Police Employees Research Articles

Projects of Improving the Professionalism of Police Employees: an Analysis of Transformations in the Police Force of the Russian Empire (1906–1917)

Projects of Improving the Professionalism of Police Employees: an Analysis of Transformations in the Police Force of the Russian Empire (1906–1917)

The Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and its Implementation in Albania

The freedom of assembly is one of the fundamental freedoms declared in a series of international legal documents and sanctioned in the domestic law of many states. In recent years, under the influence of economic, social, and political circumstances or those related to the pandemic, this freedom has been a tool in the hands of citizens or different entities to organize together and voice their concerns and grievances. In addition to the progress made in Albania, in practice, in many cases, problems have been identified in guaranteeing the exercise of the freedom of assembly of citizens by public authorities due to a lack of understanding of the purpose of the law or the lack of training of State Police employees in regards to taking measures for the management of gatherings. In addressing freedom of assembly in this paper, the methodology based on the assessment of the legal framework has been taken into consideration, as well as the challenges arising in the implementation of this right in an Albanian context. The sources of information are based on the reports of various institutions inside and outside Albania, on the legal framework that regulates the freedom of assembly, as well as on concrete situations of the organization of assemblies and emerging problems. The paper in conclusion reflects some recommendations in the context of improving legal guarantees as well as the taking of measures by public authorities in Albania in the exercise of freedom of assembly.
 
 Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023

ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS REGARDING THE ORGANIZATION OF PHYSICAL TRAINING OF PERSONAL POLICE EMPLOYEES OF UKRAINE

The article examines the normative components and foundations of the organization of physical training of employees of the personal police of Ukraine. The purpose of this scientific publication is to analyze the requirements for the organization of physical training of special police officers of Ukraine on the basis of regulatory documentation. The analyzed normative trends of physical training will provide an opportunity to make corrective proposals regarding the optimization of the components of physical training of employees of the personal police of Ukraine in connection with the enhanced mode of performance of official duties by employees.

Menggali Potensi Kinerja: Tinjauan Pelatihan dan Manajemen Karir di Institusi Polisi

The police is a state institution whose role is to provide protection and maintain the security of society and the state. This is expalined in law No. 2 of 2002 concerning the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia, article 5 pragraph 1. To improve the professionalism of police performance, superior human resources are neede as the main movers in institutions. Training is closely related to increasing the intellectual abilities neede to carry out better job duties and functions. A future career for employees wjo can achieve it is also an effort made by the institution so that employees can improve their performance for the future of police institution. This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of training and career management on the performance of Sukabumi City Police employees. This research was conducted using a quantitative approach. The population was 772 people, with a sample of 200 people taken using the Slovin formula. Research data was obtained using a questionnaire that had been tasted for validity and reliability. Data analysis uses multiple regression after testing the analysis requirements. The research results show that separately, training and career management have a positive effect on employee performance. Meanwhile, training and career management simultaneously have a positive effect on employee performance.

The effects of shift-work schedules on the sleep, health, safety, and quality of life of police employees during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The negative health and safety consequences of police fatigue are increasingly recognized as a critical problem. This study's objective was to measure the effects of different shift schedules on police employee health, safety, and quality of life. A cross sectional research design surveyed employees (N = 319) from a large, U.S. west coast municipal police service during the fall of 2020. The survey was made up of a battery of validated instruments designed to assess dimensions of health and wellness (e.g., sleep, health, safety, and quality of life). We found 77.4% of police employees had poor sleep quality, 25.7% had excessive daytime sleepiness, 50.2% had PTSD symptoms, 51.9% had depressive symptoms, and 40.8% had anxiety symptoms. Working night shifts significantly decreased sleep quality and increased excessive sleepiness. Furthermore, employees working night shifts were significantly more likely to report falling asleep at the wheel while driving home than employees working other shifts. Our findings have implications for interventions designed to promote police employee sleep health, quality of life, and worker safety. We urge researchers and practitioners alike to target night shift workers, to help mitigate these risks.

Primary Care Consultations Among UK Police Officers and Staff: Links With Adverse Mental Health and Job Strain.

The current study examined links between adverse mental health, job strain, and likelihood and frequency of primary care consultations among police employees. We conducted secondary data analysis on the Airwave Health Monitoring Study data ( n = 33,730). Measures included self-report data on mental health, job strain, job support, and primary care consultations in the past 12 months. Data were analyzed using a zero-inflated Poisson regression framework. Findings showed that overall, help seeking was low based on mental health status and job strain. Adverse mental health was associated with more primary care consultations. Police employees with high, active, or passive job strain reported more primary care consultation compared with police employees with low strain. Findings suggest that more work to reduce stigma of taking the initial step of help seeking would be beneficial.

Mental Health Stigma and Help-Seeking Intentions in Police Employees.

Mental health problems among police employees are exacerbated by negative attitudes and beliefs around mental health help-seeking that are perpetuated by police culture. We collected anonymous survey data from 259 civilian and commissioned police employees in a mid-sized, Midwestern U.S. city to test hypothesized relationships among help-seeking stigma, help-seeking attitudes, and intended help-seeking behavior. Results demonstrated that mental help-seeking stigma was negatively associated with help-seeking attitudes, and in turn with reduced mental health help-seeking intentions. Structural equation modeling provided support for a model linking help-seeking stigma, help-seeking attitudes, and intentions to seek help. This path model was moderated by psychological distress and previous participation in mindfulness training, which had opposing effects on help-seeking stigma and (indirectly) on intended help-seeking. Results provide insight into policies, practices, and interventions that police agencies may enact to combat stigma, positively influence mental health help-seeking, and improve the mental health and well-being of police employees and the broader community.

I’m not faking being sick, I’m faking being well: The need for leadership in mental health for policing

The prevalence of mental illness amongst law enforcement officers is increasing despite genuine intent by leaders, policy makers and practitioners to combat this public health epidemic. Significant gaps exist in understanding mental health leadership, governance, education, and training, and the influence police culture has on help-seeking behaviours. This paper argues that introducing constructive and actionable processes to address these gaps will benefit greater productivity, lower levels of absenteeism, lower insurance premiums, reduce risk factors for illnesses, improve quality of life and sense of well-being, elevate cognitive performance, and reduce levels of stress. This will encourage investment in mental health, strengthen police employee– employer relationships, and save many relationships and lives.

Impact of a Perceived Threat of Terrorism on Job Performance: A Moderated-Mediated Model

This study explores the relationship between the threat of terrorism and the job performance of police employees. It also examines the potential mediating effect of jobrelated anxiety between the threat of terrorism to job performance relationship and the moderating effect of innovative work behaviour among Punjab Police personnel. Multisource (employee and respective supervisor), time-lagged data from 425 respondents, was collected, which shows that the threat of terrorism increases jobrelated anxiety of employees which in turn reduces job performance. Personnel's innovative work behaviour buffers the negative effect of perceived threats of terrorism on job-related anxiety, resultantly the relationship is mitigated for those who are innovative in their work behaviour and practices. In an external environment where terrorism presents a credible threat, organizations can, therefore, encourage employees to exercise innovative ways to enhance security provisions at different levels. The study results showed; a direct association between the perceived Threat of Terrorism (TOT) and Job-Related Anxiety (JRA). While an inverse relationship was emerged between Job-Related Anxiety and Job Performance (JP) and Innovative Work Behaviour (IWB) mitigated the positive relationship between the Perceived Threat of Terrorism and Job-Related Anxiety. Mediation role of Job-Related Anxiety between the perceived Threat of Terrorism and Job Performance was also explored. It shows that when employees feel a threat of terrorism, causes them to feel anxiety which curtails their performance of employees. However, innovative employees diffuse stress by coming up with novel solutions. Our study is limited due to the sample size. Other psychological reservoirs may also be incorporated in the same model to see the mitigating effect. However, managers may provide training interventions to help in developing innovative behaviour.

The influence of service innovation on police performance: an empirical investigation

PurposeMany organisations attempt to improve their performance through innovation but innovative activities exert an undefined influence on police performance. Furthermore, studies on determining the role of creative leadership and knowledge sharing on the relationship between service innovation and police performance are scarce. Thus, the aforementioned relationship was empirically analysed in this study using creative leadership and knowledge sharing as moderating variables.Design/methodology/approachIn this quantitative cross-sectional study, data were collected from 435 Ajman police employees using an online questionnaire. The hypothesised associations were tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling.FindingsThe statistical findings clearly demonstrated that service innovation favourably influenced the Ajman police performance. Creative leadership positively moderated the relationship between service innovation and police performance while knowledge sharing did not.Research limitations/implicationsThe results presented a wide range of theoretical and practical implications. Police performance can be improved by promoting service innovation, which can be enhanced by creative leadership.Originality/valueEmpirical research that examined the connection between innovation and police performance is scarce. Additionally, the role of creative leadership and knowledge sharing in this relationship is unknown. Thus, this research aims to close the knowledge gap and provided data to support the hypotheses. This study is unique as these factors are used in police agencies.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ПОЛІЦІЇ У СФЕРІ ТРУДОВИХ ВІДНОСИН

The purpose of the article is to determine the features and importance of social protection of police officers in the field of labor relations, to develop practical proposals and recommendations for improving its legal regulation, to conduct an analysis of the current legislation on the specified problems. The essence and legal nature of the concept of social protection of police officers have been studied. An analysis of the legislation regarding the features and importance of social protection of police officers was carried out. Taking into account the foreign experience of the implementation of guarantees of social protection of employees, conclusions were drawn regarding the need to improve the legal regulation of guarantees of social protection of the rights of police employees in Ukraine. The author notes that social protection plays a significant role in the science of labor law, and is one of the most widespread types of social rights. Social protection of police officers needs a detailed scientific study. Unfortunately, today, the needs of legal regulation of social relations, including the relations that arise during the service of police officers, are not fully reflected. The work of a policeman is irregular. In this connection, the problem of improving the legal framework designed to regulate the working hours of police officers is acute.

ПОКАЗНИКИ ЯКОСТІ СНУ У ПРАЦІВНИКІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІЦІЇ

The article defines the quality of sleep of Police officers, which directly affects the quality of their performance of their functional duties, the state of mental and physical health. 60 people aged 34 to 39 years, 25 women and 35 men with different years of service in the police (from 13 to 18 years) took part in the study. The following research methods were used: the Epworth sleepiness scale for assessing the degree of sleepiness of a person; the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which is used to assess sleep problems; methods of mathematical statistics. Unsatisfactory quality of sleep among workers in this field, related to the nature of work, was established. The average degree of daytime sleepiness was observed in 68% of men and 80% of women, and daytime sleepiness above the norm was characteristic of 31% of men and 20% of women. 48% of women and 31% of men are not satisfied with the quality of their sleep. “The presence of sleep problems” was noted by 56% of women against 27% of men. The analysis of the subjects’ complaints showed a statistically significant predominance of snoring complaints in men (23% against 4% of women). Both men and women attribute sleep problems to “physical fatigue” without statistically significant gender differences. Among the possible household factors that play a role in the development of sleep disorders, the following prevailed in men and women in the first place: tea consumption in 42% of men against 48% in women; 40% of men use coffee against 32% of women; 40% of men smoke cigarettes against 16% of women. The results of our study on the sleep latency component indicate that the majority of women and men had a delay in the onset of sleep in the interval from 0 to 15 minutes, which may indicate a lack of sleep. A comparative assessment of sleep duration shows that only 36% of men and 48% of women have sufficient (more than 8 hours per day) sleep. The conducted studies revealed a slight violation of the quality and quantity of sleep, which affects the work capacity and quality of life of the National Police employees.

“Former” Political Police Employees of the Russian Empire in the Soviet Society

The review of the collection of documents traces the fate of ex-employees of the political police of the Russian Empire in Soviet times. The principles of selection, categorization, composition of the identified set of sources form the source base, topical scientific issues. The compilers managed to provide a representative range of documents, which reflect, the methods of Soviet state policy in relation to personnel, secret agents of the political police of the Russian Empire. Documentary materials characterize the ways of social adaptation of the “former” employees in the new realities of the revolutionary and post-revolutionary world. They reflect the waves of political repression of the Soviet government. A wide range of sources, mainly from the state and departmental archives of the Ulyanovsk region, as well as materials from the Borovsk Museum of local history (the Kaluga region), made it possible to identify the stages of rehabilitation of former political prisoners. It is necessary to particularly point out the value of the submitted documents of special records management systems. It is noteworthy that the authors have also paid attention to the state archival policy, identified the principles of using and preserving the funds of the political police, and determined the specifics of working with them.

Impact of Job Stress on Job Performance with Moderating Role of Workplace Spirituality of Police Force Employees

The purpose of the study portrays the impact of various job stress factors (i.e work overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, career development and role responsibility) on employees’ job performance with moderating role of workplace spirituality. Data was collected through purposive and convenience sampling techniques of non-probability. Police’s force of KPK, Province, Pakistan was used as a population for the current study. Questionnaire was distributed to the sample of N 385 out of total population of N 63,225 police employees. Out of 385 respondents, 295 employees responded. Data was analyzed through SPSS Version no.21 and AMOS 24. Reliability test was done through Cronbach’s alpha values regarding the various instruments of study. Moreover, SEM was used for the measurement and structural model. Structural model method was adopted to confirm the proposed hypotheses of research study. To explore the moderating role of workplace spirituality between various job stressors (role overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, career development and role responsibility) and job performance, multi -groups analysis method was used. Results reveal that there is significance and negative association between job stressors of the study and job performance. Moderating relationship of workplace spirituality was observed between role overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, career development, role responsibility and job performance. Research was limited to police’s employees of KPK, NWFP (province), Pakistan. The research study is expected to contribute in the growing empirical research on job stressors and the underexplored area of workplace spirituality amongst police official operating in stressful environment. The study suggests development and practice of a systematic program that helps to argument prevalent degree of workplace spirituality and overcome job stressors and increase job performance.

Culture and well-being among sworn officers: an empirical examination

PurposeThis study aims to bridge the police culture and the police employee well-being literature by demonstrating significant linkages between the two.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examined the effects of culture on the well-being of officers in one police agency in the western United States during the summer of 2020. Using individual-level data, the authors model the association between officer perceptions of occupational culture and personal well-being for 125 sworn employees.FindingsThe results indicate that, for individual sworn officers, their adherence to elements of culture is related to well-being; specifically, burnout (BO) exhaustion, BO disengagement, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Additionally, the cultural attitudes of administration, and citizens in the population, are both consistent predictors of officer well-being.Originality/valueThis study provides an important linkage between the police culture and police well-being literature, which to date has been given limited attention.

Predictors of insomnia symptoms in police employees: a longitudinal investigation and comparison of personality and psychosocial work factors

Insomnia is a growing public health concern and a risk factor for reduced health, safety, and performance among workers. This study investigated and compared the predictive value of personality traits and psychosocial factors associated with symptoms of insomnia. The study followed a longitudinal design and included 206 Norwegian police employees (52% men). The predictors of insomnia symptoms were divided into the following groups in the multiple regression analyses: 1) demands, control, and support at work, 2) stress and overcommitment, and 3) the personality traits of the five-factor model. A fourth final model included significant predictors from the initial analyses. The results showed high stability in insomnia symptoms at baseline and follow-up six months later. Neuroticism was the strongest and most stable predictor of insomnia, and associated with an increase in insomnia symptoms after six months. Overcommitment and stress had positive associations with insomnia symptoms but could not predict changes after six months. Social support had a negative association with insomnia, whereas job demands and control at work had no significant association with insomnia symptoms measured at follow-up six months later. The findings demonstrate that the personality trait neuroticism can play an important role in the development and maintenance of insomnia symptoms. Job demands and resources only explained a marginal proportion of variance in insomnia symptoms measured six months later in police employees, indicating that they may be less crucial in the development of insomnia. However, more research on the potential interaction effects between personality and organizational factors is needed. The study highlights the importance of taking personality characteristics into consideration when investigating predictors of insomnia.

DNA accumulation and transfer within an operational forensic exhibit storeroom

The increased sensitivity of current DNA profiling technologies allows the detection of trace amounts of DNA. With these advancements, there is an increased probability of detecting trace levels of DNA from contamination. Studies which investigate the accumulation and transfer of DNA within forensic laboratories provide insight into the possible mechanisms which may result in the contamination of exhibits. To gain a greater understanding of the level of DNA transfer between exhibit packaging and forensic workspaces, the accumulation of DNA within an operational forensic exhibit storeroom was investigated. Samples were collected from previously cleaned forensic exhibit storeroom shelves at various time points over a 14-week period. To determine the source of accumulating DNA, profiles generated from shelf samples were compared to the laboratory staff elimination database and the profiles generated from exhibits stored on each of the shelves sampled over the course of the study. Additionally, all samples were compared using STRmix™ mixture-to-mixture profile analysis, to identify the presence of common non-staff DNA donors and DNA from exhibits stored on the shelves sampled. As sampling time intervals increased, there was a significant increase in DNA quantity (ng) and number of profile contributors. The shelf height was also observed to influence the number of profile contributors, with higher numbers of contributors being found on lower shelves. DNA profiles generated from the shelf samples were matched to DNA from forensic staff members who enter the storeroom and police employees, who do not enter the storeroom. There were three instances where a common DNA profile contributor was identified between a shelf sample and the profile generated from an exhibit.This study provides insight into whether current exhibit storage procedures are still adequate given the highly sensitive DNA profiling systems currently used.

Tactics of behavior of National Police employees with the purpose of avoiding dangerous situations.

Tactics of behavior of National Police employees with the purpose of avoiding dangerous situations.

Firearm assaults against US law enforcement officers in the line-of-duty: Associations with firearm ownership and state firearm laws

Law enforcement officers are disproportionately affected by occupational injury. Firearm violence is the second leading cause of occupational mortality for this group behind motor vehicle crashes. In the general population, greater firearm ownership and weaker firearm laws are associated with increased firearm violence incidence. It is plausible that a high prevalence of firearms could also be associated with a greater incidence of LEO assault with a firearm. Using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, Uniform Crime Reporting, Police Employee Data for 2006–2016, we conducted a panel analysis to estimate the association between state-level estimates of household firearm ownership and LEO assault with a firearm. We additionally examined if effect modification by universal background check law status was present. Higher state-level firearm ownership was associated with an increased odds of LEO assault with a firearm in multi-level models. This association was modified by universal background check law status. In states without a universal background check law, for every 1% increase in state-level firearm ownership per agency-year, there was a 12.4% increase in the odds of an LEO assault with a firearm when adjusting for confounders (OR:1.124; 95% CI:1.018,1.240). In states with a universal background check law, there was no association. Findings, though small in magnitude, suggest aggregate firearm ownership may contribute to LEO assault with a firearm in states without a universal background check law. Future research to prevent LEO assault with a firearm should combine measures to address high rates of firearm ownership with other evidence-based prevention strategies.

‘It’s a crutch’: A qualitative exploration of UK police employees’ experiences of at-risk alcohol consumption or abstinence

Abstract One-third of UK police employees drink to at-risk levels, with both at-risk drinking and abstinence being associated with poor mental health. This research aimed to qualitatively explore police employees’ experiences of at-risk alcohol use or abstinence, their motivations for drinking/abstaining, and the organizational culture of drinking. Semi-structured telephone interviews with 16 UK serving police employees (12 at-risk drinkers, four abstainers) were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Five themes were identified. Participants described the ‘organizational culture of drinking and changes over time’, outlining a cultural shift. Motivations for drinking were reflected across two themes, ‘alcohol as a coping mechanism’ and ‘alcohol and socializing’, with an additional theme representing ‘motivations for abstinence/cutting down’. The final theme highlighted the ‘contrasting perceptions of available support’. Though the drinking culture is no longer as prominent, using alcohol socially and to cope, is normalized. The implications and recommendations for practice are outlined.