Political Characteristics Research Articles

Governors and electoral hazard in the allocation of federal disaster aid

AbstractU.S. public disaster aid provide elected officials opportunities to engage in “electoral hazard,” where an incumbent can influence the probability of re‐election by allocating aid to influence voters' expectations of their future welfare. This is the first test for electoral hazard in the allocation of federal aid to counties exposed to the risk of economic loss from disasters by incumbent state governors running for re‐election. Using a unique county‐level data set, we estimate the determinants of the equilibrium allocation strategy of an incumbent in the presence of electoral hazard. Controlling for loss and the demographic, economic and political characteristics of at‐risk counties, we find the average incumbent governor seeking re‐election actively engages in the manipulation of voter expectations by allocating greater shares and magnitudes of the largest federal disaster aid program to those at‐risk counties that awarded the incumbent governor a plurality of votes in the preceding election.

Analysis the Innovation Path on Psychological Ideological with Political Teaching in Universities by Big Data in New Era.

The increasing pressure of life and the rapid development of the economy have caused huge mental health situation problems for people. Mental health situation has an important relationship with one's own life values. The cognition Ideological with political is to improve people's optimistic attitude and values. The students of college will face enormous pressure from their studies, which can easily causes the mental health situation problems. However, the psychological and ideological education in universities still adopts the traditional teaching method, which reduces students' learning hobbies and learning efficiency. This also reduces students' understanding of the content of psychological ideological with political teaching. Big data theory can process complex research object data and relationships. It can help researchers discover characteristic factors related to psychological ideological with political teaching. This study uses the hole convolution in big data theory and GRU technology to analyze the three factors of student behavior characteristics, mental health situation content characteristics, and the cognition Ideological with political content characteristics in college psychological the cognition Ideological with political. The research results show that the atrous convolution and GRU methods can more accurately predict the three characteristics of psychological ideological with political teaching in universities. This is helpful for educators to discover more appropriate psychological and ideological with political teaching methods.

BLURRING BOUNDARIES BETWEEN SANITY AND INSANITY: A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE USE OF THE FOOL TO DECONSTRUCT POLITICIZED INSANITY IN LEONARD WOOLF’S ‘THE VILLAGE IN THE JUNGLE’

The present study intends to explore how Leonard Woolf has questioned the boundaries between sanity and insanity in his first novel, ‘The Village in the Jungle’. Arguing that these words are highly embedded with political meaning, the paper proves the two characters in the novel; Silindu and the old beggar resemble the characteristics of the Shakespearean Fool. Thus, the characteristics of the Fool in King Lear are compared with those of Silindu and the beggar in the novel. With the findings, it is expected to encourage students of literature to understand the political character of the polarizing words and emphasize the need to deconstruct and challenge their effect in society to limit and marginalize people.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0852/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Campus Reopening in Fall 2020: Linked More to Political Leadership and Institutional Characteristics than to COVID-19 Pandemic Severity

The COVID-19 pandemic forced higher education institutions to reexamine their modes of instruction for the Fall 2020 semester. Some institutions chose to reopen for in-person instruction, others chose online or hybrid modalities. Leveraging data for 2,458 colleges and universities, we examined how political, epidemiological, economic, and institutional characteristics correlated with Fall 2020 reopening plans. We found no discernible relationship between county-level or state-level COVID-19 case counts and reopening plans. Campus demographics (such as White student enrollment) and state political characteristics were related to campus mode of instruction decisions for Fall 2020. The findings highlight the continued, and perhaps increasing, relevance of sociopolitical factors to higher education leaders’ decisions.

Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties

Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties

Remapping youth activism and citizenship in Chile through the legacy of the Chilean student movement

This article analyses youth activism in Chile through the lens of the Chilean student movement. It examines new forms of grassroots politics and popular democracy that have been at the core of struggles led by the Chilean student movement since the early 2000s. The article reflects on the legacy of this student movement regarding the transformation of the character and meaning of citizenship, politics and democracy within a post-authoritarian democratic society. The relationship between education and citizenship is placed in context, paying special attention to how grievances around education are key to making education a space for the legitimization of new ways of being political. The article discusses the implications, in the context of the 2019–20 Chilean protests, of the new forms of politics and the political that were part of the legacy of the Chilean student movement.

The Christian Structure of Politics: On the De Regno of Thomas Aquinas by William McCormick

Reviewed by: The Christian Structure of Politics: On the De Regno of Thomas Aquinas by William McCormick D. C. Schindler McCORMICK, William. The Christian Structure of Politics: On the De Regno of Thomas Aquinas. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2022. xiii + 272 pp. Cloth, $75.00 Challenging general assumptions that, because of its genre as a letter to a king in the speculum principis tradition, Aquinas's De Regno is a minor source for Aquinas's political theory in comparison to the political passages from the Summa and Sentence Commentary, William McCormick, S.J. presents a new interpretation of this somewhat neglected text. Though there exist a few classic articles comparing Aquinas's thought in this letter and elsewhere, and substantial introductions to the De Regno in editions by Eschmann (1949) and Dondaine (1979), The Christian Structure of Politics is the first book-length study of Aquinas's letter to the king of Cyprus. In this respect, the volume makes a very welcome contribution to our understanding of Aquinas's understanding of political order, bringing out a dimension of his thought—its awareness of history and its pedagogical sensitivity—not so apparent in Aquinas's other writings. The book is very much what it presents itself as being, namely, a "close reading" of the text, following the letter's two parts (the second of which [End Page 150] Aquinas left unfinished) paragraph by paragraph, considering various interpretative possibilities and suspending judgment—the words "might" and "perhaps" are no doubt two of the most frequent in the book—until more evidence comes into view, and working up to general principles only at the end. McCormick thus eschews substantial engagement with theoretical issues that would form the backdrop to the discussion (for example, the relation between nature and grace, and between practical and theoretical reason), opting instead to focus on a more immediate engagement with what is presented in the text itself. He also does not make more than passing comments on Aquinas's better-known formulations on political matters from the Summa or Sentences Commentary. On the other hand, the "close reading" does not keep McCormick from discerning a general order in Aquinas's letter, which he divides up thematically according to a proposed schema. His approach shows a sensitivity to the historical context in which Aquinas was writing, even if particular details about Aquinas's addressee and the occasion of composition remain uncertain, but his aim is not simply to produce a historical study. Instead, as the book's title itself already indicates, he investigates the De Regno in order to show that the text offers fundamental principles for a distinctively Christian approach to politics, and thus can shed light even on our contemporary situation. The book is divided into five basic chapters, in addition to a substantial introduction and brief conclusion. The first four chapters follow the order of the De Regno, though the basic lines of division are McCormick's own interpretative proposal. Chapter 1 treats the letter's prooemium and the first two chapters of part one (I.1-2) under the title "The Aristotelian State of Nature," showing that, contrary to ideas found in a certain current of Christian thought, political order is fully natural to man and not simply a practical response to violence. Chapter 2, "The Augustinian Earthly City," treating I.3-6, complements the natural character of politics with the realistic acknowledgment of man's fallen nature. While some commentators have worried that the discussion of tyranny in these and subsequent chapters of the De Regno eclipses the positive account of politics given rather schematically at the start, and so diminishes the interest the text might hold for the political philosopher, McCormick argues that the engagement with the tyrant, and the disorder he generates, represents an essential dimension of Aquinas's political vision. Indeed, one of the principal theses of The Christian Structure of Politics is that Aquinas manages to integrate Aristotelian and Augustinian perspectives in an unusually illuminating way: Christian revelation, which introduces the eschatological horizon and foregrounds the historical narrative of sin and redemption, does not supplant but instead grounds and deepens the integrity of politics and...

Political budget cycles at the municipal level in Slovakia: between structural dependence and electoral exhibitionism

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the strategic composition of Slovak municipalities’ revenues and expenditures and the role of political budget cycles. We found that Slovak municipalities tend to have significantly higher capital revenues and capital expenditures in periods close to municipal elections. We also found strategic management of current expenditures and revenues depending on the time of municipal elections. We have controlled these estimations with several dimensions identified in the literature, from socio-economic variables to political characteristics of the incumbent mayors.

Скорость рассмотрения законопроектов как индикатор политической природы законодательного процесса

The article examines the prospects for using the speed of adoption of bills as an indicator of the political nature of the rules of the legislative process. Political science has developed an independent tradition of studying the political implications of lawmaking – legislative studies, which pays little attention to formal procedures and bureaucratic logic as political characteristics of the work of parliamentary institutions. The example of the Legislative Council of the Russian Federation demonstrates the need for a broader application of this indicator in policy studies. Established in 2012, a relatively new structure for the Russian parliamentary system has increased the average speed of consideration of the initiatives of the Russian regions by 100 days during its activity, which is in contradiction with the authors' initial logic about the optimization of the legislative process. The authors conclude that this indicator reflects the consequences of a deeper metamorphosis of the political system. The example of the Council of Legislators represents only one dimension, demonstrating the impact of changing the «rules of the game» by creating a new procedure of «filtering» draft laws with the help of extra-constitutional structures. The authors believe that the presented example will provide a new perspective not only on the federal law-making process per se, but also on the «rules of the game» within individual institutions. The rules of procedure of the State Duma, for example, have been changed 175 times between the second and seventh convocations. The fluidity of procedures can be used both to strengthen the position of the Houses of Parliament in interaction with other authorities and to defeat political opponents within these Houses.

Cryptocurrencies and the State: Can They Become Disruptive Enough to Overthrow the Status-Quo?

Cryptocurrencies have grown to be very significant during the past two decades. Starting off at the way cryptocurrencies, specifically Bitcoin, operate, we move forward towards the discussion on their nature as currency and their disruptiveness. We navigate through the political character of Bitcoin over the years, the potential of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to threaten a state’s sovereignty and an overview of state responses to cryptocurrency. Finally, there is a number of speculations and suggestions on how Bitcoin could grow and gain a less controversial position in the global economy.

Partner Country Characteristics as Factors in Foreign Policy Behaviour: Germany’s Relations with Developing Countries

Abstract This article seeks to identify partner country characteristics as potential explanatory factors for Germany’s foreign policy actions in its bilateral relations with developing countries. From this starting point, two different types of foreign policy actions have been considered: Diplomatic cooperation and development cooperation. Firstly, a comprehensive panel data set has been assembled, containing a set of indicators capturing the socio-economic, demographic, geographic and political characteristics of 101 developing countries from the 2000–2017 period as well as Germany’s foreign policy actions in these countries. Subsequently, a regression analysis was carried out to examine the impact of the country characteristics on Germany’s bilateral foreign policy actions. The analysis has shown that dyad partner characteristics influence Germany’s bilateral foreign policy behaviour with developing countries across both types of foreign policy actions. Based on the identified relationships, one can draw some informed inferences regarding Germany’s foreign policy conduct with developing countries.

New drivers of industrialization and novel aspects of Hungarian-Chinese bilateral cooperation. Chinese foreign investments in Hungary

A number of foreign, partly East Asian producers have made investments into Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county (Northern Hungary) since the millennium. They have contributed to the renewal of the industrial structure and enlargement of manufacturing capacity. In the past decade, the meaning and significance of Chinese investment in the Miskolc agglomeration has increased. Chinese interests have been concentrated in the dominant, export-oriented branches of the regional economy. The companies (namely, Wanhua-BorsodChem, TenPao, SEG-A, JOYSON, and Chervon Auto) comprise a key and real group of members engaged in Hungarian-Chinese bilateral relations. They represent China’s industrial development and expansion around the world and in Europe, as well as strengthen the high-value-added and technology-intensive market segments in the regional economy. The study includes two main parts. In the early sections, the evolution of Chinese economic development with a special focus on industry and industrialization are introduced, while later the related political measures and initiatives are described. Presenting an understanding of the Hungarian government’s reaction (the so-called New Foreign Economic Strategy) is part of the first half of the paper. The Flying Geese Paradigm is the conceptual frame of the synthesis. The key research question concerns the nature of Chinese economic development: Does the development differ from previous East-Asian models of export-oriented industrialization? The author discusses opinions which consider the Chinese developments to be distinct from other Asianones according to their political and market characteristics. In the second half of the article, the Chinese companies settled in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county are evaluated and their regional-level impacts and national-level lessons are identified and assessed. The listed Chinese investments, which differ in financial and legal forms, have emerged as some of the major employers and producers of the region. These considerable investments have accelerated the process of industrial renewal in key branches, although ultimately increasing the exposure and vulnerability of the entire manufacturing structure to external global factors. The Chinese investors are bridging Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén with diverse regions in China, East Asia. They are generating new results and raising new questions about Hungarian-Chinese bilateral cooperation that represent original experiences and knowledge gain for both sides. This work is an attempt to detail the creation of the cluster of Chinese companies and to draw conclusions about the entrepreneurial background, the main activities, and the stories of the respective Asian parent companies. This research will be continued to support the development and embedding of the enterprises. It is crucial effort, as the latter are not only now present but essential for Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Hungary as well.

Pendidikan Karakter Religius di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Nurul Ulum Unggulan Sukorejo Bojonegoro

Education, which should ideally be carried out face-to-face, during the Covid-19 pandemic is the opposite. The pandemic is one of the obstacles in the educational process, as well as the implementation of character education. Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Nurul Ulum Unggulan Sukorejo is one of the madrasas in Bojonegoro which has excellent programs, one of which is character education, namely religious character. The purpose of the study was to describe the application and obstacles and solutions in the application of religious character education during the Covid _19 pandemics at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Nurul Ulum Unggulan Sukorejo Bojonegoro. This study used the descriptive qualitative method. The research instruments are interviews, observation, and documentation. Then the data sources in this study were the head of the madrasa, waka curriculum, ustad - uztadzah and students. The data analysis of this research used data reduction, data presentation, and verification. Implementation of religious character education at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Nurul Ulum Superior during the covid-19 pandemic. First, the application of the character of obedience to Allah SWT is carried out through the Duha prayer whose assistance is fully entrusted to the parents. The teacher monitors students through photo evidence of children who are praying Dhuha which are sent on WhatsApp groups. Second, the application of the character of respect for others is carried out in the following ways: a. Say and answer greetings. b. Same-gender handshake. c. To say thanks. d. Speak politely. e. Bending the body when passing the ustadz / ustadz. f. Prioritize ustadz / ustadz when passing. Third, the application of polite character is carried out by getting off the vehicle and walking when entering and leaving the madrasa. This also applies to students who are accompanied by their parents or use their own bicycles. Fourth, the application of the character of discipline is carried out at the time of entering the lesson, that is, arriving earlier than the time of entering the lesson. The obstacles faced in the application of religious character education during the pandemic are many habits that are forgotten by students, time in madrasas is not optimal because learning hours are very limited (limited by government regulations), and escort and direction when at home from parents are less than optimal. because of the background of parents who work a lot. The solutions applied to the obstacles to the implementation of character education during the pandemic are continuous evaluation, extra monitoring from ustad/ustadzah, and the formation of a student discipline team.

Stability and change in the organisation of collective memory representations

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the impact of a highly consequential public event, the July 15 Coup Attempt, on the structure and organisation of events in Turkish collective memory. To do this, we followed up on our earlier work (Mutlutürk, Tekcan, & Boduroglu, 2021) that used the multidimensional scaling approach to identify critical dimensions in public event representational space. Participants rated the similarity of 15 key public events in a pairwise fashion, across three waves of data collection. They were also asked to report for which political party they had voted in the most recent election. We replicated our earlier results that public events were distinguished based on their political and nonpolitical characteristics; political events were clustered based on their specific attributes. Despite substantial stability in the organisation of collective memories across three time points, the post-coup representational space among voters of the ruling party changed, eliminating clusters within the political dimension and resulting in the ruling party achieving a central and anchor status. These findings suggest that, transformative events may have the potential to impact the structure and organisation of collective memory representations and sociopolitical identity may have to do with the stability of collective memories.

The pandemic and the politics of Australian research governance

ABSTRACT Following the 1989 unified higher education reforms, the Australian academic research system was built upon the notion of depoliticisation (i.e., keeping the political character of decision at one remove from governance) to govern the contradiction between research credibility and governmental economic priorities. The article argues that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the tension between independent research and governmental economic priorities. The pandemic, also, weakened university autonomy via the closure of the national border, reducing overseas student fees, a significant source of research funding. The article maintains that the conservative Morrison government used the opportunity to politicise research around commercialisation and national sovereignty. The argument being that the pandemic exposed Australia’s research and development (R&D) dependence and with it the question of industrial sovereignty, prompting the government to couple academic research to industry policy. Secondly, the pandemic reinforced the conservative government’s aim to concentrate research in selected commercial areas and to exert this priority on to the research funding agency, the Australian Research Council (ARC). Lastly, the article contends that the COVID pandemic, originating in Wuhan, intensified the Morrison government’s geopolitical concerns over China, and this disquiet flowed into research policy, which problematised research collaboration with Chinese researchers.

UNESCO biosphere reserves show demand for multifunctional agriculture

Sustainable landscape management of protected areas in UNESCO-biosphere reserves (BR) has become an increasingly important topic for academics and environmental practitioners, yet it remains unclear how this can be operationalized in actual regional circumstances. To achieve positive and measurable sustainability impacts, effective BR management on the ground requires supplementary methods to conceive the unique territorial, political, economic and social characteristics of each case while also considering the needs and visions of different stakeholder groups.In this study, we used the Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA) to assess future projections of current land management strategies and possible alternatives in five BR in Germany. The FoPIA method helped identify major differences in the regional BR contexts, including defining the sustainability problem and sustainability challenges. It also proved suitable for fostering stakeholder dialog with regard to current and future sustainable land use management, particularly for the BR transition zones. Our results predict multiple negative impacts resulting from of a continuation of current practices, which are compared against the assessed outcomes of alternative multifunctional pathways. We use these findings to discuss recommendations and challenges for sustainable management of biosphere reserves, the potential of implementing the FoPIA in BR, and perspectives for further research needs.

IMPACT OF TIK-TOK ON STUDENT'S POLITENESS

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the tik-tok application on the polite character of students in one of the Ibtidaiyah madrasas located in Sidoarjo Regency. The approach used in this research is qualitative with the type of case study research. The subjects in this study were high school students at the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah where the research took place. This research was conducted in the even semester of the 2021/2022 academic year. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that excessive use of the tik-tok application could have a negative impact on the student's character. This can be seen from the results of research which show that there are still many students who do not meet the indicators of good manners in behaving at school.

US Adults’ Beliefs About Harassing or Threatening Public Health Officials During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The rise in attacks on public health officials has weakened the public health workforce and complicated COVID-19 mitigation efforts. To examine the share of US adults who believed harassing or threatening public health officials because of COVID-19 business closures was justified and the factors shaping those beliefs. The Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Civic Life and Public Health Survey was fielded from November 11 to 30, 2020, and July 26 to August 29, 2021. A nationally representative cohort of 1086 US adults was included. Respondents were asked how much they believed that threatening or harassing public health officials for business closures to slow COVID-19 transmission was justified. Adjusted differences in beliefs regarding attacks on public health officials were examined by respondent sociodemographic and political characteristics and by trust in science. Of 1086 respondents who completed both survey waves, 565 (52%) were women, and the mean (SE) age was 49 (0.77) years. Overall, 177 respondents (16%) were Hispanic, 125 (11%) were non-Hispanic Black, 695 (64%) were non-Hispanic White, and 90 (8%) were non-Hispanic and another race. From November 2020 to July and August 2021, the share of adults who believed harassing or threatening public health officials because of business closures was justified rose from 20% (n = 218) to 25% (n = 276) (P = .046) and 15% (n = 163) to 21% (n = 232) (P = .01), respectively. In multivariable regression analysis, respondents who trusted science not much or not at all were more likely to view threatening public health officials as justified compared with who trusted science a lot (November 2020: 35% [95% CI, 21%-49%] vs 7% [95% CI, 4%-9%]; P < .001; July and August 2021: 47% [95% CI, 33%-61%] vs 15% [95% CI, 11%-19%]; P < .001). There were increases in negative views toward public health officials between November 2020 and July and August 2021, among those earning $75 000 or more annually (threatening justified: 7 [95% CI, 1-14] percentage points; P = .03), those with some college education (threatening justified: 6 [95% CI, 2-11] percentage points; P = .003), those identifying as politically independent (harassing justified: 9 [95% CI, 3-14] percentage points; P = .01), and those trusting science a lot (threatening justified: 8 [95% CI, 4-13] percentage points; P < .001). While antagonism toward public health officials was concentrated among those doubting science and groups most negatively affected by the pandemic (eg, those with lower income and less education), the findings of this study suggest that there has been a shift toward such beliefs within more economically advantaged subgroups and those more trusting of science. Restoring public trust in public health officials will require nuanced engagement with diverse groups.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON STATE REGIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY IN UKRAINE: NEW CHALLENGES AND THREATS

For economic science, the process of globalization, globalization transformations and shifts is connected with the formation of a single world economic system that functions according to general rules. The beginning of the twenty-first century is marked by the regionalization of the political space of our country. Regionalism is increasingly asserting its rights as one of the most influential concepts of Western democracy. Within the framework of the European Union, there is a concept of “Europe of Regions”. Researchers pay attention to regional processes in the European space, paying tribute to the trends that are constantly developing there. Regionalism can be “administrative”, and in some cases it acquires a political character. Regionalism with a noticeable political accent, in which separatist motives play a leading role, is quite relevant for Ukraine. In our opinion, regionalism is not a unequivocally negative or destructive phenomenon, it has a rather significant potential of constructivism. This phenomenon is heterogeneous and ambiguous in the modern political history of various states. There is a need to develop a comprehensive program of state regional policy, taking into account the processes of political modernization and integration of Ukraine into the European political space.

Suitability of Green City Criteria (LEED) According to the Egyptian Special Environmental Characteristics

The research aims to suit the criteria for classifying green cities according to the characteristics of the Egyptian environmental zones to select the most relevant zone for sustainable green cities. The Egyptian cities consume large quantities of materials, energy, and water causing different problems facing cities and their population. The criteria of sustainable green cities should be done according to the various characteristics of environmental zones in Egypt. The leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) criteria for the Egyptian cities and communities’ system is selected according to the characteristics of environmental zones in Egypt, aiming to select the most relevant zones to construct sustainable green cities. According to the ecological, geographical, economic, political, social, historical, urban, and cultural characteristics of environmental zones that are different from one zone to another in Egypt, the influencing factors in the classification criteria are introduced to show the incentives, capabilities, and challenges facing cities in making green and sustainable transformation by using weighited overlay model in Arc GIS. By using the suitability scoring system, the most suitable environmental zone, namely the dry coastal zone, has the motivation and ability to transform the city into a green and sustainable city according to its particular environmental characteristics.