. Due to the nature of the research, we have employed a descriptive-analytical method based on documents and evidence. Ethics, by fostering a sublime and valuable spirit in the political sphere, prevents the emergence of social challenges, conflicts, and disputes, and by disseminating human values among the members of society, increases social cohesion and solidarity. In this regard, whether we consider politics as a profession or as a field that affects and is affected by all people according to their responsibilities and multiple roles in life, it is necessary to introduce specific ethical codes for this field. Regarding political ethics, no code or indicator has been introduced so far by scientific or political institutions. The book Kalila and Dimna, as a historical work, is a multi-layered and hybrid piece in which glimpses of three civilizations—India, Iran, and Islam (even a faint touch of Greek civilization)—can be observed. Centuries after the writing and translation of this book in the West, Machiavelli's The Prince was written with the same theme. The main question is: What perspectives do Kalila and Dimna and The Prince, as two historical-literary works, have on political ethics in society, and what are the similarities and differences between the two books? The method used to analyze and explain the subject is Karen Horney's psychological approach, which dissects four personality types: compliant, aggressive, detached, and idealized self. The conclusion drawn from this study is that in both books, political ethics is the central issue. However, in Kalila and Dimna, anti-ethical behavior is despicable and condemned, and anti-ethical figures like "Dimna" meet a bitter end, while in The Prince, the anti-ethical ruler faces no punishment for his conduct.

The Epistemic Discourse of Religious Moderation (Moderasi Beragama) in Indonesia

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="ZH-CN">Since its early beginning, the “Religious Moderation” <i>(Moderasi
 Beragama)</i> has been a disputed controversy in the making of its epistemic
 discourses among parties of religious authorities of Islamic organisations,
 particularly <i>Nahdlatul Ulama</i> <i>(N.U.)</i>, <i>Muhammadiyah</i>, and
 Islamic-based political parties. The issues following controversies are
 political bias due to the principles of Religious Moderation that are close to
 the characteristics of <i>Islam Nusantara</i> (Archipelagical Islam) of
 Nahdlatul Ulama, the close ally of the ruling regime. This research discusses
 the epistemic discourse of Religious Moderation based on the genealogical
 studies of Michel Foucault. Joko Widodo's administration constructed
 "Religious Moderation" as a system of knowledge and political ethics,
 even a “state ideology” in maintaining a </span>peaceful<span lang="ZH-CN"> religious life and
 articulating Indonesian Islam. This research reveals that "Religious
 Moderation" epistemically refers to ethical values for Indonesian politics
 concerning the nature of Indonesian history and its societal identities of
 diversity <i>(Kebhinekaan)</i>, ethnicity, religion, languages, and beliefs,
 including varieties of Indonesian Islam. <i>Nahdlatul Ulama </i>and Joko
 Widodo's administration share the same interests in maintaining a peaceful
 religious life and nationalism. </span><o:p></o:p></p>

The moral (bio)politics of the abnormal: Situating a Southwest China border town in global AIDS governance

This paper analyses the interaction of two models in the social process of global AIDS governance and explores the possibilities of innovation in the social response to risk. The two moral regimes by which to cope with problematized situations in the contemporary world are conceptualized as the “center” and the “border”. The center promotes a normative discourse in the name of defending society, reifying order and pursuing cost-effectiveness in operations. The border undertakes exploratory social action guided by a specific idea of “goodness”. While the two approaches engage in continuous battles, with integration and penetration between them, in the case of people living with HIV worldwide, they were first degraded into a separated biomedical pariah population, and then were brought under the strict medical regime of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). This shift between abject exclusion and exceptional inclusion indicates the meta-structure of life governance in the contemporary world. China's border cities are key outposts of global AIDS governance that reflect how the institutional deployment of exclusion and inclusion extends from global to local. The “ zuo aizibing” (doing AIDS projects) in Biancheng, a Southwest China border town, embody typically as well as uniquely the complicated “center–border” entanglement. Border-organized “infected peer groups” are embedded in the local official governance system, manifesting as “front-line foot soldiers” serving the center by facilitating a smoother integration of the city's HIV-positive population into the public health monitoring system, where they are disciplined to become docile medical subjects. However, such groups, in adaptable symbiosis with this normative deployment, have also been able to independently open up entirely new fields of social action, allowing a humanitarian vision to be mediated, “translated”, and implemented. Through the transmission of knowledge, affection, and vitality, such groups have freed their HIV-positive peers, otherwise abandoned by the normative logic of AIDS governance, from stigmatization and from being limited by disease and treatment, to start pursuing new forms of life. As a global social experiment, the border, as revealed by AIDS, has far-reaching implications for exploring the inclusive and open potential of society itself.

Shadow Politics: Commercial Digital Influencers, “Data,” and Disinformation in India

This article builds on ethnographic research among an emergent group of self-styled political consultants and digital influencers in India to highlight the contours of what is defined here as “shadow politics” and its implications for disinformation research and policy. Shadow politics refers to the dual structure of “official” and “unofficial” streams of campaign organization that can integrate diverse influence actors with the party campaign system. The specificity of this form of political influence management emerges from the growing uptake for digital tools and how commercial consultants anchor “data” to the goal of “narrative building” to favor their political clients, thereby delinking data practices from the moor of political moralities. It sets the stage to draw extreme content as one data type among many to choose from. Through such data practices, a vast substratum of indirectly sanctioned influence operators is linked to the public campaign stream as a “shadow,” with incentive structures to “innovate” upon excitable and inflated content.

Banality of Political Communication in Indonesian Presidential Election Contestation

This study aims to describe the banality of discourse through the deconstruction of discourse on the discourse of political actors through viral political communications in online media. Through discourse deconstruction, an overview of the discourse meaning is obtained, and the discourse intent under study is revealed. This study uses a constructivist paradigm. The research uses linguistic and structural methods, objectives hermeneutic, and social semiotics. The results of the study show that there is power-oriented vulgarity with vulgar language, low political morality, political egoism, and political justification. This research shows that symbolic violence in political communication.

『治平要覽』: ‘史外傳心’의 要典

“The Abridged version for fair Governance”(治平要覽, 1445) 150-volume, which was compiled by scholars from Hall of Worthies in Se-jong of Chosun dynasty, is a book for looking at the rise and fall of past kingdoms in China and national history. King Se-jong wanted to acquire political lessons from past history of China and Korea, and at the same time he tried to leave a core of Confucian politics to his descendants. This book has a characteristic that distinguishes it from the form of general historical books in that the ‘chronological records’ which specifies the Lunar calendar and the reign of the monarch, is intentionally omitted.
 After completing the compilation of the book, Jung In-ji told Sejong, “This book is the Essential text over the historical record that transmits the Confucius’s mind.” This word originally came from A Commentary of The Spring and Autumn Annals written by Hu An-Guo in Song Dynasty.
 This book is also like a political textbook or guide book provided for king's rule. and mainly adopted a principle that was reflected by Confucius's The spring and Autumn Annals(『春秋』) with a view of Confucianism. This thesis is a new perspective on the essential characteristics of “The Abridged version for fair Governance” based on the above facts.

Variety of Indigenous Education in the Lampung Region during the Colonization Period

This article discusses the variety of indigenous education in the Lampung Region during the Colonization Period. This study aims to reconstruct past events related to indigenous education in the Lampung Region during colonization. The results of the study show that the application of ethical politics had an impact on people's lives during the colonization period. Lampung, as one of the first colonization destinations in 1905, led to the relocation of 155 families. In the early period before the arrival of the colonists from Java, the people of Lampung had implemented a concept of education in the family with inheritance carried out by parents to their children and grandchildren. The entry of Hindu-Buddhist and Islam influenced them. The variety and education system in the Javanese and Lampung colonists experienced significant developments with the emergence of the Ethical Policy policy initiated by Van Deventer. Indigenous people's education in the Colonization area of Lampung was only obtained from First Class Schools (De Scholen der Ferste Klasse), which later developed into HIS, Second Class Schools (De Scholen Der Tweede Klasse), and Village Schools (Desaschool), or People's Schools (Volkschool) and Schools. Agricultural vocational (Landbouwsclfool or Cultuurschool) Lampung does not have ELS, Europesche Lagera School, HCS, Hollands Chinese School, or Shcakel School types of schools. Meeting the needs of secondary and vocational education is only obtained from schools in Java, Palembang, or West Sumatra because, in Lampung, there are no schools such as MULO, AMS, HBS, or Higher Education in the Dutch colonial period.

Pendidikan Politik Santri Dipondok Pesantren Jabal Rahmah Anau Kadok Talang

This research is motivated by the importance of political education among students (santri) of the Jabal Rahmah Anau Kadok Talang Islamic Boarding School. The aim of political education at this boarding school is to shape the character of the students, enabling them to become citizens with ethical and polite political behavior, as well as a deep understanding of political issues. Although there is no specific curriculum for teaching political education, it is integrated through subjects such as Civic Education (PPKN), the activities of the Student Executive Board (BES), discussions, democratic culture practices, and the study of the Prophet's biography (Siroh Nabawiyah). This research employs a qualitative approach, collecting data through in-depth interviews. The objective is to analyze how political education at the Jabal Rahmah Islamic Boarding School shapes the political perspectives and thought patterns of the students, as well as the role of the school leaders in forming the students' political understanding. The research findings indicate that political education at this boarding school focuses on knowledge transfer, consciousness-raising, political identity, and organizational skills development. Through democratic spaces within the Student Council (OSIS) and lectures, the students acquire an understanding of positive political values. The students are also engaged in organizational activities that allow them to develop leadership skills. The political education at this boarding school successfully shapes good behavior, teaches ethical and wise political conduct, and equips the students to respond to political issues. The conclusion drawn from this research is that political education at the Jabal Rahmah Islamic Boarding School effectively molds the character and political understanding of the students. By employing an approach that involves various aspects of knowledge, orientation, behavior, and political action, the political education at this boarding school is capable of producing students who are aware of their rights and responsibilities as citizens, possess political ethics, and can approach political issues wisely. This research provides fresh insights into how political education can shape the character and political perspectives of students, and have an impact on their involvement in political and social life in Indonesia..

Wacana Komunikasi Politik Bagi Politisi Dalam Mempertahankan Eksistensinya Melalui Perspektif Forensik Komunikasi

This research aims to analyze the political communication discourse of the politician "Fahri Hamzah" in maintaining his existence. The paradigm used in this research is the constructivist paradigm. Using a qualitative approach, Teun Van Dijk's communication forensic discourse analysis method. The subject of this research is Fahri Hamzah as deputy general chairman of the Gelora party. The object of his research is his political statements. The data used in this research uses two types of data sources, namely primary and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews, questionnaires, documentation and a combination of the four. Meanwhile, data analysis techniques use data reduction, data display and data conclusion. The data validity technique uses source triangulation. Meanwhile, the theories used in this research are discourse analysis theory, forensic communication theory and social construction theory. Based on the research results, a conclusion was obtained about Fahri Hamzah's political discourse which is Philosophische Grondslag as a reference for politics. The characteristics of political communication are carried out up and down as well as vertically and horizontally. Fahri Hamzah manages politics with minimal motives of science-based pragmatism. In the future, with a consistent political tone, Fahri Hamzah can maintain his existence thereby providing many very good and positive political lessons for the people

The role of the church in the public space in Zimbabwe (2017–2023): Lessons drawn from Johannine Jesus in John 21:15–18

The New Testament presents Jesus as a transformational leader whose ministry had a holistic approach to challenges that were prevalent in his contemporary world. This article is a theological reflection of the role of the church in the public space in Zimbabwe as we draw lessons from servant leadership which is derived from Johannine Jesus’ message in John 21:15–18 with special focus on the Zimbabwean socio-political context (2017–2023). It is imperative for the Zimbabwean church to draw lessons from the socio-historical interpretation of Johannine Jesus’ message in John 21:15–18 because the Bible has to speak to our context in the here and now. The article concludes that the Zimbabwean church is compromised because of divisions among ecumenical Christian organisations on how to deal with socio-political issues in Zimbabwe such that an effective application of Jesus’ political ethics is problematic. The article recommends that church should be more proactive by empowering her members and the community at large on how Jesus’ ethics on servant leadership are useful in socio-political context in Zimbabwe. This will help the church to remain relevant and transformative in the public space.Contribution: The article contributes towards the scope of the special collection on the contextual reading of New Testament in the socio-political landscape in Zimbabwe as it focuses on the lessons drawn from the socio-historical interpretation of the Johannine Jesus’ message in John 21:15–18 towards the role of the church in the public space in Zimbabwe.

Социальные цели и духовные смыслы современного политического управления в России

The article is devoted to the analysis of the content and purpose of political management as a special type of management that has ample opportunities for organizing and optimizing relations in society and relations between society and the state. The resources of political management are revealed in conditions of geopolitical risks that negatively impact the Russian state and Russian society and which are neutralized by technologies of political management. Social goals and the spiritual aspect of political governance in the modern Russian Federation, which are based on traditional Russian spiritual values, are highlighted. The thesis is made about the need for sociality, spirituality, morality of politics, without which it is impossible to maintain the stability of the political system.

The Concept of Political Ethics in Islam (Perspective of Hadith from Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim)

Etika sangat diperlukan dalam hal apapun termasuk dalam politik. Namun pada kenyataannya politik pada masa sekarang ini masih terdapat kurangnya etika dalam berpolitik dan tidak sesuai dengan tuntutan Al-Qur’an maupun hadis. Artikel ini membahas tentang etika politik dalam Islam perspektif Hadis dengan merujuk pada Kitab Shahih Bukhari dan Shahih Muslim. Metode yang dilakukan dalam artikel ini yaitu library research dan menggunakan data-data kualitatif dengan metode content analysis. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu terdapat tujuh etika politik bagi pemimpin dalam kitab Shahih Bukhari dan Muslim (1) larangan meminta jabatan; (2) larangan mempersulit rakyat; (3) kewajiban bersikap adil dalam hukum; (4) larangan bertindak sewenang-wenang; (5) larangan melakukan tindakan dzalim atau aniaya; (6) larangan melakukan perbuatan penyelewengan atau korup (ghulul), (7) pemimpin harus bisa menerima kritik dan masukan. Sedangkan etika politik bagi rakyatnya yaitu rakyat wajib patuh kepada pemimipin, selama pemimpin tersebut dalam pelaksanaanya tetap memegang teguh pada al-Qur’an maupun hadis dan larangan menerima suap.

PATERNITY LEAVE IN MOTHER AND CHILD WELFARE BILL BASED ON HIFZ AL-NASL PERSPECTIVE AND GOVERNMENT ETHICS POLITICS

The plan of providing 40-day-paternity leave is just waiting for discussion and ratification into law. On the one hand, the RUU KIA (Maternal and Child Health bill (MCH bill) can guarantee the fulfillment of some of mothers’ and children’s rights if they are accompanied by the head of the family during the birth process. However, on the other hand, the status of the husbands who also work for government or private companies requires them to complete the workload, and 40 days of leave is considered a long time for workers to leave. This study aims at examining the implementation of the concept of hifẓ al-nasl on the ethical politics of government concerning the birth of the RUU KIA. This writing is library research by which the data sources were obtained from documents, books, journals, and news on social media. The data were analyzed by using a qualitative approach. The conclusion of this study showed that the philosophical basis of the 40-day-paternity leave policy is a crystallization of the concept of protecting wives and prospective babies and in accordance with the objectives of Islamic law in providing protection for offspring (hifẓ al-nasl). This government’s ethical politics is also an implementation of the rule of taṣarruful imām `alā ra'iyat manūṭun bil maṣlaḥah (policies taken by the government must be ensured to gain benefit for the people).

RELEVANCE OF VERSES ON POLITICS IN THE QURAN WITH THE CONSTITUTION IN INDONESIA; THEMATIC PANCASILA, UUD I945, AND CONTROVERSIAL ARTICLES IN CRIMINAL CODE (KUHP)

The Qur'an has become a universal guide to life - including political ethics - although it is not explained explicitly so that in its development, the concept of politics and government reflected in the constitution often has relevance to the values of the Qur'an. This study aims to reflect on the main values in the al-Qu'an related to political ethics to be elaborated in the concept of the Constitution in Indonesia, namely Pancasila and the UUD 1945. This research analyses the result using a qualitative approach, a thematic literature study method aided by Abdullah Saeed's contextual hermeneutic approach. The research results show that as a whole, the Pancasila precepts have a meaning that is relevant to the values of the Qur'an, namely the 1st precept of monotheism, the 2nd precept of equality, the 3rd precept of brotherhood/ unity, the 4th precept of deliberation in the process of decision-making, and the 5th precept of social justice/welfare. As for the thematic review of the UUD 1945, there are basic values of political ethics in the Qur'an, namely regarding law, power, and sovereignty; leadership and democracy; government apparatus; and Human Rights. Regarding the controversial articles in the Criminal Code, there are several important points, including the limitations on freedom of expression, alternative criminal penalties and commutation of sentences for corruptors, as well as punishment for adultery perpetrators, which in the contextualization of the values of the Quran contains the relevance of ethical, political and moral values.

Democratic Norms and the Ethics of Resistance

Most democratic theories recognize that democracy requires widespread adherence to both formal and informal norms that constrain the use of power and structure relationships among citizens. Most also recognize that a healthy democracy requires some forms of activism or resistance that transgress those norms to disrupt hierarchies, challenge injustices, and drive discursive innovation. Recent systemic theories of democracy show that democratic theory can incorporate these two realities without contradiction, but it is not clear whether an ethic of citizenship can do the same. This article reviews recent literature on the purposes and ethics of transgressive politics while also drawing attention to neglected questions about the functions of democratic norms and how they are maintained amid transgressions. These are questions that must be addressed by an ethic of citizenship that can navigate the tension between the authority of democratic norms and the constructive potential of transgressive politics.

Soehadi Prijonegoro: Dokter Jawa Pertama di Sragen

Doctors play an important role in developing health services for the community, but the government's lack of attention to health makes the presence of doctors very minimal. The situation was getting worse, and there was a change in policy on ethical politics, which gave birth to native doctors who were placed in various regions so that they could spearhead the development of health services, including doctor Soehadi Prijonegoro.
 This study aims to discuss: (1) health conditions and the availability of health services in Surakarta, especially Sragen, at the beginning of the 20th century. (2) the background of Dr Soehadi Prijonegoro, and (3) the role of Doctor Soehadi Prijonegoro in developing health services in Sragen 1933-1978. This historical research uses historical research methods, which include heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography.
 The results of this study indicate that health services in Sragen before 1933 were very limited and paid little attention. An epidemic and a shortage of health workers prompted the Regent of Sragen to work in Sragen. In 1933 Dr Soehadi Prijonegoro was sent to Sragen to serve the community. From 1933-1978, Dr Soehadi accompanied the development of health services in Sragen, which was indicated by establishing various health services in Sragen.
 The conclusion of this study is the presence of Dr Soehadi as the only doctor in Sragen for 30 years has made him responsible for the health sector for the people of Sragen. During his tenure, he has accompanied the development of health services in Sragen, which is growing rapidly.

Sistematicidade, universalizabilidade e distintividade na interpretação jurídica

The paper aims at mapping a contemporary controversy in legal theory: the controversy between interpretivism (Dworkin) and its critics, coming from several currents of legal thought, such as the critical legal studies (Unger), analytical positivism (Schauer) and post-positivism (MacCormick). Specifically, the hypothesis of the article is that this trio of authors selectively recovers aspects classically associated with legal formalism – such as the distinction between legal judgments and moral judgments or the demand for the universalizability of legal decisions. Which degree of systematicity one should demand from legal judgments and how to universalize the evaluation of the reasons underlying rules (beyond particularism) are some of the points of controversy within this trio of authors, but all seem to converge in rejecting the remission of legal interpretation to comprehensive evaluations of political morality.