Political Culture Approach Research Articles

Digital sovereignty, economic ideas, and the struggle over the digital markets act: a political-cultural approach

ABSTRACT Digital market regulations respond to technological changes and global dynamics, but also to how political actors shape markets. Focusing on the Digital Markets Act, this article explains the EU’s marketcraft as the result of a struggle in the policy field between political actors promoting competing economic ideas in a rapidly evolving technological and geopolitical context. We show that significant discursive and policy change in digital market governance has occurred because of shifting coalitions between three constellations of actors, which we call market-correctors, market-busters, and market-directors. Tracking the ongoing campaign to challenge Big Tech and define the meaning of digital sovereignty, we argue that market-directors have ushered in potentially comprehensive policy change.

Brazilian sugar-cane sector as a social field: a theoretical and conceptual construct based on a political-cultural approach

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo construir, teórica e conceitualmente, uma interpretação sociológica do setor sucroenergético brasileiro, valorizando os elementos políticos e sociais na qualidade de variáveis explicativas das dinâmicas dos mercados. Parte-se da contestação da racionalidade instrumental presente nas análises neoclássicas para propor uma abordagem do setor como um campo social, trazendo as contribuições da Nova Sociologia Econômica a partir de uma abordagem político-cultural. De acordo com uma análise sistemática do conjunto fundamental de instituições, formais e informais, que organizam e estabilizam as relações sociais e econômicas do setor, identificamos que o campo sucroenergético brasileiro se constitui atualmente em torno de grandes grupos empresariais ligados aos circuitos financeiros internacionais. Esses circuitos determinam sua dinâmica em estreita relação com os campos estatais, tradicionalmente acionados para formalizar e fiscalizar as regras do mercado em questão, conferindo assim a estabilidade e previsibilidade necessária à ação econômica dos atores sociais.

Cultural Policy at the City Level in the Context of the Formation of National Identity (on the Example of Nur-Sultan)

The article focuses on the close relationship of the socio-cultural environment of the city, which combines historical memory and modernity, with national identity.Aim. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of urban cultural policy on the formation of Kazakhstani national identity on the example of the city of Nur-Sultan, which became the capital after Kazakhstan gained independence.Tasks. The objectives of the study include determining the significance of the locality in the formation of national identity, the characterization of urban policy in the field of culture and its relationship with civic nationalism, the nation s tate and identity in the institutional and symbolic aspect.Methods. Within the framework of this work, the historical method, institutional and political-cultural approach is focused on the analysis of existing political institutions from the standpoint of potential opportunities that have not been realized in the past, and the development and implementation of methods for solving emerging problems in the process of forming state cultural policy at the stage of formation and development of the city Nur-Sultan.Results. This study is the statement that the cultural policy of Nur-Sultan is a new imaginative design based on the synthesis of modern technological solutions and various historical aspects of cultural heritage, which allows us to see the significant features of the idea of national identity. The novelty of the research lies in the attempt to comprehensively analyze the formation of the Kazakhstani national identity with an emphasis on the cultural policy of the city of Nur-Sultan.Conclusion. The main conclusion is that various ethnic groups with their inclusive characteristics are included in the common cultural space formed in the historical context of the titular nation with modern innovative projects, creating a synthesis of cultures that affects the formation of national identity.

Political Communication vs Cultural Approach to Society Related to the Handling of Covid-19

This study discusses political communication and cultural approach in handling the Covid-19 pandemic. Existing cases are taken into account along in the discussion of this paper to illustrate how measures like communication by political figure influence the Covid-19 mitigation. The cultural relevance of the COVID-19 community engagement message is critical to its effectiveness. Culture-insensitive communication may be seen in the COVID-19 case study as well as in the Ebola information being communicated. It is nevertheless important to recognize that a culture's collection of signals regarding life experience may range from positive behaviours that should be promoted to negative practices that should be addressed

Budaya Politik Emha Ainun Nadjib dalam Meretas Problematika Pluralitas Agama di Indonesia

Indonesia is a plural country of religion, race, ethnicity and culture. Apart from being a wealth of plurality, it is also a challenge, because plurality is prone to causing conflict. Religious diversity (including local religion) also makes Indonesia has the same vulnerability. For this reason, Emha Ainun Nadjib has a holistic view of how this diversity is realized and managed. This study aims to analyze Emha Ainun Nadjib's culture in hacking religious life in Indonesia. By using a qualitative approach and the theory of plurality and politics, the author maps the thoughts of Emha Ainun Nadjib in addressing these issues. The results showed that Emha Ainun Nadjib viewed plurality as an invaluable gift from God. Based on this phenomenon, Emha Ainun Nadjib provides understanding and builds awareness of the Indonesian people in processing diversity into a strength. Emha uses a political culture approach to break the chain of conflict generated by diversity into harmony.

What are markets? Selected market theories under genuine uncertainty in comparison

Since market economies are the dominant form of regulating economic action all over the world, the question arises how markets are conceived theoretically. Answering this is relevant because we need to know how existing and hypothetical markets work in general, what they “can do”, and how one can improve the market order. There are three different market approaches that consider genuine uncertainty. According to the new institutional economics approach, markets are institutions that increase boundedly rational actors’ utility. The markets-as-institutional-arrangements approach denies that markets maximize or minimize market outcomes and argues that they enable harmony between individual and common interests. According to the political-cultural approach, markets are political arenas with conflicts between the relevant actors. Deciding reasonably for a theory requires answering whether one theory is more adequate than another. Since literature has not answered this so far, the present paper deals with this issue from a critical-rationalist perspective. It finds that the institutional economics approach is not adequate because its assumptions contradict reality and each other. In contrast, the markets-as-institutional-arrangements approach and the political-cultural approach fulfill critical-rationalist requirements. Therefore, the paper compares them and finds that there are reasons to prefer the political-cultural approach and to interpret the markets-as-institutional-arrangements approach as its special case. Referring to the political-cultural approach has different consequences for analyzing and improving the market order. Taking a political-cultural view implies, e.g., not only focusing on desirable social values and market rules but also on the relevance of interpretative frameworks and power.

Democratic values, education, and political trust

This article examines the links between education, democratic values, and political trust. Research on education systems as carriers of modern orientations and democratic values worldwide predicts that educated individuals will exhibit more democratic values than less educated ones, regardless of the country’s level of democracy. In the political culture approach, political trust can be understood as a reflection of the congruence or incongruence between individual democratic values and the level of democracy of the political system, which emphasizes trust’s relational character. Integrating these strands of literature, I formulate hypotheses about the mediating effect of democratic values between education and political trust. To test these hypotheses, I employ multilevel models of data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Study covering 73 countries. The results show that democratic values partially mediate the effect of education on political trust, but the magnitude of this effect depends on the level of democracy. Analyses also show that, while education is positively associated with democratic values regardless of the country’s level of democracy, this association is much stronger in democratic countries than in non-democratic ones.

La edificación pública de la monarquía nacional. Contextos, significados y ceremoniales en torno al monumento a la patria española personificada en el rey Alfonso XII (1886-1922)

From a political-cultural approach, this text focuses on the main milestones, meanings and ceremonials referred the extensive process of projection and material and symbolic construction of the great memorial, emblem par excellence of reaffirmation of the National Monarchy during the Spanish Restoration, erected in the park El Retiro in Madrid, and dedicated to the Spanish Homeland personified in the King D. Alfonso XII. The study covers the period 1886-1922. The staging of official acts was presided by Alfonso XIII de Borbon: laying of the first stone (1902) and inauguration (1922). Enviado el (Submission Date): 27/04/2019Aceptado el (Acceptance Date): 12/05/2019

Planning For Participative Development Based On Local Values: Case Study of Kelurahan Lambuang Bukik, Kota Padang

Participatory development is the idea of the World Bank to link democracy with good the governance, an idea is a form of change in the development paradigm of developing countries from a modernization approach to an ecological approach. Local values as elements that are not related to modernization are ignored in the development process. This article explains about participatory development methods through a political culture approach. So that development participation involves the values of the local identity. Based on the use of the Adult Learning Circle or Learning Circle Based on Experience method that is applied to the implementation of community service in the LambuangBukik village, Padang City, it was found that the use of local community identity in the implementation of participatory development is more likely to form a broad community participation in development planning

Planning For Participative Development Based On Local Values: Case Study of Kelurahan Lambuang Bukik, Kota Padang

Participatory development is the idea of the World Bank to link democracy with good the governance, an idea is a form of change in the development paradigm of developing countries from a modernization approach to an ecological approach. Local values as elements that are not related to modernization are ignored in the development process. This article explains about participatory development methods through a political culture approach. So that development participation involves the values of the local identity. Based on the use of the Adult Learning Circle or Learning Circle Based on Experience method that is applied to the implementation of community service in the LambuangBukik village, Padang City, it was found that the use of local community identity in the implementation of participatory development is more likely to form a broad community participation in development planning

Valores democráticos para tiempos de crisis. Hallazgos de dos teorías

Desde la perspectiva de la cultura política, el artículo examina una diversidad de índices de democracia a la luz de las teorías de los valores de autoexpresión de Inglehart y Welzel y de los valores culturales de Schwartz, a fin de indagar la naturaleza de las orientaciones culturales que subyacen en distintos modos de conceptualizar y medir la democracia. El trabajo estudia teórica y empíricamente los puntos de convergencia de ambas teorías, investigando la relación de sus indicadores culturales con los diversos índices en una muestra de 100 países. Se utilizan dos medidas de “democracia efectiva” propuestas en la literatura, así como las elaboradas por Freedom House, Banco Mundial, Bertelsmann Stiftung y el Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales de Berlín (WZB) y Universidad de Zúrich (UZH). Las variables culturales son usadas para predecir cada uno de estos índices de democracia en modelos de regresión multivariados que incluyen además una batería de indicadores económicos, políticos y sociales. Las conclusiones apuntan a contribuir al debate normativo en un momento en el que crece la discusión pública y académica sobre una crisis o declive mundial de la democracia.

Legal Politic of Gender Responsive Election System (A Concept)

The discourse of obligation that female has representatives in politics continuously occurred by the agreement of equal position between male and female. This discourse must be implemented by the state to achieve national purpose as decided by substance and the various instrument by the constitution. By fair and gender equality, so the state is obligated to give protection for implementing gender equality including particular actions involving access, participation, control in development process and equal as well as fair benefit between female and male to gender-based approach. The legal political policy of general election in the future is to fulfill Affirmative Action policy by 30% quota for woman in the general election system in Indonesia. It has to prioritize several factors which are the change of general election system, the political party, and the political culture approach in Indonesia. It is needed the Political will of a political party as an executor to implement Affirmative Action as well as to realize gender equality in a political position in Indonesia. It is expected that regulation formulating policy of general election and political party in the future is not only focused on normative policy but also balanced by sanction policy.

La formazione degli insegnanti di musica tra passato prossimo, presente e futuro

In the past two decades, Italian legislation on teacher training underwent several reforms, which have radically changed its perspective - from a final certification mostly based on savoir savant competences (scholarly knowledge, as in the former qualification course) to an approach to subject-related knowledge centering on savoir enseigne (taught knowledge). This has raised many issues which, particularly in the musical domain, have sparkled a debate on the dichotomy, deeply-rooted in Italy, between music as a playful activity and as an internal development factor of culture. The essay therefore examines the legislative models that have followed each other, from the introduction of SSIS (the teacher training college for postgraduates) down to the “Good School” Law, highlighting the strengths and critical aspects of each model, in view of designing a political-cultural approach that can move beyond dichotomies, much to the advantage of music and culture.

A Strategic Political-Culture Basis for Developing the Socioeconomic Welfare of Disadvantaged Urban Communities: General Review and Policy Framework

The goal of promoting the economy and social welfare of disadvantaged urban communities has always been at the forefront of community studies; yet, this issue has also remained consistently controversial. The resurgence of the political-culture approach in the urban subfield has shed new light on this matter, raising new insights and presenting novel conclusions. The current study summarizes the main propositions of this approach with regard to community development, and highlights its powerful impact and valuable contribution to the understanding of the construction of urban economy, particularly concerning the welfare of disadvantaged communities. This study supports the application of the political-culture approach by reviewing and discussing major studies that have specifically examined various modes of “social capital” as a moderating concept between economic logic and local political culture (e.g., trust, social cohesion and civic engagement). Analyses of such relationships illustrate the common failure inherent in universal, culturally-blind policymaking, and highlight the importance of integrating the input of political-culture knowledge into the policy-making processes. Given this theoretical base, this paper presents a more effective methodological framework for addressing policy goals, based on the redefinition of the policy problem and a reformulation of policy plans—regarding strategy, institutions, and coalition-building—in accordance with local political-culture features and specific circumstances.

English

The Arab world which occupies the vast desert land of the Middle East is one of the most blessed in natural resources and with a peculiar socio-political setting distinct from the West. This oil rich region which has over the years been governed by monarchical rule witnessed an unrest that started at the end of 2010 attracting interest in the western democracies, in the middle and near eastern nations, whose instability will compel changes in western policies for the region. However, this paper, using both political economy and political culture approach, sought to extricate the dichotomy between the Arab world and the west in terms of political ideology. The central argument of this paper is that the current Arab revival is not a trend but rather a long time project designed by western powers and therefore posited that democratization should be a home grown process and the west may not be able to achieve politically in its current bid to democratize or “liberalize” the desert except it incorporates Islamic-political culture in its effort. More importantly, the west needs to carry along the Arabian government and its people for the full actualization of its interest(s) in the Middle East and desist from using ‘force’ on the people to accept a new form of political administration. Key words: Arab spring, western liberalization, political transitions, democratic wave.

‘Benelux moet in de harten en de geesten worden gebracht’. De cultureelpolitieke kijk op de Benelux in het naoorlogse België (1944-1955)

‘Benelux must be brought into the Heart and Mind’: The Cultural-Political View of the Benelux in Post-War Belgium (1944-1955)Benelux was a construction that came into being only with considerable difficulty and the first decade of its existence (1944-1954) was no easy beginning. Consequently, the Belgian political promotors of Benelux found it useful to publicise it on the cultural-political level, using their own networks and their publications. They also obtained help from the staff of the Belgian-Dutch Cultural Agreement and from academic historians and the international movement for textbook revision. In this article Els Witte analyses the texts of publications, reports and works that are concerned with this political-cultural approach. On one hand it appears that in no sense was there a streamlined, enthusiastic pro-Benelux discourse. Too much attention was given to controversies for this and the approach was used chiefly to strengthen the position of Belgian domestic policy. On the other hand the discourse fitted in with a new system of representation in which pluralism, the idea of cooperation with the Netherlands and West-European integration – with the Benelux in the vanguard – played a part.

‘Barbarie’ y ‘civilización’ según los responsables de la violencia de estado durante la última dictadura argentina

In this article, I would like to suggest permanencies in the frames of thought in terms of barbarity and civilization in the speeches of perpetrators of serious State violence in Argentina. This research is based on extensive testimonies such as autobiographical accounts (« memoirs ») and non-judiciary interviews, from soldiers and policemen who were active just before and during Argentina’s last military dictatorship (1976-1983) and spoke a posteriori about this past. To carry a necessary glance on the transhistorical and relevant connotations of this notional couple, I will refer to historical works of the political culture approach. At first, through a genetical perspective, two key connotations of the barbarity / civilization dichotomy are located at its time of entry in the political language during the first part of the 19th century, in order to show under which form discourses produced 150 years later in the Argentinian context, are still impregnated from them. Then, specific persistencies of this notional couple are explored, from its moral to its identity-based dimension, when it is assimilated into the worldview of people who regularly transgressed the proscription of murder and torture.

Архитектура рынков: экономическая социология капиталистических обществ XXI века (перевод Александра Куракина)

Market societies have created more wealth and more opportunities for more people, than any other system of social organization in history. Yet we still have a rudimentary understanding of how markets themselves are social constructions that require extensive institutional support. This groundbreaking work seeks to fill this gap, to make sense of modern capitalism by developing a sociological theory of market institutions. Addressing the dynamism that capitalism brings with it, Neil Fligstein argues that the basic drift of any market and its actors is toward stabilization.“The Architecture of Markets” represents a major and timely step beyond recent, largely empirical studies that oppose the neoclassical model of perfect competition but provide sparse theory toward a coherent economic sociology. Fligstein offers this theory. His political-cultural approach explains why governments remain crucial to markets and why so many national variations of capitalism endure. States help make stable markets possible by, for example, establishing the rule of law and adjudicating the class struggle. State-building and market-building go hand in hand.Fligstein shows that market actors depend mightily upon governments and the members of society for the social conditions that produce wealth. He demonstrates that systems favoring more social justice and redis¬tribution can yield stable markets and economic growth as readily as less egalitarian systems. The journal publishes the chapter 9, «Globalisation», excerpt from «The Architecture of Markets» by Neil Fligstein. The author questions why increasing globalisation has not resulted in convergence of organisational forms at national level. In search of an answer to this puzzle, Fligstein uses the analytical tools of a politicalcultural approach. As the main tasks of the chapter the author considers the development of working definitions of globalisation and a review of arguments demonstrating that globalists exaggerate the scope of its impact on the organisation of production, the state’s role in providing for their citizens and social stratification.

Sleight of Hand? Practice Opacity, Third-party Responses, and the Interorganizational Diffusion of Controversial Practices

We examine the role of a practice’s opacity (versus transparency) in the interorganizational diffusion of organizational practices. Though the opacity of a practice is typically thought to impede diffusion, a political-cultural approach to institutions suggests that opacity can sometimes play a positive role. Given that adoption decisions are embedded in a web of conflicting interests, transparency may bring negative attention that, when observed by prospective adopters, inhibits them from following suit. Opacity, in contrast, helps avoid that cycle. Using the curtailment of health benefits for retirees among large U.S. employers (1989 to 2009), we compare the diffusion of transparent adoptions (i.e., partial or complete benefit cuts) with opaque adoptions (i.e., spending caps that trigger disenrollment). We find that transparent adoptions reduce subsequent diffusion of the practice to other organizations. This effect is fully mediated by negative media coverage, which is itself conditioned by the presence of opposition from interest groups. Opaque adoptions, in contrast, increase subsequent diffusion to other organizations and are facilitated by the involvement of professional experts. Thus, in addition to providing findings on practice opacity, our study contributes insight into how organizational fields shape diffusion by illuminating the role of third parties in the spread of controversial practices.

Culture, state and varieties of capitalism: a comparative study of life insurance markets in Hong Kong and Taiwan1

This article examines the interplay between local culture, the state, and economic actors' agency in producing variation across markets. I adopt a political-cultural approach to examining why life insurance has been far more popular in Taiwan than Hong Kong, despite the presence of a cultural taboo on the topic of premature death in both societies. Based on interview data and documentary references, the findings reveal that as an independent state, the Taiwanese government heavily protected domestic insurance firms during their emergence. These domestic firms adopted a market-share approach by re-defining the concept of life insurance to accommodate the local cultural taboo. The colonial Hong Kong government, on the other hand, adopted laissez-faire policies that essentially favoured foreign insurance firms. When faced with the tension between local adaptation and the profitability of the business, these foreign firms chose the latter. Their reluctance to accommodate local cultures, however, resulted in a smaller market. I argue that state actions mediate who the dominant economic players are and that the nature of the dominant players affects the extent of localization. Specifically, the presence of competitive domestic players alongside transnational corporations is more likely to produce varieties of capitalism.