Police Authorities Research Articles

Young People Who Use Drugs Views Toward the Power and Authority of Police Officers.

Many young people who use drugs are structurally vulnerable to policing powers given the ongoing criminalization of drug possession. Police authority limits and the expression of that authority may play a significant role in police encounters among young people who use drugs. This qualitative study explores the views of young people who use drugs toward police power and authority in their recent encounters with police officers. Interviews were conducted with 38 young people who recently used illegal drugs in British Columbia, Canada. We found five interrelated themes related to perceptions of police authority: (1) skepticism and distrust toward authority; (2) paternalism and authority over drug use; (3) officer use of force; (4) police as power-hungry; and (5) officers above the law. Participants described police authority as limitless, unpredictable, untethered, easily abused, and lacking accountability. Participants feared holding police officers accountable to power abuses in a criminal justice system that they saw as stacked against them. Moving forward, institutional reforms may consider and account for the expression, limits, and use of police authority among young people who use drugs and other structurally vulnerable communities.

The rights of victims of crime as a manifestation of human rights

In the article, senior lecturer Yordanov analyzes the protection of the rights of crime victims by the police authorities. The injured person is not always aware of what rights and means he has when a crime has been committed to him in order to be able to defend himself fully. The rights of the victim of crime are part of human rights. This means that their rights must be seen in the context of the characteristics of human rights, therefore the fundamental characteristics of human rights also manifest in the rights of victims of crime.

Police authorities' actions in detecting coincidences between investigated sites and sis alerts for searched property for seizure

Police authorities' actions in detecting coincidences between investigated sites and sis alerts for searched property for seizure

Legal consequences of failure to comply with a police authority order

In the article, senior lecturer Yordanov analyzes the authority of the police bodies to issue orders and legal consequences for the, organizations, legal persons and citizens when it fails. The basic duties of each police officer include care for the life and property of citizens, protection of public order and counteraction to crime, and this is done in strict observance of the law, respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens and strengthening of the rule of law.

Experiences of Anti-Human Trafficking Unit Functionaries in Gujarat (India): A Critical Analysis

AbstractIn 2006, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in South Asia, in partnership with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, initiated Project IND/S16. In the beginning, five states were selected to train police officials under the “Strengthening the Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking” project. The training program resulted from a study done by two researchers, Dr. P. M. Nair and Shanker Seen. Their study recommended training programs to strengthen the law enforcement response to human trafficking and establish anti-human trafficking units (AHTUs) in India. However, no evaluation of the work of functionaries of AHTUs was done until the authors of this article took the initiative with the support of the Additional Director General of Police of Gujarat to identify the major problems in AHTUs at the grassroots level. Their exploratory research covered the 40 AHTUs from all 33 districts of Gujarat, focusing on the experiences and opinions of 214 police authorities (i.e. police inspectors, police sub-inspectors, assistant sub-inspectors, constables, and Lok Rakshak (public guards)) officially assigned to the AHTUs of Gujarat. This article summarizes the research and is based on experiences documented while collecting information in the field.

EKSISTENSI KEPOLISIAN DALAM PENUNTUTAN PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA RINGAN DIWILAYAH HUKUM POLRES LABUHANBATU

This study aims to analyze the legal aspects of the existence of the police in the prosecution of minor criminal cases in the Labuhanbatu District Police Legal Territory. This research is Normative Empirical, namely research by looking at the conditions in the field by linking the legal sources of the regulations in force in the Republic of Indonesia. The benefits that will be received from the results of this research are to find out and analyze the legal basis of the police's authority in prosecuting minor criminal cases and to find out and analyze the existence of the police in prosecuting minor criminal cases in the Labuhanbatu Police Legal Territory. The results of the study show that firstly, the Legal Basis of Police Authority in Prosecuting Minor Crime Cases is based on the provisions as stated in Article 205 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Second, the existence of Labuhanbatu Police Investigators has so far carried out their duties as stipulated in article 205 of the Criminal Procedure Code by acting as Public Prosecutors in cases of minor crimes.Keywords: Existence, Police, Minor Crime.

Constitution of police sciences in the Slovak Republic

Constitution of police sciences in the Slovak Republic

Visualising Order: Photography and the Production of the Colonial Police in India

Stationed in cities, towns and villages across the Indian subcontinent, the colonial police were a ubiquitous presence under the British Raj. Visuality was central to the policing project; the police’s effectiveness was predicated on colonial subjects’ recognition of police authority. Photographs of policepersons and police buildings, appearing in manuals, histories and memoirs, private albums, imperial educational propaganda and on postcards, testify to the pervasiveness of the policing institution within the colonial landscape and the institution’s commitment to visuality. The sheer volume of these photographs invites consideration. While existing scholarship on the colonial police and photography has largely focused on how the police harnessed the medium in their efforts to visualise colonial criminals, this article considers photography as a means of producing the police to make legible the imperial social order. Various photographs of policepersons and police buildings – mundane and propagandistic images when considered within the broader history of colonial Indian photography – index imperial interactions, revealing the visual language the police relied on to assert their authority.

A pilot evaluation of Swasthya Pahal program using SMAART informatics framework to support NCD self-management.

Empirical research acknowledges the capability of mHealth and eHealth interventions for ensuring high-quality and tailored healthcare to individuals. People living with various health conditions get access to a wide range of healthcare services through digital interventions. The aim of the study is to examine the usefulness of Swasthya Pahal, a community-based Health for all program, aimed to enhance screening and self-management of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity among police personnel. A convenient sample of 64 individuals aged 18 years and above present at the Police Sanchar Training Centre, Dehradun, Uttarakhand were enrolled over 2 days in January 2020. The Swasthya Pahal pilot program was approved by the Uttarakhand State Police authorities. Individuals' health data was recorded using an interactive, bi-lingual, touch screen, computer-based program. Subjective data was collected and self-reported information was gathered about (I) socio-demographics, (II) health behaviors, (III) clinical status, and (IV) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP). Objective data assessments included measurements such as weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels using a series of physiological sensors. Additional information gathered at 1 month follow up included modifications that individuals made in their self-management of diabetes and hypertension, diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Information was gathered related to individuals' interest in receiving SMS based health messages. The average age of study participants was 37 (SD =8) years, 88% were males, and 42% had graduate education. Hypertension (31%) was found to be the most common family history. Thirty-six percent of individuals were presently smokers or consumed alcohol. Sixty-two percent of them self-reported doing some form of exercise. Walking, jogging and yoga were the most common exercise types. Eighty-seven percent of them were not receiving any treatment to self-manage hypertension. Based on the JNC 8 criteria, 37% of the individuals were hypertensive. Fifty of the 64 individuals expressed interest to receive SMS message, 64% of them expressed keenness to receive weekly SMS messages. Messages related to diet, physical activity, sleep, and smoking and alcohol consumption were perceived as important. The Swasthya Pahal program using the SMAART informatics framework is a useful tool to enhance screening and self-management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among police personnel.

Importance of Intraoperative Detection of Graft Patency by Using Transit Time Flowmetry and Its Impact on Revascularization of the Myocardium

Abstract Background Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has contributed to an increase in survival, quality of life and life expectancy. The anastomotic quality and graft patency is directly associated with both early and long-term clinical results after CABG. It is a complication that can lead to refractory angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and even mortality. Objectives This study was aiming to evaluate the effect of use of TTFM on the outcome of CABG operations and it was carried out on 100 patients and examined 282 grafts, we use inotropic agents to maintain the systolic pressure at 90- 100 mmHg if the blood pressure was lower than that limit. Patients and Methods An observational exploratory study was carried on 100 patients operated in Police authority hospitals, cardiothoracic surgery department. The study period of the study was 6 months, study population: The included population will be patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) surgery. Results TTFM data was described as two main readings which are MF in ml/min (mean flow), PI (pulsatility index) and it was measured for the all types of the grafts. In MF it was the highest in AO-OM system (34.5 ± 18.46) followed by LIMA- LAD system (33.0 ± 19.65) then AO-Diagonal (31.0 ± 26.38) and lastly AO-RCA(29.50 ± 32.22). For the PI the lowest measurements was 0.8 and it was for both LIMA to LAD and then 1.2 for AO-OM system and 1.4 for AO-DIAG system and 1.8 for AO-RCA system. The most important finding in this study which represents the usefulness of the usage of TTFM is how much grafts needed to be revised according to the grafts measurements and it was 14 grafts in 14 patients (one grafts for each patient) among 100 patients which account for 14%. Conclusion Regarding the other studies that compare the TTEM with other ways for detection of graft patency, they prefer the TTFM due to: TTFM is easy to use, accurate and relatively inexpensive, TTFM helps prevent missed technical surgical errors in distal and proximal anastomosis, it has shown that TTFM improved outcome in many situations, TTFM provides excellent documentation of the surgical outcome and allows for better understanding of procedural complications.

Hispanic Threat and Police Strength in U.S. Municipalities: The Moderating Influences of Nativity and Region

AbstractA key question of research on crime control is whether the level of police strength in cities primarily represents citizens’ collective interest in cutting crime, or whites’ interest in exerting control over minority populations in a racially divided society. Minority threat theories maintain that whites and police authorities seek to protect their interests by mobilizing their political power to enhance police strength in cities with relatively large minority populations. Research testing this hypothesis examines the relationships of percent black and percent Hispanic to the strength of police departments. Studies of blacks support minority threat theories, but the limited research on Hispanics does not. We extend research on Hispanics by incorporating nativity and region into an analysis of cities of 100,000 or more population in 2010. Noteworthy findings include complex interactions involving those predictors. Percent native-born Hispanic has a stronger negative relationship with police strength at higher levels of Hispanic-white residential segregation, but only in southwestern cities. Percent black is associated with increased police strength at higher levels of black-white segregation, but only in non-southwestern cities. These findings indicate that nativity, segregation, and regional context may jointly shape the mobilization of coercive crime control, sometimes in unexpected ways.

CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMMES IMPLEMENTED BY THE POLICE IN THE AREA OF PUBLIC SAFETY

The aim of this article is to indicate basic and necessary police activities related to crime prevention programmes. Thanks to these programmes and close cooperation of the state and police authorities with the people, public trust can be built and, at the same time, the effectiveness in preventing various criminal acts can be increased. The article has been based on the data obtained from the National Police Headquarters and crime prevention activities that have been already implemented, or are still being implemented by the Metropolitan Police Headquarters.

UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE A REVITIMIZAÇÃO E VIOLAÇÃO DE DIREITOS HUMANOS DAS MULHERES EXERCIDO PELA POLÍCIA NA ATIVIDADE PRÉ-JURISDICIONAL

The activity carried out by the police in the context of the first contacts of women victims of domestic violence with the government until the conclusion of the police investigation has a pre-jurisdictional character. However, it is during this process of reception, listening to victims and investigations that situations of revictimization and, consequently, human rights violations can occur. Thus, this research carried out a literature review to understand the historical-social context that favors an alleged, but not effective, protection of women's rights through police activity. The research focuses on some cases analyzed in the scope of the Domestic Violence Court of the District of Santa Rita, Paraiba, understanding, from the factual study, the phenomenon of revictimization. From this, it can be inferred that the external control of police activity exercised by the Public Ministry is a way to curb possible human rights violations within the scope of pre-jurisdictional activity carried out by police authorities.

A Stress Test for German Nationalism: Protective Custody in Alsace-Lorraine during the First World War

Abstract When the First World War broke out, the French government declared the return of Alsace-Lorraine its only public war aim, arguing that the population was ‘French in spirit’. In an age rife with claims of national self-determination, trapped in a protracted war of attrition and facing a nationally ambivalent population, the German state soon came under enormous pressure to ensure the loyalty and patriotism of the inhabitants of its western borderland. This article examines why Imperial Germany failed to meet this ‘stress test’. It focuses on the crucial but hitherto neglected issue of protective custody (Schutzhaft), whereby police and military authorities were able to arrest and detain ‘suspect’ civilians without charge or trial. The article finds that protective custody, an emergency measure under martial law, played a central role in the failure of German policy in Alsace-Lorraine: it undermined the rule of law, shifted the focus onto national dissent and gave rise to an atmosphere of suspicion and fear. The article also demonstrates that the Reichstag successfully put limits on protective custody in the second half of the war. Yet leaving the authoritarian doctrine of enforcing national loyalty in place, the more lenient administrative approach had a disintegrative rather than a stabilizing effect, preparing the ground for widespread disaffection with German rule months before the war ended.

Implementation Fiduciary Registration According to Finance Ministry, Police, and Financial Services Authority (OJK)

The research aimed to research fiduciary guarantees registration from a legal perspective, especially the executive or administrative regulations. The research examined the existing regulations and laws by analysing primary and secondary data using normative juridical methods. There were three legal material inventory, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The research concludes that the fiduciary registration obligations stipulated in the Regulation of Minister of Finance (PMK) Number 130/PMK.010/2012 are not in synchronic with the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) Number 29/POJK.05/2014, which was replaced by the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 35/POJK.05/2018. Revocation of Regulation of Minister of Finance Number 130/PMK.010/ 2012 by Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 23/PMK.010/2017 is not accompanied by amendments to the Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia National Police Number 8 of 2011. The loan agreement remains valid if it fulfills the principles of the agreement. It is suggested that relevant institutions, particularly the Financial Services Authority (OJK) as the financial industry supervisor, take initiatives to synchronize all regulations for the implementation of fiduciary registration.

Investigation of factors influencing motorcyclist injury severity using random parameters logit model with heterogeneity in means and variances

Motorcyclists are an integral component of the traffic stream especially, in low-income developing countries like Pakistan. However, motorcyclists lay in the group of vulnerable road users i.e., road users with the least protection, along with pedestrians and cyclists. Therefore, the current study employed the random parameters logit model to identify key risk factors associated with motorcyclist injury severity using three years crash data (2017-2019) for city of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. To calibrate the model, motorcyclist injury severity thresholds are classified as no injury, minor injury, severe injury, and fatal injury. For motorcyclist injury severity analysis, the effects of vehicle crash characteristics, weather conditions, rider attributes and other socio-demographic considerations were primarily considered. The study results showed that severe and fatal injury risk is increased for crashes occurred during weekdays, involving riders aged above 50 years, involving the collision of motorcycles with passenger car and heavy vehicles, involving a female as a pillion rider, and those that occurred due to over speeding. Based on the results obtained from the model, the study suggests several policy implication as strict implementation of traffic regulations such as heavy fines or cancellation of driving license on over speeding, wrong turns, inappropriate passing, running a red light, not wearing helmet etc., instructing the females not to wear loose clothes or trailing scarves while riding the bike as pillion riders. The outcomes are expected to stimulate more interest and discussion regarding motorcycle safety in the country and can be used by city traffic police and highway authorities to boost the road safety.

Judicial Control over the Observance of Human Rights and Freedoms during the Detention of a Person

The purpose of this study was to identify problems in performing the functions of the investigating judge related to the protection of human rights and freedoms during detention and to offer solutions to them. The study is based on the use of methods of sampling and prognosis; system approach; descriptive statistics; comparison and collation; descriptive analysis method. We found out that the restriction of certain rights and freedoms of a person, detained on suspicion of having committed a crime, is quite legitimate, but some rights are violated due to abuse of police authority. The right to liberty and the right to security of person, the right to effective remedy and fair trial, and the right to respect for private and family life are most often violated during detention. Judicial control should be carried out in compliance with the following principles: immediacy, automaticity, conducting trial proceedings within a reasonable time. In order to universalize judicial control over the protection of human rights and freedoms during detention, we propose to develop an international legal document, regulating the conduct of judicial control.

Exploring the relationship between community mobility and quality of life, employment and completing further education for autistic adults

IntroductionAutistic adults face a range of unique barriers to accessing their communities via cars and/or public transport. Previous studies report that learning to drive can be difficult, and that using public transport can be filled with anxiety for autistic adults. Indeed, car and public transport access and use are associated with greater quality of life. This study sought to explore these factors for autistic adults, compared to non-autistic adults, using a large national sample. MethodsData are from wave one of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Autism in Adulthood. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were used to describe and explore associations between community mobility, quality of life, employment status and educational attainment. Regression models were used to determine if community mobility use and access were predictors of quality of life, employment and education. ResultsAutistic adults self-reported less accessibility to both public transport and driving to meet their community mobility needs and were less likely to use a car or public transport. Further, autistic adults reported significantly lower self-rated quality of life, were less likely to be employed and were less likely to have completed further education. Notably, although public transport or car access are not predictors of employment and educational outcomes, such access improves quality of life, but in different ways when compared to non-autistic adults. By contrast, public transport use is a predictor of better educational outcomes, and public transport and car use are predictors of both. ConclusionsMore nuanced attention to autistic people's individual perspectives and their experiences will help better develop ways to more intuitively define and measure both access and use in a meaningful manner. Qualitative studies are needed to explore why access does not always equate to use. The needs of autistic people should be considered by a range of policies impacting community environments, such as urban and public transport design, training of police and transit authorities and emergency response.

Ensuring Transport Safety by Police Authorities and Units of Member States of the European Union

Police authorities and units are a separate link in the system of ensuring all levels of national security, including a transport one. Globalization, technological progress and urbanization are leading to an increase in vehicular transports and freight carriage, which makes it necessary to ensure transport safety. The purpose of the academic paper is as follows: to identify the factors that affect transport safety and the impact of police authorities and units of the European Union on transport safety. In order to achieve the purpose outlined the following methods have been used, namely: statistical analysis, correlation, factor analysis, generalization and analogy. It has been established that there is a positive interrelationship between the number of police officers, the number of road traffic accidents and the number of casualties on the road in Cyprus. A negative interrelationship has been proved between the number of police officers and the number of road traffic accidents in Germany, Finland, Greece, Belgium and Sweden. The positive interdependence has been revealed between the number of police officers and casualties of road traffic accidents in Cyprus, Germany, Finland, and a negative interdependence in Greece, Belgium, Sweden. It has been found that there is a low level of interdependence between the number of cars and the number of road traffic accidents in Sweden and Germany, a negative interrelationship in Cyprus, Greece, Belgium and Finland. Factors influencing transport safety have been established, namely: legislative regulation, level of introduction of innovative digital technologies, transport infrastructure, geographical location, length of roads, psychophysical factors of drivers, social ones. It has been proved that police authorities and units, taking into account other factors that affect transport safety, do not sufficiently ensure transport safety in the European Union.

『기생 및 창기에 관한 서류철』의 서지학적 고찰과 그 가치 및 특징

This study clarified the fundamental characteristics of the Records of Gisaeng and Changgi, which are frequently misunderstood and misread, examined related data ranging from four existing bibliographies to microfilms since 1988 and the current online service, and thoroughly explored the overall description for the Records of Gisaeng and Changgi.
 First, Records of Gisaeng and Changgi are historically deplorable and miserable records that clearly show that the Gisaeng System, which has been inheriting the traditional cultural art of the Korean Peninsula, female musician, from the Goryeo Dynasty to the Joseon Dynasty and The Korean Empire Period, was forcibly changed by the Japanese Residential-General and police authority without having own power to convert into the Modern Gisaeng System, during the turning point from a pre-modern time to a modern time in the Korean Empire Period.
 Secondly, even though the Korean Peninsula went through extremely chaotic political and social situations since opening a port of Busan in 1876, there was no nationally authorized prostitution system. On September 25, 1908, which was right before the Japanese colonial period, the Japanese Resident-General implanted a Prostitution System, which is the first official prostitution system involving Korean prostitutes. In other words, the Korean Peninsula, which strictly prohibited any prostitution involving money, was degraded into an immoral society (country with an official prostitution system) where people trade sex without any legal punishments. The Records of Gisaeng and Changgi are the bitter historical scars of colonized Koreans who were victims of the prostitution system implanted in the Korean Peninsula.
 Lastly, there needs to be more detailed bibliographical studies that cover the whole contents of Records of Gisaeng and Changgi and publish books that interpret each document about “Gisaeng” and “Prostitute” in Korean. This would allow both related researchers and ordinary people to approach more easily and understand the concept of “Gisaeng” and “Prostitute” during The Korean Empire’s turning point of modernization in more detailed and correct ways. Moreover, there should be clear definitions and new changes in perception of the “Gisaeng Group” as the artist group that inherited the tradition of female musicians and “Prostitute Group” as the prostitute group who lived on prostitution.