Police Patrol Research Articles

Towards a multifactorial framework of the Roma’s victimisation: Discrimination, risky situations, and acceptance of violence as correlates of physical assault and harassment

The European Roma population faces violence and discrimination, but the causes of their victimisation are not well understood. This study used a multi-theoretical framework to analyse data from a representative sample of 2,913 Roma surveyed in European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey II. The results showed that police stops perceived as ethnically motivated, exposure to risky situations, and acceptance of violence when insulted predicted physical victimisation and harassment. To reduce victimisation, recommendations include sensitising police officers, diverse police patrols, crime-reduction measures in neighbourhoods, and education on nonviolent communication. Further research is needed to understand other forms of victimisation among the Roma. The study highlights the usefulness of testing multiple risk factors from different criminological theories to address victimisation of the Roma ethnic minority.

The Impact of sedimentation of mud, sand and rubbish on sustainability of the Asahan River, North Sumatera

The Asahan River, burdened by thick sedimentation, severely impacts the socio-economic fabric of Asahan Regency and Tanjungbalai. Shallow waters disrupt community life, particularly for fishermen, while the river’s estuary facilitates smuggling due to inadequate police and navy patrols. This study investigates the extensive social, economic, and environmental consequences of sedimentation on riverside communities and assesses its toll on economic activities at Teluk Nibung Port and Bagan Asahan Harbor.Conducted in four phases, the research involves data collection from local governments, a physical examination of the river, surveys and interviews with farmers and fishermen, and a Focus Group Discussion with community leaders. Findings highlight adverse effects on socio-economic life, including annual floods and a shift in livelihoods for some fishermen. Escalating rainfall trends over the past decades signal increased flood risks. Port activities show a decline, projected to cease within five years if unaddressed. Proposing dredging as a solution, the study advocates for restoring the economic conditions of Asahan Regency and Tanjungbalai while concurrently revitalizing the river’s ecosystem. The cost of flood mitigation underscores the urgency of intervention.

The role of national police bodies v preventions and countermeasures for household violence

The article examines whether the National Police, as a public authority, implements special measures to prevent and counter domestic violence, using, if necessary, measures of administrative coercion against offenders. The National Police bodies are directly charged with the duty of detecting facts of domestic violence, with subsequent response to them. An important aspect of improving the performance of the National Police is to establish trust with the affected families, who are afraid to come forward about the facts of domestic violence due to fear of condemnation from society. The authorities of the National Police also carry out preventive activities, together with the public, to provide the society with relevant information on the prevention and counteraction of domestic violence.
 The problem of domestic violence is not new, it has existed since the beginning of humanity, since the beginning of communities and concepts of family customs. But the fact that today some countries have learned to adequately deal with this problem, and some are simply silent about it, does not mean that the problem does not exist at all. The adoption of the new Law of Ukraine “On Prevention and Combating Domestic Violence” in 2018 is a significant change for the better, but for it to work fully, a lot of effort from the entire population of the country must be made. The legal basis of the National Police’s activity in this area is the normative legal acts in the field of prevention and counteraction of domestic violence - officially formalized results of the subject’s will in the field of prevention and counteraction of domestic violence, carried out unilaterally and entailing legal consequences.
 The following are the authorized divisions of the National Police bodies for the prevention and counteraction of domestic violence:
 
 precinct police officers and community police officers;
 juvenile prevention police officers;
 patrol police units and patrol police response groups;
 investigation and inquiry units;
 domestic violence counteraction sectors and mobile response groups to incidents of domestic violence.

Performance of service and combat tasks related to the use of firearms by employees of the national police under the conditions of the state of martial

The article examines the peculiarities and problems of the use of firearms by national police officers under martial law. It takes into account the range of duties and tasks assigned to police officers. Practical analysis of police use of firearms at checkpoints. Legal behavior that regulates the use of firearms by the police has certain peculiarities. Today, police officers try to avoid the use of firearms even in situations where their use is prescribed by law, which sometimes leads to the failure or improper performance of their duties. The article also analyzes cases of police use of firearms at checkpoints and the possible consequences of the use of firearms. They discussed ways to solve the issue of effective and legal use of firearms by employees. Martial law conditions lead to increased danger and risk for state institutions and the entire population of Ukraine. In these conditions, law enforcement agencies work in an intensified mode, carrying out round- the-clock collection and generalization of information. The police patrol the streets, check the documents of suspicious persons and, if necessary, have the right to inspect things, vehicles, luggage and cargo, as well as official premises and citizens’ homes. These measures are aimed at ensuring the safety and protection of the Ukrainian population in the conditions of martial law associated with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation.
 Legal safeguards protecting police powers in case of lawful use of firearms are considered, as well as the possible consequences of going beyond what is necessary to apprehend an offender. The use of firearms during martial law is an important matter of public safety and order. This article analyzes the characteristics, problems, and possible consequences of such use and suggests ways to solve them in order to ensure safety and respect the rights and responsibilities of police officers in such situations. In summary, the use of firearms by police officers during martial law requires further research and study, as police officers often operate in extreme circumstances where they must use firearms. The primary purpose of using firearms is to protect the lives of police officers and those in immediate danger. Therefore, it is imperative that this topic is studied in more detail to ensure that firearms are used effectively and legally while keeping all parties involved safe.

Unearthing Strategies to Mitigate Political Violence Against Women in Matero Constituency of Lusaka District, Zambia.

The focus of this article was to unearth strategies that can be used to mitigate political violence against women in Matero constituency of Lusaka District, Zambia. To access the views of the participants, a qualitative approach and a case study design were used. The sample composed of 24 purposively selected participants from political parties at constituency level. The data from interview transcripts was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed cadre management, increasing police patrol, increasing educational programs, introducing fast track political violence courts and integrating political violence against women into the legal framework as some of the strategies that could be employed. This research concludes that political violence undermines the civil and political rights of women, thus, the proposed strategies should be adopted so as to protect tenets of democracy and accord women an opportunity to enjoy their civil and political rights. This research recommends that the Zambian Parliament, in consultation with relevant authorities, should enact laws and policies that relate to political violence against women and make them explicit and easily accessible to all members of the public by translating and publishing them in Zambian local languages.

WAR AS A CHALLENGE TO ROAD SAFETY: DAMAGE TO SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

Purpose of the article. Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine has become a real challenge and threat to Ukrainian society in various aspects of life. The lack of financial resources due to the defensive nature of the economy caused by the war makes it difficult to ensure road safety in Ukraine and to prevent deaths and injuries on the roads. The topical issue of the state of road safety in Ukraine is also related to its European integration course, as road safety is a priority European policy task for EU member states. The aim of this article is to conduct a criminological analysis of the state of road safety in Ukraine during the war, and to determine the damage caused by road traffic injuries and fatalities to the Ukrainian economy and society as a whole, taking into account the war situation. Research conclusion. The assessment of the state of road safety in Ukraine is based on official statistical information from the General Prosecutor's Office and the Department of Patrol Police, and the theoretical conclusions are based on the results of an anonymous survey of Ukrainian drivers on their compliance with traffic rules. The study of the level of road traffic accidents with fatalities and injuries in Ukraine has shown that the state of road safety deteriorated during the war in comparison with the pre-war period. The impact of the war on this condition is diverse and depends on the dislocation of the region in Ukraine and the intensity of combat operations in a given area. It has been established that among the factors significantly influencing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of violations in the field of road safety during the war, the most significant are the destruction of objects of road and transport infrastructure, a decrease in the effectiveness of patrol police activities, the construction of road fortifications, etc. The article also reveals the characteristics of the road safety system in wartime, emphasising the inadmissibility of extrapolating the state of road safety from the pre-war period to wartime, including in the direction of preventing violations in this area.

Exploring perceptions of students on safety and security from selected south African historically disadvantaged institutions

Students from distinct regions and even abroad flock to campuses of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to broaden their knowledge in diverse fields of study. These institutions offer a wide array of academic, social and sports-related programs. However, safety remains a major concern for students worldwide. The increasing number of cases of victimization on and around campuses, including at the Historically Disadvantaged Institutions (HDIs), has necessitated the serious consideration of students' safety. This study aims to explore students' perceptions of safety, as it focuses on Two (02) South African HDIs, specifically focusing at Universities of Limpopo (UL) and Venda (UNIVEN) of South Africa. This study adopted the qualitative approach, employing the case study design, with the aid of exploratory objectives. About Twenty (20) participants were selected using the non-probability: Purposive sampling to take part in semi-structured, face-to-face interviews. The collected data were analysed using the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) with inductive reasoning.
 The findings discovered that inadequate lighting in certain areas of the campus, insufficient Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in some student residences, the absence of police patrols around the campus, and the unavailability of emergency phones to contact security officials are factors that contribute to the feeling of insecurity in both on-campus and off-campus housing. The study also found that students are hesitant to travel alone at night, regardless of whether they are living on-campus or off-campus. Not surprisingly, the study found that students who reside off-campus are more afraid of sexual violence than those who reside in on-campus housing. With respect to recommendations, it is advised that it is necessary to install CCTVs in all leased off-campus accommodations as well as the on-campus residences to keep students secure. For students living off-campus, there should be enough transportation to help their movement to and from their respective homes. In addition, it is recommended that police patrols be visually evident on the campus as well as near off-campus accommodations where many students reside

Addressing certain issues of administrative and legal regulation of liability for violation of legal requirements for the safety of vehicle operation in Ukraine

Unfortunately, the state of law and order on the roads of Ukraine is extremely disappointing, and the sad statistics of road accidents and people injured in them are quite convincing. It is clear that this situation is not normal and poses a threat to individuals, including Ukrainian citizens, as well as to the public and state interests in general. The urgency and importance of road safety issues is emphasised by both academics and the official authorities, who have a strategic vision of the key issues in this area and ways to address them. However, despite this, no significant positive results have been achieved so far.
 There are many problems that prevent effective road safety, not least of which is the large number of gaps and shortcomings in the current legislation that need to be addressed. Particular attention should be paid to improving administrative liability for violations of vehicle operation rules by drivers and passengers. The relevance of these particular aspects of road safety is due to the fact that the use of vehicles with technical malfunctions, converted in violation of the requirements established by law, causes a significant number of road accidents, and violation of the rules for the use of passive safety equipment (in particular, seat belts) leads to an increase in the number of people injured in road accidents, as evidenced by the statistics provided by the Department of Patrol Police of Ukraine
 In view of the above, the article proposes some steps to improve administrative liability under Article 121 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offences. Obviously, improvement of the road traffic safety regime requires improvement of various preventive measures, which are undoubtedly of a priority nature, but legal liability, which is an important tool for maintaining the rule of law in this area, cannot be neglected. Expanding the scope of liability for drivers who operate vehicles with technical problems and whose use is prohibited by law, as well as imposing sanctions for improper use of seat belts not only on drivers but also on passengers, should, in our opinion, have a positive impact on the state of lawfulness in the field of vehicle safety and, as a result, on the dynamics of road accidents and the number of people injured in them.

Strategic Analysis of the Woman, Life, Freedom Uprising in Iran

This article provides a comprehensive strategic analysis of the "Women, Life, Freedom" uprising in Iran, also known as the "Mahsa Uprising." This movement began following the tragic murder of Mahsa Amini by the Morality Police's patrol unit in Tehran, turning into a focal point for collective power and revealing fundamental changes in the mindset of Iranian society, particularly highlighting the central role of women. This analysis employs the theoretical framework of the movement society and examines the historical background of the women's movement in Iran, as well as the transformative nature of the Mahsa uprising on societal understanding. It assesses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and offers insights on its impact on Iranian society.

베이지안 모델을 활용한 서울시 자치구별 범죄예측지도 연구

The issue of police personnel in Korea has been continuously raised. Efforts are being made to this end in various ways, but the police are still suffering from manpower shortages and heavy work due to policy changes such as “Adjustment of Investigative Rights between the Police and the Prosecution”. In relation to efficient police activities, a notable measure is the use of crime map based on crime big data. This study examined crime maps used at home and abroad, predicted crime rates for each district in Seoul based on Bayesian model, and visualized them to implement crime maps for each district in Seoul for contributing efficient police patrol activities and crime prevention, and moreover to help Primary crime prevention of citizens.
 To achieve the research purpose, this study looked at crime maps used in the United Kingdom, United States, and Korea’s and how they were used. Furthermore, this study tried to predict crimes in Seoul by district using CCTV, drinking establishment, schools and foot traffic data. Finally, based on the predicted analysis values, visualization of crime map for each district in Seoul was implemented.
 Unlike overseas crime maps, crime maps currently used in Korea were somewhat closed way(only limited users can use it or the algorithm has not been made public). Based on literature review, this study attempted to implement crime map that can be disclosed to private citizens based on the Bayesian model which is rising in the field of criminal investigation. Accordingly, database was established by collecting CCTV, drinking establishment, schools and foot traffic data for each district in Seoul. The Bayesian model, which predicted crime occurrence using the collected data, showed an average accuracy of about 87% which is higher accuracy than other crime prediction program abroad. Finally, visualized as a crime map based on the analysis results.
 The active use of crime map is highly valuable. It can help police's manpower shortage and heavy work, moreover private citizens too. Currently, Korea has also introduced and started operating crime map, but due to police’s confidentiality, it is difficult for private citizens to feel the efficiency of crime map. Crime map can be more valuable depending on how it is used, so if the police actively release crime map to the public, will get a great response.

Speed kills? Quantifying the association between police traffic stops, types of stops, and motor vehicle collisions

BackgroundMotor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of traumatic death and injury. Police traffic stops (PTS) are a common approach to enforcing motor vehicle laws intended to prevent MVCs. However, it is unclear which types of PTS are most effective. This study examined the relationship of PTS subtypes among municipal police patrols on non-interstate roads and MVCs and MVC-related deaths. MethodsPTS subtype data were characterized from six North Carolina cities: Charlotte, Durham, Fayetteville, Greensboro, Raleigh, and Winston-Salem. The primary outcomes of this study were yearly non-interstate MVC and MVC-related death rates per 100 population. The data were analyzed as balanced time-series cross-sectional data. The statistical analysis accounted for time-dependent and city-dependent confounding. We used a two-way fixed effects model to analyze the relationship between PTS and MVC or MVC-related deaths. We also utilized the difference in difference (DID) analysis to analyze if the reduction of PTS following a 2012 policing administrative change in Fayetteville had an association with MVC or MVC-related deaths. ResultsWe found no significant overall association between non-interstate PTS and MVCs (Coeff: -0.00006; p = 0.43) or MVC-related deaths (Coeff: -0.00011; p = 0.15). Panel regression suggested no significant relationship between MVCs and MVC-related deaths and PTS related to driving while impaired (p = 0.36), safe movement violation (p = 0.43), or seatbelt violations (p = 0.17). However, speed limit violations (Coeff: -0.00025; p = 0.032) and stop-light/sign violations (Coeff: -0.00147; p = 0.017) related to PTS significantly reduced MVC-related deaths. The DID regression showed no significant impact on MVCs (p = 0.924) or MVC-related deaths (0.706) before and after the police reform period. ConclusionsThe evidence regarding the absence of an overall association and any association with most PTS subtypes suggest that PTS are not effective for MVC death prevention. Policymakers may proceed with exploring modifications to policing efforts without detriments to public safety as defined by MVC and MVC-related deaths. Level of evidenceRetrospective epidemiological study, level IV

Integrating a non-gridded space representation into a graph neural networks model for citywide short-term crash risk prediction

Current applications of Graph Neural Networks in citywide short-term crash risk prediction have been limited by a gridded representation of space, which restricts the network’s capability to effectively capture the spatial and temporal dependency of crash occurrences. In addition, a grided representation does not match most geographic units used for administrative purposes, limiting the use of crash risk predictions by practitioners. This paper applies a gated localised diffusion graph neural network (GLDNet) model to compare the use of two alternative geographic units, Mesh Block (MB) and grid, to forecast locations where crashes are likely to occur in a future time window. The GLDNet relies on a graph-based representation of geographic units and a weighted loss function to address the sparsity of crash occurrences. The tests are performed using crash data from the City of Melbourne, Australia, over a period of one year. The predictions are made at six-hour intervals, and the results show that the GLDNet consistently outperforms baseline methods, with differences in prediction accuracy from 10% to 21% in relation to historical average and benchmark deep learning models. In terms of geographic units, the MB-based GLDNet performed better than its grid counterpart, with differences in prediction accuracy of up to 12.3%. The better performance stems from the underlying information attached to the MB units (i.e., land use) and the network properties (i.e., degree of centrality), which enhance the GLDNet capability to identify crash risk in both central and peripherical areas. Regarding its applicability, the MB-based GLDNet directly integrates with other data sources, which provides contextual information about crash hotspots that helps decision-makers develop police patrolling and rescuing strategies.

Safer neighborhoods? Violent crime and trauma volume pre/post targeted police interventions in Dallas, Texas

BackgroundProject Safe Neighborhoods: Dallas (PSND) is part of a national initiative that partners federal, state, and local stakeholders and law enforcement to reduce violent crime, especially firearm violence, in select communities. The authors’ hospital is located centrally in PSND's target areas, and the trauma center's service area fully covers the target areas. This cohort study evaluated PSND's effectiveness by examining if PSND's April 2018 launch was associated with decreases in (1) violent crime or (2) the rate of patients presenting with firearm and assaultive injuries. MethodsData on violent crime (murder/non-negligent homicide, robbery, and aggravated assault) were obtained from all municipalities in the county for January 2015 – December 2020. Patient volume data were queried from the trauma registry for the same period. Nonlinear spatiotemporal models were used to calculate estimated rates and confidence intervals; derivatives were used to determine periods of significant change. Spatial point pattern tests assessed potential relocation of criminal activity. Given the importance of reducing violent crime, alpha was set at 0.05. ResultsThe target areas’ violent crime rate remained higher than the non-target areas’ throughout the study period, and target area violent crime non-significantly increased after PSND's launch. Violent crime in the non-target area increased significantly between February 2018 and February 2019. Part of this increase was attributable to a 7-fold increase (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 7.32 [2.58, 30.65], p < 0.001) in one police patrol beat just outside of the target areas. After years of decreases, rates of patients presenting with assaultive injuries or firearm injuries began significantly increasing and nearly doubled within two years of PSND. ConclusionsResults suggest PSND was ineffective. Criminal activity in the target area was not reduced relative to its pre-intervention levels or relative to the non-target areas. Offenders may have moved outside the target areas to evade increased scrutiny. Additionally, rates of firearm and assaultive injuries increased. As trusted third parties, trauma centers should consider evaluating local crime and injury prevention programs for effectiveness.

Unmanned aerial vehicle service network design for urban monitoring

This study examines the multi-depot location-routing problems of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for urban monitoring (MDLRP-UM). MDLRP-UM arises in various practical applications, including daily police patrols in urban residential areas, forest fire patrols, urban infrastructure status monitoring and data collection, traffic flow monitoring at important intersections, and monitoring of urban temperature and humidity, among others. These diverse applications can be modeled as a general mixed-integer quadratically constrained problem (MIQCP), where we jointly plan the service routes of the UAVs, the frequency on each route, and the location of the depots to minimize the total cost. To solve the proposed problem, we decompose it into a master problem and sub-problems. We then propose an iterative algorithm (termed as “Frequency-Time-Frequency Strategy”) to solve the sub-problems, which is to find the optimal frequency and corresponding single service time for a given single route. The “Frequency-Time-Frequency Strategy” is further nested within a tailored adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) based heuristic algorithm to solve the master problem. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed solution method are demonstrated by a series of numerical studies.

Crime mapping and hot spot analysis using geospatial data in Jalingo metropolis of Taraba State, Nigeria

Crime mapping and hot spot analysis are topical and significant research across the fields of criminology, data digging, city planning and law enforcement for crime control. This study seeks to identify high crime areas which require an officer presence and predicting the possible response demand to increase the efficiency of response officer patrols. Crime type and patterns exist on a spatial level; these patterns and type can be grouped geographically by physical location, and analyzed contextually based on the region in which crime occurs. The study aimed at analyzing crime hotspots using geospatial data in Jalingo metropolis by identifying the different kinds of crime in the study area, determine the spatio-temporal variation of crime occurrences in the study area and determine the high crime density area (hotspot).This study proposed a method to identifying level crime, localize crime hotspots, identify relationship between spatiotemporal crime patterns and social trends, and analyze the resulting data for the purposes of knowledge discovery and anomaly detection. Several types of crime were analyzed in this dataset, including burglary, bribery, forgery ,murder ,rape ,theft drug abuse, assault, and robbery analysis, several interesting findings were drawn about crime in Jalingo metropolis, including: Crime mapping and hotspots with steadily increasing crime levels, hotspots with unstable crime levels, synchronous changes in crime trends throughout Jalingo metropolis as a whole, individual months in which certain hotspots behaved anomalously, and a strong relationship between crime hotspot locations. This type of statistical and correlative analysis of crime patterns will help law enforcement agencies predict criminal activity, allocate resources, and promote community awareness to reduce overall crime rates in Jalingo metropolis. Policing approaches like patrolling and response to crime incidents can be more effective if proper crime mapping and crime hot spot analysis data are available for policing is used to make decisions on crime control in the study area. Predictive policing in crime management use information such as historical crime data to predict crime patterns and response demand. Historical crime data is used to identify high crime areas through kernel density estimation. It is also used to anticipate the levels of response demand. Both of these factors are used to determine how to direct police patrols. This study revealed how kernel density estimation is used for crime mapping and hot spot.

Community Policing and Internal Security in Delta and Edo States of Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of community policing as supportive strategy in combating security challenges in Delta and Edo States of Nigeria. A cross-sectional research design and the probability sampling technique were adopted. A questionnaire was employed as the research instrument for this study with 317 respondents deemed usable. Data collected were analyzed using simple regression analysis with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0. The results of the study revealed that police inefficiency positively and significantly influences human insecurity in the country; the structure of the Nigeria police positively and significantly impacts the ineffective police security service delivery in the country, The present security challenges in the country positively and significantly influences the clamour for community policing in the country and the community policing positively and significantly influences improve internal security in the country. The study concludes that keeping peace and maintaining safety of citizens and property cannot be over emphasized for the progress and survival of any sovereign nation. It can be viewed as a precondition for good governance leading to socio-economic growth, political advancement, national peace building, human capital development, human freedom and proper functioning of things in a country. There will be no doubt therefore, that absence of internal security breeds disorder, increase insecurity, distorts freedom, reduce human value, and impoverish the citizens. Thus, the study recommends among others that the implementation of community policing programme should be beyond mere rhetoric. Therefore, the government should allocate more funds and resources to support the operations of community poling. Moreover, more motor vehicles and other security gadgets should be procured to enhance police patrol.

Using Street View Images to Examine the Impact of Built Environment on Street Property Crimes in the Old District of CA City, China

Property crimes on the street are common in cities, posing a certain threat to people’s daily life safety and social stability. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the characteristics and spatial patterns of street property crimes in the built environment to make cities safe. Based on environmental criminological theories, this study takes the MC old district in CA City as a case study and uses a negative binomial regression model to analyze the influencing factors of street property crimes in different periods. The results show the temporal and spatial differentiation in street property crimes. In terms of time, the number of crime cases presents the features of “three peaks and two troughs.” In terms of space, crime cases show spatial clustering patterns, mainly concentrated in the commercial and prosperous areas where the main roads of the city are located. During the whole day, openness, banks, bars, and restaurants have a significant positive effect on crime occurrence; closeness, police cameras, grocery stores, and distance to the nearest police patrol station had a significant negative effect on crime occurrence. There are two explanations for the positive and negative correlations of some environmental variables with a crime before dawn, daytime, and nighttime. This study explored the spatial-temporal distribution and factors that influence the old district street property crimes by extracting physical environmental characteristics from street view images using deep learning algorithms and providing a reference base for police departments to prevent and combat crime.

Hotspots-based patrol route optimization algorithm for smart policing

Smart policing based on the analysis of big data ensures the development and sustainability of police policy. However, it is difficult to find instances in which the results of data analysis have been applied to actual policy in the field of crime prevention. The South Korean police force recognizes the need for smart policing and is engaged in various research and field support activities. Some examples that are especially relevant for crime investigation include analyzing the connections between cases and predicting the location of the next crime in a series of crimes and the location of suspects. However, it is difficult to find examples of police policy that use big data. Therefore, this study aims to suggest a model that uses big data to respond to emergency calls efficiently. First, we extract hotspots that are predicted to be locations of criminal activity based on an analysis of the association between community environment data and crime data. Second, we create a route having the shortest travel time to the crime location by developing a route optimization algorithm. Lastly, we assess the performance of the patrol routes in reflecting real-time traffic information. If the data application model suggested in this study could be adjusted and applied to the current police patrol system, the model could be used by each police department effectively.

Обучение сотрудников патрульно-постовой службы полиции преодолению речевых провокаций со стороны граждан

Abstract: Introduction. The article describes one of the typical difficult professional situations associated with checking documents from a citizen. The growing negative psychological impact on the personnel of the internal affairs bodies and the law enforcement system is emphasized. As an example of reflecting such an impact, the results of approbation of the author’s Methodology for creating templates for&#x0D; overcoming verbal provocations from citizens are given.&#x0D; Research methods – theoretical analysis of scientific literature and regulatory legal acts; questionnaire survey, content and frequency analyses, expert assessments, self-assessment.&#x0D; Results. The article presents the results of a formative experiment on the ex-ample of the professional activities of police patrol officers. It is shown that the developed methodology for creating templates to overcome speech provocations by citizens: a) allows you to reflect the negative psychological impact exerted by citizens; b) can be attributed to express training methods for police patrol officers; c) increases the state of psychological security and professional success in difficult service situations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the introduction of the topic of psychological security of police patrol officers in professional situations containing speech provocations of citizens into the circle of scientific problems; and in the theoretical justification of the organizational and methodological solution to this problem. The practical significance of the study lies in the description and implementation of the method of express training for employees of internal affairs bodies on protection from negative psychological impact by developing a Method for creating templates to overcome speech provocations from citizens.

Scaling Up, Scaling Down

This article explores the shifting perceptual scales of racial epistemology and anti-blackness in predictive policing technology. Following Paul Gilroy, I argue that the historical production of racism and anti-blackness has always been deeply entwined with questions of scale and perception. Where racialisation was once bound to the anatomical scale of the body, Thao Than and Scott Wark’s conceptualisation of “racial formations as data formations” inform insights into the ways in which “race”, or its 21st century successor, is increasingly being produced as a cultivation of post-visual, data-driven abstractions. I build upon analysis of this phenomena in the context of predictive policing, where analytically derived “patrol zones” produce virtual barriers that divide civilian from suspect. Beyond a “garbage in, garbage out” critique, I explore the ways in which predictive policing instils racialisation as an epiphenomenon of data-generated proxies. By way of conclusion, I analyse American Artist’s 21-minute video installation 2015 (2019), which depicts the point of view of a police patrol car equipped with a predictive policing device, to parse the scales upon which algorithmic regimes of racial domination are produced and resisted.