Police Vehicles Research Articles

Tri-modal Distribution of Trauma Deaths in a Resource-Limited Setting: Perception Versus Reality.

Advances in trauma care in high-income countries have significantly reduced late deaths following trauma, challenging the classical trimodal pattern of trauma-associated mortality. While studies from low and middle-income countries have demonstrated that the trimodal pattern is still occurring in many regions, there is a lack of data from sub-Saharan Africa evaluating the temporal epidemiology of trauma deaths. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the trauma registry at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, including all injured patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) from 2009 to 2021. Patients were compared based on timing of death relative to time of injury. We then used a modified Poisson regression model to identify adjusted predictors for early mortality compared to late mortality. Crude mortality of patients presenting to the ED in the study period was 2.4% (n = 4,096/165,324). Most patients experienced a pre-hospital death (n = 2,330, 56.9%), followed by death in the ED (n = 619, 15.1%). Early death (pre-hospital or ED) was associated with transportation by police (RR1.52, 95% CI 1.38, 1.68) or private vehicle (RR1.20, 95% CI 1.07, 1.31), vehicle-related trauma (RR1.10, 95% CI 1.05, 1.14), and penetrating injury (RR1.11, 95% CI 1.04, 1.19). Ambulance transportation was associated with a 40% decrease in the risk of early death. At a busy tertiary trauma center in Malawi, most trauma-associated deaths occur within 48h of injury, with most in the pre-hospital setting. To improve clinical outcomes for trauma patients in this environment, substantial investment in pre-hospital care is required through first-responder training and EMS infrastructure.

Gone fishing: The operation of police vehicle stops in England and Wales

This article analyses the operation of police vehicle stop checks in England and Wales. In contrast to other common police powers, vehicle checks are remarkably under-regulated and have received little academic attention, but they are regularly used coercive powers supported by criminal sanction. Based upon a 6-year ethnographic study, including observations of 205 vehicle stops, this article sets out how stop checks are used as part of routine policing. We consider their effectiveness in reducing crime and assess their link to stop and search. Our data cast doubt on the effectiveness of self-generated vehicle stop checks for identifying crime and indicate that they may play a role in driving racial disproportionality in stop and search. We conclude that stop checks should be recorded by officers, which will improve the accountability of the power and could provide important data for uncovering the reasons for racial disproportionality in the use of stop and search.

Legal regulation of an emergency lane creation during a traffic accident: international experience

The article is devoted to the analysis of the experience of such countries as Germany, India, Austria, the USA, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Canada in the field of legal regulation of the creation of an emergency lane on roads during traffic accidents.
 Emergency and rescue services, ambulance, fire protection, police are important components of providing emergency assistance during a traffic accident.
 The efficiency of emergency services, which must reach the scene of a traffic accident in a short period of time, in addition to subjective factors (the driver's psychological unreadiness/unwillingness to give priority to the vehicle), is significantly affected by the flaws of the road transport infrastructure, but the most - by a large number of vehicles causing numerous traffic jams. The problem of an emergency lane creation during traffic accidents is extremely relevant to rescuing victims.
 It is proved that the emergency lanes on the roads almost double the probability of avoiding fatal consequences caused by traffic accidents.
 By definition, the emergency lane is a free lane on the road intended for vehicles with priority. Such vehicles include: ambulances, firetrucks, police vehicles, tow trucks.
 Since the procedure and specifics of the emergency lane creation in foreign countries are fixed in legislation provided by the Traffic Rules or other normative legal acts, drivers may be sentenced to the following types of punishment for non-compliance: fine, penalty points, deprivation of a driver's license, imprisonment.
 Global experience suggests that the issues with the emergency lane creation and compliance monitoring should be regulated by the state bodies. Such approach contributes to the strict compliance with the traffic rules and therefore to the efficient and timely work of emergency and rescue services, ambulances, fire brigades, traffic police, etc.

What contributes to drug driving? An exploratory investigation into the influence of problematic substance use, roadside testing and alternative transport options

Despite a strong reliance on enforcement approaches to prevent drug driving in Australia, this behaviour is still prevalent. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of problematic drug use (i.e., showing indications of addiction), exposure to roadside drug testing, the use of detection avoidance strategies, and perceptions relating to alternative transport options on drug driving among illicit drug users. A total of 1,541 licensed drivers from the states of Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria completed an online survey. The survey collected demographic and problematic substance use information, as well as items assessing drug driving behaviour. Cannabis was reported to be the most commonly used drug (36.0%); the most common drug of problematic use (27.9%), and the drug most often taken prior to driving (43.5%). Observing police operating Roadside Drug Tests (RDT) was more common among the participants than being tested by RDT (35.7% vs 23%). The results indicated a significant association between being a drug driver and observing or being tested by RDT. The drug drivers were significantly more likely to report using a range of strategies to avoid police detection than the non-drug drivers. Similarly, the drug drivers reported that it was more difficult for them to use various alternative transport options than the non-drug drivers. Decision tree analyses found that significant predictors of self-reported drug driving were problematic drug use, holding a provisional or probationary licence, earning a low- or middle-income, and using detection avoidance strategies like remaining watchful for police vehicles and taking back streets. The findings of this study suggest that ongoing improvements to drug driving enforcement will need to be complemented by health-based approaches designed to reduce drug abuse and dependence, and improvements to public transport, in order to achieve a sustainable reduction in drug driving.

The Borderlands

The Borderlands

Sports and mass work during the period of martial status in Bukovina

The article analyzes mass sports events held in Bukovina for children evacuated from the war zone. Since the start of the full-scale invasion by Russia, more than 7.7 million Ukrainians have become internally displaced persons. They were forced to leave their place of permanent residence, and are currently receiving assistance. The western region of Ukraine, since the very beginning of the war, has been hospitably receiving immigrants, who are trying to provide them with attention and comfort, and involve children not only in school classes, but also in sports. Federations of various sports and various sports clubs extended a helping hand to displaced children in Bukovina at such a difficult time. Chernivtsi communal institutions of children's and youth sports schools have resumed their educational and training work, where migrant children can practice free of charge in eight children's and youth sports schools in the city of Chernivtsi and the region. The Department of Youth and Sports of Chernivtsi VRA, together with the Bukovyna police officers, organized a sports festival for children evacuated from the war zone. The police officers introduced the small migrants to the specifics of their work, demonstrated the official vehicle, uniform attributes and told how they take care of people's safety and peace. The law enforcement officers also explained to the children what risks may be waiting for them in everyday life and how to avoid danger. The little boy looked at the special police vehicles, the car with interest, willingly tried on the equipment and took pictures with the guests in uniform.

Emergency Vehicle Aware Lane Change Decision Model for Autonomous Vehicles Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have advanced rapidly in recent years as they promise to be safe and minimize the burden coming from the driving task. AVs share the road with various categories of vehicles as Emergency Vehicles (EMVs) (e.g police and ambulance vehicles). When being approached by an active EMV, it is natural to expect all vehicles to cooperate with EMV, such that the EMV travel time is minimized. The decision-making block of an AV includes the responsibility of instructing the AV to change lanes, which is typically handled by the Lane Change Decision (LCD) model. A typical LCD model tends to overlook the presence of EMVs around, as they neglect the impact of the lane change on the EMV utility. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an Emergency Vehicle Aware LCD via utilizing Deep Reinforcement Learning. To our best knowledge, this is one of the pioneering works that propose a DRL solution for the problem, addressing important limitations that have been identified. The proposed solution was evaluated against a rule-based LCD known as MOBIL in terms of safety and level of cooperativeness with the EMV. Some key results found from the comparison between the proposed solution and MOBIL are (1) identical safety levels,(2) proposed solution is takes far less time to give up the lane when being approached by an EMV, and (3) proposed solution never blocks the path of the EMV, whereas MOBIL occasionally block the path.

경찰의 안면인식기술 사용과 관련한 영국 판결의 헌법적 함의

Between May 2017 and April 2019, the South Wales Police in the UK operated the system called “AFR Location” equipped with automated facial recognition technology (henceforth, AFR) for the purpose of finding criminals and missing persons in need of protection. The system is deployed CCTV cameras on police vehicles and analyzes the faces of members of the public are taken from the CCTV feeds and compares them with the faces of the Watchlist to check whether they are the same person. These systems were temporarily used at large public events, such as the Defence Exhibition, and had safeguards to control the risk of data processing, such as software management to delete data such as facial images and biometric data immediately or within 24 hours. However, a civil liberties campaigner filed a lawsuit in October 2018 to challenge the lawfulness of the South Wales Police’s use of AFR, stating the use of AFR violates his right of privacy. This was reportedly the first case to deal with the lawfulness of facial recognition technology by police in the worlds.
 The Divisional Court dismissed the Claimant’s claim for judicial review on all grounds and ruled in favor of the South Wales Police, but the Court of Appeal affirmed the unlawfulness of the South Wales Police’s use of AFR. The main reason for the unlawfulness is the breach of the requirements of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Article 8(1) stipulates “the right to respect private life”, and Article 8(2) provides that such rights shall be no interference by a public authority except such as is “in accordance with the law” and is necessary in a democratic society. According to this, Court of Appeal concluded that there is not a sufficient legal frameworks to properly control the use of AFR by the South Wales Police. There are not enough legal safeguards to properly control the use of AFR system, because there are not any criteria for determining where AFR can be deployed and who can be placed on the watchlist.
 This judgment of the Court of Appeal has great implications for us. In light of the fact that Article 8(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights is similar to Article 37(2) of the Constitution of Republic of Korea, it provides implications for how the principle of rule of law should be interpreted in relation to the processing of personal and sensitive information processed by biometrics. In other words, whether or not the principle of rule of law has been uphold should be evaluated as whether there are sufficient safeguards to prevent the actual risk of abuse and arbitrary use, not just whether there is a legal basis of processing of data in the Missing Children Act, Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officer, and the Personal Information Protection Act. In this dimension, this study attempted to suggest proposals of these Acts.

Police equilibrium: a glocal assessment of the demand and supply of police

ABSTRACT Police resources are scarce public goods and have to be used with maximum efficiency. One dimension of efficiency is the spatial and temporal alignment of police presence to calls-for-service. The research question of interest in this paper is whether the police are where and when they are needed most. We employ a supply and demand model based on police presence and the occurrence of calls for police service. We use GPS data from 100 tracked police vehicles and data on calls-for-service from a mid-sized European police agency. We find that most segments receive relatively more police presence than calls-for-service alone would warrant and that calls-for-service as well as emergency calls show little spatiotemporal variation. Further, police presence is found to be the main driver in changes regarding police provision across streets. We discuss the need to develop more evidence-based frameworks to investigate the effectiveness of police patrol and response deployment. The insights can assist police chiefs to identify streets with high demand for police services and to understand the predictability of police demand within their jurisdiction.

Vonnisbespreking: Die tragiese gevolge van onbevoegde polisie-optrede – die hof maak (te) korte mette met flou verskonings

Vonnisbespreking: Die tragiese gevolge van onbevoegde polisie-optrede – die hof maak (te) korte mette met flou verskonings

Real-time traffic impedance and priority based cooperative path planning mechanism for SOC-ITS: Efficiency and equilibrium

With the support of new information technologies such as the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and cloud computing, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has begun a new stage role as Cooperative ITS (C-ITS). Moreover, featuring the collaboration of vehicles, roads, clouds and humans, it becomes possible to scientifically mitigate several serious phenomena in the traditional ITS, including traffic congestion, blocked emergency vehicles, etc. While focusing on optimizing the Quality of Transportation Service (QoTS) requirements from vehicles with different types of tasks, covering emergency vehicles (fire engine, police vehicle and ambulance), shuttle buses, and others, this paper studies and proposes a new service-oriented and cloud-based cooperative path planning mechanism for such heterogeneous vehicles. First, the architecture of service-oriented cooperative path planning is established, where the types and QoTS of traffic tasks are illustrated. Then, a hybrid traffic impedance model is put forward, in which three influencing factors of traffic impedance are concluded and combined through the entropy weight method. On this basis, a service-oriented cooperative path planning mechanism with load balancing strategies named SoCPPLB is designed. The main principle of SoCPPLB is to provide different levels of path planning service for vehicles according to their QoTS requirements per the constraint of the QoTS of vehicles and traffic equilibrium. Finally, all these proposed models and algorithms have been implemented within the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO), and further verified under several typical traffic scenarios. The experimental results show that, this new mechanism can effectively improve the QoTS of emergency vehicles and traffic equilibrium performance obviously.

Safe and Sound

Safe and Sound Annie Bartos (bio) Safe, adj. (1): secure, unharmed; still alive or existing; immune from punishment. Our house is no more than three miles from the shooting range. My daughter's outdoor preschool is closer, less than one mile as the bullet flies. "What's that sound?" my almost-five-year-old daughter asked me. "I think those are gun shots," I said. "Are they going to kill us?" she asked. "No, honey. You are safe." The words fell out of my mouth, meant to convince myself as much as her that a shooting range is not dangerous. That shooting ranges are essentially schools to teach gun safety, for people to practice a skill. That the sound of bullets is nothing to be alarmed about. The website for the range states firearms that can be used there include: all handguns and rifles; any shotguns and loads; pistols, pistol-caliber carbines up to .45 ACP; rifles using rim-fire cartridges; shotguns with 7.5 shot or smaller; rifles with ammunition up to and including 50 caliber BMG; black powder firearms; handguns using rifle-caliber ammo. None of these guns should be able to reach farther than 400 yards, about a third of a mile. Therefore, the bullets fired at the shooting range should not reach the site of her preschool. The website also advises: Read range rules upon arriving. If only rules kept people safe. Rules, in their expression as laws, are simply meant to regulate, to keep order. Safety is not the primary goal, but rather a possibility. Statistics confirm this impossibility. Unintentional shootings, accidents from improperly stored firearms, and suicide by gunshot are the leading cause of death for people under the age of twenty-four. The data show the numbers continuing to rise, rather than plateau. And schools are hardly safe havens. On April 20, 1999, I was in my last year of college in Boulder, less than forty miles from Columbine High School. It was the early days of the internet, a year after Google launched, and a year before Wikipedia. I returned to my flat for lunch after my morning classes, and the house, partitioned into five separate flats, was quiet except for the sound of voices on a television. My housemate's door was wide open, and he called out my name when I came through the flower garden gate. The screen on his T.V. showed a line of kids running in single file, crouching their heads, herding together outside the school. Aerial views of a sprawling high school building; a parking lot; police cars; the flat, tree-less landscape surrounding the school. Groups of kids hugging, crying, huddling behind police vehicles. It was hard to know what was happening, but it seemed impossible. The words "never again" were declared. In the twenty-plus years that have passed since that April day, hundreds of thousands of kids in schools across the country have been exposed to gun-related violence during school hours. Not all these events have been televised or captured on social media. Most aren't even reported in the news. Every so [End Page 141] often, a particularly horrific shooting will breach the headlines, and the dead may be named. Year after year, "thoughts and prayers" have had minimal impact on federal gun legislation. When she graduated from preschool, public kindergarten inched my daughter a half mile further from the shooting range. But the sound of bullets is still heavy on the recess yard, mingling with the sound of the school bell, the P.E. teacher's whistle, and the screeching strings of student violin lessons. The gun range's very presence within earshot of a place of learning is a material and visceral reminder that shootings happen every day. For the next five years of elementary school, my daughter and her classmates will learn the drills for a fire, an earthquake, and how to "shelter in place." Their teachers will be trained in active shooter drills. They will instruct the children to run, hide, defend, or offend. Some of these kids will become friends while others might be bullied, envied, excluded. Some of these kids will have guns in...

PolRoute-DS: a Crime Dataset for Optimization-based Police Patrol Routing

It is a well-known fact that criminality is an open, yet important, issue in most urban centers worldwide. Especially in Brazil, creating solutions to reduce crime rates is a top priority. To reduce crime rates, many cities are adopting predictive policing techniques. Predictive policing techniques are highly based on extracting valuable knowledge from a massive dataset that contains information about times, locations, and types of past crimes. The extracted knowledge is then used to provide insights to police departments to define where the police must maintain its presence. These datasets may also be used for a critical predictive policing task: defining where police patrols should patrol. Such patrols are commonly defined to cover a series of crime hot spots (areas that present high criminality levels) and have some restrictions to be considered (number of available police officers, cars, etc). Thus, defining the route for each police vehicle is a complex optimization problem, since in most cases, there are many hot spots and the existing resources are scarce, i.e., the amount of vehicles and police available is much smaller than necessary. Unfortunately, high-quality crime rates data are not easy to obtain. Aiming to tackle this problem, this article proposes the PolRoute-DS dataset, a dataset designed to foster the development and evaluation of police routing approaches in large urban centers. The PolRoute-DS combines the spatial structure of the city of interest (in the context of this article, the city of São Paulo) represented as a connected and directed graph of street segments with criminal data obtained from public sources. PolRoute-DS is available for public use under the Creative Commons By Attribution 4.0 International license (CSV and PostgreSQL versions) and can be downloaded at https://osf.io/mxrgu/.

The Effects of Saturation Enforcement on Speed(ing) Along a Highway Corridor: Results from a Police-Directed Field Study

Speed is a well-documented predictor of traffic collisions. The present research evaluates the effects of saturation enforcement by police on speed(ing) along a highway corridor in Western Canada. As part of the field study, six radar-recording devices were installed at three different locations along the intervention site (i.e., before, at, and after enforcement). During the pre-test period, vehicle speeds were passively recorded without any saturation enforcement. During the enforcement period, uniformed police officers in marked police vehicles conducted saturation enforcement at the enforcement site while vehicle speeds continued to be recorded. The analyses revealed that the average speed of vehicles was lower during the enforcement period than the pre-test period as well as lower at the enforcement site than before or after such site. The analyses also revealed a similar pattern in findings when the proportion of speeding vehicles was used as the dependent variable. Saturation enforcement by police can thus exhibit at least some effect on speed(ing) along a highway corridor. Given contemporary policing’s emphasis on road safety, this research contributes to both scholarly and practical discussions regarding police and their effectiveness.

Hot spots and burning times: A spatiotemporal analysis of calls for service to establish police demand

Establishing police demand is important to optimally allocate scarce police resources in space and time. To contribute to the existing knowledge on the optimization of policing and crime prevention strategies worldwide, we examine the spatiotemporal pattern of calls for service (CFS), with a focus on the urgency of the calls (as measured by the police priority codes), in Antwerp (2017–2020), Belgium. To disentangle the space-time pattern of the priority codes, we apply the average nearest neighbour statistic, global and local Moran's I, Getis-Ord Gi*, and emerging hot spot analysis. Our results demonstrate that the spatial, temporal, and space-time patterns of the priority codes differ and that more urgent CFS are more demanding in terms of allocated police vehicles than less urgent CFS. Based on the findings of this paper, we recommend to include priority codes in future police patrol routing solutions to make patrol strategies more realistic. An important aspect will be to increase/decrease the number of available units depending on the spatiotemporal pattern of the CFS per priority code. Instead of only working with fixed shifts, there is a need to deploy peak shifts during times of peak demand.

Patient Extrication Process for Urban Emergency Departments

ObjectivesThis project aimed to create and implement a safe and efficient role-based process to rapidly extricate traumatically injured persons transported to the emergency department via police transport or private vehicle. MethodsA simulation exercise was conducted with an interdisciplinary team of ED personnel, Philadelphia Police Department, and University of Pennsylvania police officers to identify the necessary steps to rapidly extricate traumatically injured individuals. ResultsThe simulation exercise identified several new processes needed to complete rapid extrications of traumatically injured individuals from private and police vehicles. These included a safe drop-off location, ED personnel role identification, proper personal protective equipment donning, 2 rapid extrication techniques, and a hard stop for weapon check by security before entering the emergency department. ConclusionsThrough simulation, the ED interdisciplinary team was able to develop a role-based safe and efficient rapid extrication process. Educating new ED personnel, security, and Pennsylvania police continues to facilitate ongoing safe rapid extrication practices in the emergency department.

Automatisk Nummerpladegenkendelse (ANPG)

AbstractThe collection of personal data increases with the advancement of investigative possibilities. One of the newer tools used by the police and others in the Nordic countries is ANPR. The wider scope of personal data used in investigations increasingly threatens the right to privacy. This has led to additional focus at both the ECHR and EUC. The current article is based on case law from ECHR and ECJ and focuses on the Danish regulations concerning ANPR. The content of the Danish regulations and the proportionality of the ANPR system are critiqued. The problems cited may also be relevant for other Nordic countries, especially Sweden, where the police are lobbying for the installation of extensive surveillance equipment in police vehicles.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПОЛІЦІЄЮ АВТОМОБІЛІВ-«ФАНТОМІВ» ЯК МОБІЛЬНИХ ТЕХНІЧНИХ ЗАСОБІВ У СИСТЕМІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ БЕЗПЕКИ ДОРОЖНЬОГО РУХУ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ УКРАЇНИ)

The purpose of the article is to determine on the basis of the analysis of statistical data characterizing the state of road injuries in Ukraine, the main causes of road accidents; conducting a comparative description of existing technical means of speed control; description of the specifics of the use of removable (mobile) vehicles with integrated systems for automatic safety control (speed mode) on the roads by patrol police units. To achieve this goal, scientific methods were used, such as critical analysis of special literature and specification of current requirements of regulations in the field of road safety to control the speed limit; systematization of knowledge (information) from open Internet resources and generalization of existing approaches in popular science publications to solve the raised problem in Ukraine and in the world. Results. The norms of the current legislation have been determined and analysed, which provide the possibility of fixing violations of traffic rules at stationary posts and in automatic mode. Such categories of current legislation in the field of road safety, as “system for recording administrative offenses in the field of ensuring SRT in automatic node”, “technical means (control devices)”, the procedure for their application in accordance with the law. A comparative analysis of the use of “phantom” cars abroad was conducted. The tactical and technical characteristics of domestic patrol police vehicles, which control the speed of traffic due to the built-in integrated systems, are characterised. Some legal collisions that arise when using the above-mentioned mobile devices to control the speed limit on the roads are concretised. Conclusions were made on ensuring road safety as a complex problem that requires participation in its solution at various levels of many business entities and executive bodies; different ways of speed control on roads (stationary and mobile technical means) are noted; highlighted as one of the innovations in this area the application of “phantom” cars with integrated speed control systems; the presence of such “phantom” cars disciplines drivers and requires to comply the traffic rules be them anywhere on the road network.

Prescriptive Analytics in Urban Policing Operations

Problem definition: We consider the case of prescriptive policing, that is, the data-driven assignment of police cars to different areas of a city. We analyze key problems with respect to prediction, optimization, and evaluation as well as trade-offs between different quality measures and crime types. Academic/practical relevance: Data-driven prescriptive analytics is gaining substantial attention in operations management research, and effective policing is at the core of the operations of almost every city in the world. Given the vast amounts of data increasingly collected within smart city initiatives and the growing safety challenges faced by urban centers worldwide, our work provides novel insights on the development and evaluation of prescriptive analytics applications in an urban context. Methodology: We conduct a computational study using crime and auxiliary data on the city of San Francisco. We analyze both strong and weak prediction methods along with two optimization formulations representing the deterrence and response time impact of police vehicle allocations. We analyze trade-offs between these effects and between different crime types. Results: We find that even weaker prediction methods can produce Pareto-efficient outcomes with respect to deterrence and response time. We identify three different archetypes of combinations of prediction methods and optimization objectives that constitute the Pareto frontier among the configurations we analyze. Furthermore, optimizing for multiple crime types biases allocations in a way that generally decreases single-type performance along one outcome metric but can improve it along the other. Managerial implications: Although optimization integrating all relevant crime types is theoretically possible, it is practically challenging because each crime type requires a collectively consistent weight. We present a framework combining prediction and optimization for a subset of key crime types with exploring the impact on the remaining types to support implementation of operations-focused smart city solutions in practice.

Analysis of advanced driver assistance systems in police vehicles: A survey study

Few studies have examined the impact of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) on police officers to improve driver safety and prevent crashes. This is in spite of police officers having higher driving-related mortality rates than average civilians. To fill this gap, a survey study was conducted on 73 police officers to assess their opinions on various ADAS features as well as their recommendations for improvement. Results of the correlation analyses indicated that officer behavior and opinion on ADAS features were influenced by the trust officers had in the available ADAS systems among other key factors such as ADAS training and perceived usefulness. On this basis, guidelines for future research and development of ADAS were provided to improve officer driving safety in police operations. The guidelines need to be further validated in future driving simulation or naturalistic studies.