Pole Stage Research Articles

Comparison of alternative harvesting systems for selective thinning in a Mediterranean pine afforestation (Pinus halepensis Mill.) for bioenergy use

Due to a continuous abandonment of marginal agricultural land, Mediterranean pine forests are growing both in biomass stock and area but remain mainly unmanaged. Pinus halepensis is one of the main pioneer species with strong expansion throughout the Mediterranean basin. In mature forests and pole stands, selective thinnings aimed to eliminate dominated and dead trees are necessary to improve the resilience and persistence of these forest ecosystems. Bioenergy market provides an opportunity to mobilise this woody material, helping to prevent and reduce wildfires in a context of climate change and energy transition. Despite the existing expertise on wood harvesting, there is a lack of practical knowledge about cost-effective methods for bioenergy use of selective thinnings in such forests. The objective of this study was to compare thinning harvesting methods in representative 63-year-old Pinus halepensis afforestation in pole stage for bioenergy uses, following the silvicultural treatments defined in the Spanish forest management plan. Time studies were performed over six representative plots in Navalón (Spain). Treatments included three plots with the traditional stem wood method combined with the logging of forest residues (integrated system), and three plots with the whole tree chipping (whole tree system). Time, productivity and fuel consumption were recorded for both systems. A woodchip quality assessment of each assortment was performed in the laboratory according to European standards. The results obtained demonstrated that time consumption and productivity were similar between the integrated harvesting system and the whole tree system. Regarding the total energy balance, it should be noted that both systems produce woodchips that contain over ten times more energy than that required to mobilise and process the obtained biomass. Fuel consumption, costs and degree of damage were slightly higher in the whole tree system due to the more intensive forwarding operation. The two assortments of woodchips in the integrated system had a higher (chipped log material) and lower quality (chipped crown material) than whole tree woodchips. In conclusion, integrated harvesting is a better option to diminish fuel consumption, cost and environmental impact, and also to obtain better quality woodchips for the production of added value biofuels (pellets).

Floristic composition and diversity at Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) habitat in Tangkahan, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Elfiati D, Hidayat A, Hadi AN, Zaitunah A, Nainggolan D, Ginting IM. 2021. Floristic composition and diversity at Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) habitat in Tangkahan, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4448-4456. Dipterocarpus spp., or locally known as Keruing, is a wood-producing tree and has high economic value. Keruing also produces derivative products in oil and oleoresin, which are widely used as raw materials for medicines and perfumes. Keruing natural population has been severely declining caused by habitat alteration and also over exploitation. Therefore, information on the composition and diversity of the floristic community at their habitat is important as an initial step in designing conservation actions. This study aims to determine the floristic composition and diversity at the keruing habitat in the Tangkahan area, Gunung Leuser National Park (Gunung Leuser NP). A line transect has been used to establish a purposive sampling in particular forest areas where the population of the keruing is known to grow naturally. Four line transects, each with five nested plots, totaling 110 plots, were established to gather data at four growth stages. The results found 47 species at the seedling stage, 43 species at the sapling stage, 48 species at the pole stage and 65 species at the tree stage. There were three species of keruing in the research location, namely Dipterocarpus haseltii, Dipterocarpus costulatus and Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth with low IVI values ??at each stage. D. haseltii was only found at the seedling, pole and tree stage with IVI values ??of 0.32, 0.30, and 6.90, respectively. D. costulatus was only found at the tree level with an IVI value of 3.43, while D. elongatus found at the sapling and tree stage with an IVI of 0.30 and 3.42, respectively. The diversity index in the research location was in the medium category at the seedling, sapling, and pole levels with a value of 2.96, 2.86, and 2.92, respectively and was classified as high at the tree level with a value of 3.18. The evenness index (E') in all growth stages is high or evenly distributed with the value of E' > 0.75. The species diversity in research location classified into medium-high category although in each stage showing dynamic on species domination. Disturbed habitat due to illegal logging and land conversion caused a problem on keruing regeneration. Conservation efforts, including active monitoring keruing occurrence, ex-situ conservation, and artificial regeneration, are needed to avoid keruing from extinction.

Diversity of meranti (Shorea spp) in secondary forest of tropic area in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

The demand for the wood as basic human need is increasing in line with the population growth worldwide. Meranti (Shorea spp.) is a species of commercial tree that has been traded since the start of forest exploitation. This plant easily grows in various habitats, including tropics areas, such as secondary tropical rain forest located in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine and reviewing the diversity of Shorea spp in secondary forest in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan. The observation was carried out by a survey method using a combination of path and line square methods. The paths were put with a purposive sampling method in many areas of that secondary forest that have Shorea spp in each site of observation. Following to the result, there were four species of meranti (Shorea spp), including Shorea platyclados (Meranti Batu), Shorea leprosula (Meranti Bunga), Shorea pinanga (Meranti Merah), Shorea bracteolatadyer (Meranti Putih) in each growth stage from seedling, stake, pole, and tree, but not dominate in the secondary forest of Mempawah District. The observation found that those Shorea spp there had the Dominance Index in seedling, stake, pole, and tree stages was less than 0.5, the Species Diversity Index was overflowing (H 1 ≤ H ≤ 3), while the Species Abundance was less than 1.

Vegetation analysis of rawa singkil wildlife reserve in Rantau Gedang Village, Singkil Distric, Aceh Singkil Regency, Aceh Province

Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve plays an important role in protecting the environmental services. It contains, particularly as a protective balance of water systems and natural warehouses for carbon storage to mitigate the effects of global warming. However, the existence of Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve is disturbed by human activities without paying attention to the impact of natural balance. The research objective is to identify plant diversity and vegetation cover classification. This study was carried out using a rectangular path method for various stages including seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The results provide information on the condition of the vegetation structure and composition of various stages of tree growth. There are 25 types of vegetation found in Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve, which consists of three stages, namely saplings, poles, and trees. Based on the Importance Value Index analysis that Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) has the highest Importance Value Index, the highest Importance Value Index in the pole stage is Beras-Beras (Syzygium zeilanicum), and In the tree stage the highest index of importance was Ubar Susu (Glutta renghas) and Pucuk Merah (Syzigium myrtifolium).

Poles carbon stock estimation of urban forest in Universitas Indonesia, Depok

The study of carbon stock estimation on pole vegetation was done in the urban forest of Universitas Indonesia, Depok. The aims of this study were to estimate the carbon stock of pole stage in Urban Forest of Universitas Indonesia, which were divided into three zones: West Wallace, East Wallace and natural vegetation. In addition, this study was conducted to determine species in pole stage that hold the largest carbon stock. The research was conducted in August-December 2017 using a non-destructive method. The carbon stock value obtained from the biomass calculation based on pole’s diameter at breast height (DBH). We measured the DBH of pole stage on 75 plots of 10 x 10 m2 which was divided to 3 zones, 25 plots each. The biomass calculation was done using an allometric equation B = 0.11 ρ D (2+0.62). The allometric equation used wood density of each species found. The average of carbon stock value in Urban Forest of Universitas Indonesia is 11.505 ton/ha, with East Wallace have the largest carbon stock of 17.262 ton/ha and natural vegetation have the smallest carbon stock 6.876 ton/ha. Species of pole stage with largest average carbon stock in Urban Forest UI is Hopea sp. (Merawan) with 0.327 ton/ha.

Short Communication: Species composition and diversity of vegetation in dryland agricultural landscape

Abstract. Ardiyaningrum I, Budiastuti MTS, Komariah. 2021. Short Communication: Species composition and diversity of vegetation in dryland agricultural landscape. Biodiversitas 22: 65-71. Drylands are a part of the terrestrial ecosystems with a relatively larger area compared to wetlands. Selo has dryland with steep slopes and high rainfall, resulting in relatively high soil erosion. The land use in this sub-district is dominated by plantations and agriculture, with conditions that have not been fully balanced by trees as a means of controlling erosion and supporting vegetation diversity. Therefore, studies on biodiversity are important as an indicator of dryland sustainability, especially in terms of soil and water conservations. This research aimed to study the species composition and diversity of vegetation in the dryland agricultural landscape in Selo Sub-district, Boyolali District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Vegetation analysis was performed by using the quadratic sampling technique for tree category, pole category, sapling category, and seedling categories. The results indicated that Fabaceae had the highest number of species. Tree species with the highest Importance Value Index were Toona sureni, Artocarpus heterophyllus, and Casuarina junghuhniana, respectively. The Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index showed that the vegetation at tree, pole, and sapling stages had a moderate diversity, and seedling-stage vegetation had a low diversity.

Vegetation Analysis And Carbon Stock Estimation In Kuningan Botanical Garden West Java

Research on plant biodiversity and carbon stock estimation are highlighted due to global issue on climate change. Therefore, this study was conducted to record plant diversity and estimate carbon stock in Kuningan Botanical Garden (KBG). Nested plots 20m × 20m were placed systematically with random start sampling to record tree species and to estimate carbon stock. Poles were recorded in subplots 10m × 10m; shrubs and sapling in subplots 5m × 5m; while seedling and herbaceous plants in subplots 2m × 2m. Data were analyzed to calculate Shannon Wiener diversity index and important value index (IVI). Destructive method was used to estimate soil carbon content, meanwhile tree carbon content was estimated by using allometric method. Biodiversity index in KBG is 2.8 with dominant trees were S. wallichii (IVI: 46.22%) and Gmelina arborea (IVI: 30.24%); S. wallichii (IVI: 65.87%) and Gnetum gnemon (IVI: 39.11%) in pole stage; Adenanthera Pavonina (IV: 41.56%) and G. gnemon (IV: 41.56%) in seedling stage. Dominant shrubs were Mimosa invisa (IVI: 59.42%) and Mimosa pudica (IVI: 42.90%); Centrocema pubescens (IVI: 26.52%) and Paspalum cartilagineum (IVI: 25.91%) as dominant herb in KGB. Plant composition in this area depicted human activity (plantation) changed natural forest composition. Carbon stock in tree stands is 25.45 tonC/ha (11.06%); understorey is 11.29 tonC/ha (4.9%); litter is 6.32 tonC / ha (2.75 %); necromass is 0.17 tonC/ha (0.07%); and soil organic carbon is 186.85 tonC/ha (81.21%). Therefore, we can estimate that total carbon stock in Kuningan Botanical Garden (156.4 ha) is 35985 tons.

Vegetation structure and floristic composition of tree species in the habitat of Scaphium macropodum in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Susilowati A, Elfiati D, Rachmat HH, Yulita KS, Hadi AN, Kusuma YS, Batu SAL. 2020. Vegetation structure and floristic composition of tree species in the habitat of Scaphium macropodum in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3025-3033. Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumee Ex K Heyne is a member of Malvaceae tree species and globally recognized as malva nut and locally known as ‘kembang semangkok’, ‘tempayang’, ‘merpayang’ or ‘kepayang’. The nut of S. macropodum has many benefits for medicinal purposes, yet destructive extraction of this tree species has led them to extinction. Among its natural distribution in Indonesia, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia is known as its original range, but there is limited information about the existence of this species. This study aimed to determine the vegetation structure of some tree species in the habitat of S. macropodum in Sikundur, Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Purposive sampling technique was employed by creating line transect at some forest areas where the population of S. macropodum is known to grow naturally. Four line transects with each transect consisting of five plots with nested plots within were established to record data at four growth stages, resulting in 80 plots in total. The results showed that the Important Value Index (IVI) of S. macropodum within the floristic community at the studied area was 21.98, 13.85, 27.30, and 39.60 for tree, pole, sapling, and seedlings stages, respectively. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H) were 3.80, 3.70, 3.06 and 2.45, Index of evenness (E) are 0.94, 0.92, 0.86, 0.77 and the Index of Richness (R) are 11.76, 10.73, 6.59, 4.10 for tree, pole, sapling, and seedlings stages. This result suggests that the natural population of S. macropodum in Sikundur forest was still in good condition at all stages from tree to seedling.

Changes in carbon stocks of soil and forest floor in black pine plantations in Turkey

The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine carbon stock changes in the soil and forest floor of black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) plantations in Turkey; (2) to determine the effects of thinning on annual carbon accumulation in both; and, (3) to investigate relationships between annual carbon storage in soil and forest floor and stand characteristics of black pine. Samples were taken in 90 plots from stands at the pole (dbh = 11.0–19.9 cm) and sawlog (dbh = 20.0–35.9 cm) stages. Carbon analyses of soil and forest floor samples showed that in unthinned plantations significant organic carbon was sequestered an average of 1.47 Mg ha−1 a−1 in the soil and 0.20 Mg ha−1 a−1 in the forest floor. Organic carbon sequestered annually in the soil was significantly lower in thinned than in unthinned stands, while differences in the forest floor were insignificant. There were positive correlations between carbon sequestered in the soil and stand age, average DBH, mean stand height, basal area, and site index. Carbon sequestered the forest floor increased with basal area. As a result, carbon sequestered in the soil should not be ignored in greenhouse gas inventories because carbon stored belowground was approximately 70% of the aboveground pool.

Population structure, vegetation composition and economic potentials of Parkia timoriana in Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hidayati AN, Zuhud EAM, Andarwulan N. 2020. Population structure, vegetation composition and economic potentials of Parkia timoriana in Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 203-210. Kedawung (Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.) is one of rare medicinal plant species because it is only found in a small part of Indonesia. P. timoriana has high ecological and economic potential because it contains various active compounds such as anticancer. This study was aimed to investigate the population structure, vegetation community composition, and distribution, as well as the potential production and economic values of P. timoriana in rehabilitation zone in Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia. The methods used were vegetation analysis, direct observation, and in-depth interviews with selected respondents using purposive sampling. We found that P. timoriana population at the study sites was only at tree and pole stages, while no sapling and seedling was found. This condition implies that regeneration of P. timoriana at the study sites was not happening which can threaten its sustainability in the future. P. timoriana dominated the vegetation at the studied sites which were indicated by the highest importance value index. Utilization of P. timoriana by the local community was by selling the seeds to medicinal industries or used as herbal medicine. While having conservation values, the management of P. timoriana stands in Andongrejo Resort also had the potential to generate economic values up to 17.6 billion rupiahs. Considering the great economic potential of P. timoriana and to ensure sustainability, so that nursery, breeding and regeneration of P. timoriana should be made in order to obtain the best quality seeds.

The Species Diversity and Structure of The Limited Production Forest in Arui Watershed of Manokwari District of West Papua, Indonesia

The detailed causal factors of flood have not been established, whether because of the damage of upper watershed, sedimentation resulting in shallow river, forest conversion, the decrease in abundance and structure or high rainfall. The study aimed at finding out the species diversity and structure of the limited production forest (LPF) from the seedling to the tree stage of Arui watershed in Manokwari district. The species diversity was determined based on Shannon-Wiener index, while vegetation structure was determined based on Importance Value Index. There were totally 92 plots of samples drawn using systematic sampling. The results of vegetation analysis showed that there were 174 species of 43 families with the species diversity of 1.5-1.8 that was categorized as moderate. The four dominant species that were always found in seedling, sapling, pole and tree stages included: Pometia pinnata, Teijsmanniodendron bogoriense, Chisocheton ceramicus, and Horsfieldia irya. The conversion of the LPF into non-forestry sector for the purpose of accelerating development must be reviewed by considering hydrology, land, biodiversity, and social and regional aspects in order to prevent and to reduce flood in the coming days.

Ecological aspects and genetic diversity of Shorea balangeran in two forest types of Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Indriani F, Siregar U, Matra DD, Siregar IZ. 2019. Ecological aspects and genetic diversity of Shorea balangeran in two forest types of Muara Kendawang Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 482-488. Shorea balangeran (balangeran) belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family that is distributed naturally in Indonesia with a wide range of ecological conditions including peat swamp and heath forests. Good adaptability of S. balangeran remains unknown concerning molecular (genetic) responses that are important to provide scientific knowledge for supporting forest restoration, especially for peatland restoration efforts. The main objective of this research was to analyze the ecological aspects and genetic diversity of S. balangeran in two types of forests, namely: peat forests (wetland) and heath forests (dry land). Field research was conducted in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan following standard vegetation analysis by establishing purposively sample plots (50 m x 50 m). Genetic diversity was assessed by RAPD analysis using ten random polymorphic primers. Results showed that both in heath and peat forests, S. balangeran was dominant, but only at pole and tree stages indicating that poor regeneration capacity of S. balangeran. This finding also confirmed the critically endangered status of S. balangeran as listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Genetic analysis using RAPD did not show a clustering of S. balangeran between peat forest and heath forest populations, indicating that S. balangeran has good adaptability to grow in both forest types.

PENDUGAAN KARBON TERSIMPAN PADA TEGAKAN DI KAWASAN ARBORETUM SYLVA UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA

Indonesia's tropical forests have an important large amounts of carbon and biodiversity land. The landcover change of the forest for other uses such as agriculture or plantations, particularly in the carbon-rich peat land, making Indonesia become one of the biggest greenhouse gas emitters in the world. Along with the increase of the earth's temperature that rising quite sharply in recent years, Arboretum storage development programs are important in reducing air pollution. Arboretum storage created as a buffer area for water needs, natural environment and carbon storage as well as a have for the flora and fauna in urban areas. One of the Arboretum in the province of West Kalimantan is the area Arboretum Sylva Faculty of forestry Universitas of Tanjungpura Pontianak. The area is an planted with trees and other vegetation forming a structure resembling a forests and an area for the conservation of forest germplasm. It is needed to do re-measurement to search for the growth of the carbon stock in the Arboretum Sylva Tanjungpura University during a period of six years after the initial measurement. This research aims to register total value of (carbon stock) in the area of the Arboretum of the University of Tanjungpura Sylva. The method used for the research was survey sampling with non destructive measurement assesment for tree stage. Data collection was done by census/sampling intensity (100%). While for the level of sapling, pole stage, stake and necromass were done by nested plots. The results show carbon stock stored for the per unit area was 255.55 tons/Ha and the value of carbon stored whole area was 817.76 Tons. Keywords: stored carbon, tropical forests, Urban forests

The composition and diversity of plant species in pasak bumi’s (Eurycoma longifolia) habitat in Batang Lubu Sutam forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Elfiati D, Hasibuan MH. 2019. The composition and diversity of plant species in pasak bumi’s (Eurycoma longifolia) habitat in Batang Lubu Sutam forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 413-418. Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) is one of the most popular medicinal plants in Indonesia. Currently, E. longifolia is being over-exploited due to its potential and popularity as herbal medicine and its high value in the market. Therefore, the study on the population structure of the species and habitat characterization is required to ensure successfulness of conservation of this species. The study was carried out in lowland forest, located in Limited Production Forest within the Register Number 40, situated administratively in Papaso Village, Sub-District of Batang Lubu Sutam-Padang Lawas, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Batang Lubu Sutam forest is known as a source of pasak bumi material in North Sumatra. Every year tons of pasak bumi are collected from this forest and exported to Malaysia and surrounding countries. Due to illegal harvesting for its roots, pasak bumi has been seriously depleted in some areas in Batang Lubu Sutam forest. Therefore, current data on its population are needed for conservation effort of Batang Lubu Sutam's pasak bumi. The objectives of this study were to assess the structure of forest where pasak bumi grows and to determine the correct management for sustainability the future stocks. Vegetation analysis was carried out purposively in four transect belts, each consisting of five quadrats or plots. The results showed that the Importance Value Index of pasak bumi at seedling, sapling, pole and tree stages was 21.26%, 9.147%, 0, and 0 respectively. The Shannon Diversity Index (H) ranged between 3.050 and 3.220 and was inside its common value distribution. The evenness index was high, more than 0.85, at all stages of plant growth. The disappearance of pasak bumi at pole and tree stages indicates threatening condition for the sustainability of pasak bumi in the study sites because of excessive harvesting.

Effect of Stand Age on Fine Root Biomass, Production and Morphology in Chinese Fir Plantations in Subtropical China

Despite the great importance of fine roots, which are referred to as roots smaller than 2 mm in diameter, in terms of carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, how fine root biomass, production, and turnover rate change with stand development remains poorly understood. Here we assessed the variations of fine root biomass, production, and morphology of trees and understory vegetation in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations at the ages of 7 years old, 17 years old and 25 years old in southern China, representing the sapling, pole and mature stage, respectively. Fine roots of trees and understory vegetation were sampled with sequential coring method to a depth of 60 cm and sliced into 4 layers (0–15, 15–30, 30–45 and 45–60 cm). Fine root biomass and necromass were highest in the pole stages among these three different aged Chinese fir plantations, although the significant differences were only detected for fine root necromass between 25-year-old and 7-year-old plantations. Fine root biomass of Chinese fir was heterogeneous in both temporal and spatial dimensions. Seasonal variation of fine root biomass in three age groups showed a similar pattern that the standing fine root biomass reached a peak in January and fell to the lowest in July. Vertically, the fine root biomass decreased with the increase of soil depth, but this extinction rate decreased with stand development. The effects of stand age on either total fine root length and surface area, or specific root length were not significant. However, the root tissue density increased significantly with Chinese fir stand ages, which suggested that the fine roots on Chinese fir may resort more to the mycorrhizal associations for the nutrient and water acquisition in the later stage of Chinese fir plantations. In addition to the stand age effect, the fine roots exhibited highly spatial and temporal variations in Chinese plantations, indicating different root foraging strategies for soil nutrient and water acquisition. Therefore, the fine root research not only helps to understand its role in carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystem under global climate change, but can also improve our understanding of nutrient management in forest ecosystem. At the same time, the research on the productivity of the Chinese fir growth stage provides guiding significance for the construction and management of Chinese fir.

MicroRNAs associated with early neural crest development in Xenopus laevis

BackgroundThe neural crest (NC) is a class of transitory stem cell-like cells unique to vertebrate embryos. NC cells arise within the dorsal neural tube where they undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in order to migrate and differentiate throughout the developing embryo. The derivative cell types give rise to multiple tissues, including the craniofacial skeleton, peripheral nervous system and skin pigment cells. Several well-studied gene regulatory networks underpin NC development, which when disrupted can lead to various neurocristopathies such as craniofrontonasal dysplasia, DiGeorge syndrome and some forms of cancer. Small RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules important in post-transcriptional gene silencing and critical for cellular regulation of gene expression.ResultsTo uncover novel small RNAs in NC development we used high definition adapters and next generation sequencing of libraries derived from ectodermal explants of Xenopus laevis embryos induced to form neural and NC tissue. Ectodermal and blastula animal pole (blastula) stage tissues were also sequenced. We show that miR-427 is highly abundant in all four tissue types though in an isoform specific manner and we define a set of 11 miRNAs that are enriched in the NC. In addition, we show miR-301a and miR-338 are highly expressed in both the NC and blastula suggesting a role for these miRNAs in maintaining the stem cell-like phenotype of NC cells.ConclusionWe have characterised the miRNAs expressed in Xenopus embryonic explants treated to form ectoderm, neural or NC tissue. This has identified novel tissue specific miRNAs and highlighted differential expression of miR-427 isoforms.

ANALISIS VEGETASI TUMBUHAN PENGHASIL BUAH-BUAHAN DALAM KAWASAN TEMBAWANG DUSUN TOHO RABA DESA RASAN KECAMATAN NGABANG KABUPATEN LANDAK

Forest is an important natural resource for people’s lives, including various fruits that have been used for food and other necessities. This research aimed to analyze Fruit-producing Plant Vegetations that people consume in Tembawang Area Dusun Toho Raba Desa Rasan Ngabang District Landak Regency. This research used survey method. The vegetation was analyzed by using line compartment method and the observation plots were placed according to purposive sampling, one of the most frequently used sampling technique in research. The transects were made of 3 lines with the space of 200 m between the lines; line 1 with a length of 360 m, line 2 with a length of 420 m, line 3 with a length of 460 m; and 62 observation plots. The total area of observation was 2.48 Ha. There were 46 types of plant pound at all growth levels. 23 types of Fruit-producing Plant found in observation plots were composed of 19 types of seedling stage, 18 types of saplings stage, 18 types of pole stage, and 20 types of tree stage.Keywords : Area of Tembawang, Fruits, Species Diversity, Trees

EVALUATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Endert IN THE BUKIT DAUN PROTECTED FOREST

Study on the evaluation of the existence of Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Endert ( meranti bukit , meranti gunung , meranti tenam ) on its natural habitat was conducted on May 2014 in Bukit Daun Protection Forest, Central Bengkulu District, Bengkulu. Exploration and inventarisation were designed in a semi-permanent plot, in which S. platyclados is used as the center of circle plot for vegetation analysis. Results showed that the distribution of S. platyclados is clump on steep valley, with its altitude is in between 400 – 600 m asl. Shorea platyclados was a dominant species on tree stage with good regeneration in all stage with IVI = 88.00%. Pole stages were dominated by Lindera subumbelliflora (Blume) Kostermans with IVI =10.58%, and seedling stage was dominated by Syzygium cymosum DC. with IVI =7.48%. The existence of S. platyclados in Bukit Daun Protected Forest, Central Bengkulu District was not endangered.

KERAGAMAN KOMPOSISI JENIS DAN STRUKTUR VEGETASI PADA KAWASAN HUTAN LINDUNG DENGAN POLA PHBM DI BKPH TAMPOMAS, KPH SUMEDANG, PERUM PERHUTANI DIVISI REGIONAL JAWA BARAT DAN BANTEN Species Composition and Vegetation Structure of Protected Forest Area using .

BKPH Tampomas is part of the FMU area of Sumedang entirely classified into protected forest area. However, part of treated as CBFM with the aim of involfing the community in forest concervation activities the aim of this research is to describe and compare the structure and composition of the plant species between the subjected to CBFM and non CBFM Tampomas. The reaserch location was based on forest status of the protected area as having the same stand age and tree spacing. Data collection conducted throught the analysis of vegetation and soil sampling at each observation location species richness of BKPH Tampomas protection forest was relatively low either non CBFM of protected forest, CBFM protection forest of coffe and CBFM protection forest of cardamon. At the level of seedling stage there are 9 species and Calliandra haematocephala, the dominant. Species at the pole stage are found 3 species with Pinus merkusii species as the dominant species, at the tree stage are 2 species that dominated by Pinus merkusii. The covercrop found were 30 species and dominated by Lepturus repens. The low soil fertility and sandy soil texture composition also account for the low plant species in the BKPH Tampomas protection forest areas.Key words : CBFM cardamon, CDFM coffee, species composition, structure vegetation, Tampomas Mountain

POTENSI KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS CAGAR ALAM SITU PANJALU KABUPATEN CIAMIS The Potential of Species Diversity of Nature Reserves Panjalu Lake in Ciamis District.

ABSTRAK Cagar Alam Situ Panjalu merupakan salah satu kawasan konservasi tertua di Indonesia. Sebagai kawasan konservasi, C.A. Situ Panjalu tentu memiliki berbagai jenis flora yang bermanfaat sebagai pelestarian plasma nuftah, ilmu pengetahuan dan pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dinamika struktur vegetasi C.A. Situ Panjalu. Metode yang digunakan adalah kombinasi antara sistem petak tunggal dengan sistem jalur, yang disebut juga dengan belt transect. Jalur dibuat dengan ukuran 500 m (disesuaikan dengan jarak panjang cagar alam) dan lebar 20 m. Jalur dibuat sebanyak 2 buah, dengan jarak antar jalur 100 m. Pada setiap jalur dibuat petak dengan ukuran panjang 50 m dan lebar 20 m. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tingkat semai tiga jenis tumbuhan yang mempunyai nilai INP tertinggi, yaitu: Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ (47,64 %), Calamus zollingerii (47,64 %), dan Sterculia macrophylla VENT. (44,37 %). pada tingkat pancang ditemukan empat jenis tumbuhan dengan nilai INP masing-masing, yaitu: Litsea cassiaefolia (114,29 %); Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ (57,14 %); Huru pandak dan Endiandra rubescens MIQ (14,29 % ) . Pada tingkat tiang tiga jenis yang mempunyai nilai INP paling tinggi yaitu: Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ. (143,04 %); Litsea cassiaefolia (99,78 %) dan Artocarpus elasticus Reinw (9,53 %). Pada tingkat pohon tiga jenis dengan nilai INP tertinggi, yaitu: Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ. (147,924 %), Litsea cassiaefolia (68,753 %), Ki Jangkar (INP tertinggi ketiga 31,410 %).Kata kunci: Cagar Alam, Situ Panjalu, vegetasi, Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ ABSTRACT Wildlife sanctuary of Panjalu lake is one of the oldest conservation area in Indonesia. As a conservation area, Panjalu Lake is certainly has different species of flora that are useful as germplasm conservation, science and education. This study aims to determine the structural dynamics vegetation of wildlife sanctuary of Panjalu lake . The method used is a combination of single plot with line system, which is also called as belt transect. Paths made with size of 500 m (adjusted for long-distance of the area) and a width of 20 m. Paths are made by 2 pieces, with 100 m spacing between lines. At every point made plot with a length of 50 m and a width of 20 m. The results showed that the seedlings are three types of plants that have the highest importance index value (IIV), namely: Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ (47.64%), Calamus zollingerii (47.64%), and Sterculia macrophylla VENT.(44.37%). Of saplings stage found four species with IIV, respectively, are: Litsea cassiaefolia (114.29%); Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ (57.14%); Litsea sp and Endiandra rubescens MIQ (14.29%). At level three types of poles that have the highest IIV, namely :Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ. (143.04%); Litsea cassiaefolia (99.78%) and Artocarpus elasticus Reinw (9.53%). . At level tree species with the highest IIV, namely: Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ. (147.924%), Litsea cassiaefolia (68.753%), Eugenia fastigiata MIQ (third highest IVI 31.410%).Keywords: Wildlife sanctuary, Panjalu lake, vegetation, , Dysoxylum densiflorum MIQ