Pole Position Research Articles

Resonance form factors from finite-volume correlation functions with the external field method

A novel method for the extraction of form factors of unstable particles on the lattice is proposed. The approach is based on the study of two-particle scattering in a static, spatially periodic external field by using a generalization of the Lüscher method in the presence of such a field. It is shown that the resonance form factor is given by the derivative of the resonance pole position in the complex plane with respect to the coupling constant to the external field. Unlike the standard approach, this proposal does not suffer from problems caused by the presence of the triangle diagram.

Bayesian Paleomagnetic Euler Pole Inversion for Paleogeographic Reconstruction and Analysis

AbstractApparent polar wander paths (APWPs) synthesized from paleomagnetic poles provide the most direct data for reconstructing past paleogeography and plate motions for times earlier than ca. 200 Ma. In this contribution, we describe a new method for APWP synthesis that extends the paleomagnetic Euler pole analysis of Gordon et al. (1984, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC003i005p00499) by placing it within the framework of a Bayesian inverse problem. This approach incorporates uncertainties in pole positions and age that are often ignored in standard treatments. The paleomagnetic Euler poles resulting from the inversions provide estimates for full‐vector plate motion (both latitude and longitude) and associated uncertainty. The method allows for inverting for one or more Euler poles with the timing of changepoints being solved as part of the inversion. In addition, the method allows the incorporation of true polar wander rotations, thus providing an avenue for probabilistic partitioning of plate tectonic motion and true polar wander based on paleomagnetic poles. We show example inversions on synthetic data to demonstrate the method's capabilities. We illustrate application of the method to Cenozoic Australia paleomagnetic poles which can be compared to independent plate reconstructions. A two‐Euler pole inversion for the Australian record recovers northward acceleration of Australia in the Eocene with rates that are consistent with plate reconstructions. We also apply the method to constrain rapid rates of motion for cratonic North America associated with the Keweenawan Track of late Mesoproterozoic paleomagnetic poles. The application of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to estimate paleomagnetic Euler poles can open new directions in quantitative paleogeography.

Pseudoscalar charmonium pair interactions via the Pomeron exchange mechanism

Following the observation of the fully-heavy tetraquark candidates $X(6900)$ and possible $X(6300)$ in the di-$J/\psi$ spectrum by the LHCb Collaboration, we investigate the near-threshold dynamics of the pseudoscalar quarkonium pairs in a coupled-channel approach in the di-$\eta_c$ channel. We show that the Pomeron exchange mechanism should be a general dynamics in the near-threshold heavy quarkonium pair interactions. In the di-$\eta_c$ channel, a coupled-channel system involving the di-$\eta_c$, $\eta_c$-$\eta_c(2S)$ and di-$\eta_c(2S)$ interactions can be established. Their $S$-wave interactions near threshold via the Pomeron exchange potential can produce near-threshold resonance poles similar to the di-$J/\psi$, $J/\psi$-$\psi(2S)$ and di-$\psi(2S)$ coupled channels. Interestingly, we find here that the pole positions are more shifted to the corresponding thresholds and turn out to be different from those seen in the di-$J/\psi$ spectrum. Taking into account the suppression of the heavy quark spin flips in the transitions between two vector and two pseudoscalar heavy quarkonium systems, the enhancements in the di-$\eta_c$ spectrum should be different from those seen in the di-$J/\psi$ channel. Experimental study of the di-$\eta_c$ channel should be useful for disentangling the nature of the fully-heavy tetraquark systems.

Temperature Control using PI Controller

Indonesia is a large archipelago with a tropical climate consisting of dry and wet seasons. Indonesia has had high rainfall and temperature over the year because this country lies on the equator lines. Moreover, severe global warming occurs because of the depletion of the ozone which affects the inclement weather, air, and temperature over the years. Therefore, special equipment is required to obtain appropriate thermal conditions by controlling the temperature. This paper proposed the PI controller to maintain the temperature in their nominal values and its temperature stability is analyzed using pole placement. In this study, the system model is 1st order, called first order plus dead time (FOPDT). Pole placement is utilized to improve the output signal to obtain the gain of the PI controller. The gain of the PI controller obtained is Kp as 0.36095 and Ki as I as of 0.00072231. The percentages of overshoot and steady-state error are 29.98% and 1.5% for the Ziegler Nichols method while 1.28% and 0.26% for the PI Tunner, respectively. PI controller is robust for this system where the pole's position is on the left side of the real axis and has small values of overshoot and steady-state error.

The Contribution of Small Impact Craters to Lunar Polar Wander

Changes in mass distribution affect the gravitational figure and reorient a planetary body’s surface with respect to its rotational axis. The mass anomalies in the present-day lunar gravity field can reveal how the figure and pole position have evolved over the Moon’s history. By examining sequentially each individual crater and basin, working backward in time order through the catalog of nearly 5200 craters and basins between 1200 and 20 km in diameter, we investigate their contribution to the lunar gravitational figure and reconstruct the evolution of the pole position by extracting their gravitational signatures from the present-day Moon. We find that craters and basins in this diameter range, which excludes South Pole–Aitken, have contributed to nearly 25% of the present-day power from the Moon’s degree-2 gravitational figure and resulted in a total displacement of the Moon’s pole by ∼10° along the Earth–Moon tidal axis over the past ∼4.25 billion years. This also implies that the geographical location of the Moon’s rotational pole has not moved since ∼3.8 Ga by more than ∼2° in latitude owing to impacts, and this has implications for the long-term stability of volatiles in the polar regions.

Wireless Temperature Measurement Validation Method for PCR Machines by Magnetic Hall-Effect Sensor

The temperature validation controlled by temperature indication has a vital role in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test machine or thermal cycler. However, the validation process is complicated for several types of thermal cycler. Some PCR test machines must close the lid tightly while running. It makes the probe’s cable of the temperature sensor might be pinched or break when the thermal cycler lid is closed. Opening the lid (open-air condition) makes the measurement will not accurate. To solve this problem, wireless temperature measurement and validation methods for PCR machines are developed based on magnetic field measurements. The magnetic field of the object will respond to any changes in temperature. The hall-effect sensor, which is validated by gauss meter, detects any magnetic response a certain material covers even the object. This detection yields output data processed to find the thermal cycler's appropriate temperature wireless validation method. The experiment used a Neodymium magnet as a wireless probe. The position of the Neodymium magnet pole significantly affected the relation between magnetic flux and temperature in experimental results. The reversed pole toward sensors had better linearity (R2= 0.8062) than the unreversed pole (R2= 0.7794). The annealing step commonly achieved the optimum measurement uncertainty. However, the measurement uncertainty and signal sensitivity investigation recommended employing the beneficial combination of pole magnet position to design the temperature validator based on magnetic induction for a closed lid thermal cycler (PCR machine). Overall, the experimental yields can be used to build a wireless temperature validator for a sealed PCR machine based on magnetic induction.

Reconstruction of the Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) path at high latitude for the last 22 kyr: The role of radial field flux patches as VGP attractor

Reconstruction of geomagnetic field changes has a strong potential to complement geodynamo modeling and improve the understanding of Earth's core dynamics. Recent works based on geomagnetic measurements pointed out that over the last two decades the position of the north magnetic pole has been largely determined by the influence of two competing flux lobes under Canada and Siberia.In order to understand if the waxing and waning of magnetic flux lobes have driven the path of geomagnetic paleopoles in the past, we present an augmented and updated record of the chronology and paleosecular variation of geomagnetic field for the last 22 kyr derived from sedimentary cores collected along the north-western margin of Barents Sea and western margin of Spitsbergen (Arctic). The path of the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) has been reconstructed over this time period and compared with the maps of the radial component of the geomagnetic field at the core-mantle boundary, obtained from the most recent models. The VGP path includes centuries during which the VGP position is stable and centuries during which its motion accelerates. We recognize both clockwise and counterclockwise VGP paths, mostly developing inside the surface projection of the inner core tangent cylinder in the Arctic region. The VGP path seems to follow the appearance of Br patches of normal magnetic flux, especially those located under Siberia and Canada areas, but also those that may cause peculiar paleomagnetic features such as the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly.

Yeast osmoregulation - glycerol still in pole position.

ABSTRACTIn response to osmotic dehydration cells sense, signal, alter gene expression, and metabolically counterbalance osmotic differences. The main compatible solute/osmolyte that accumulates in yeast cells is glycerol, which is produced from the glycolytic intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This review covers recent advancements in understanding mechanisms involved in sensing, signaling, cell-cycle delays, transcriptional responses as well as post-translational modifications on key proteins in osmoregulation. The protein kinase Hog1 is a key-player in many of these events, however, there is also a growing body of evidence for important Hog1-independent mechanisms playing vital roles. Several missing links in our understanding of osmoregulation will be discussed and future avenues for research proposed. The review highlights that this rather simple experimental system—salt/sorbitol and yeast—has developed into an enormously potent model system unravelling important fundamental aspects in biology.

Confinement anisotropy drives polar organization of two DNA molecules interacting in a nanoscale cavity

There is growing appreciation for the role phase transition based phenomena play in biological systems. In particular, self-avoiding polymer chains are predicted to undergo a unique confinement dependent demixing transition as the anisotropy of the confined space is increased. This phenomenon may be relevant for understanding how interactions between multiple dsDNA molecules can induce self-organized structure in prokaryotes. While recent in vivo experiments and Monte Carlo simulations have delivered essential insights into this phenomenon and its relation to bacteria, there are fundamental questions remaining concerning how segregated polymer states arise, the role of confinement anisotropy and the nature of the dynamics in the segregated states. To address these questions, we introduce an artificial nanofluidic model to quantify the interactions of multiple dsDNA molecules in cavities with controlled anisotropy. We find that two dsDNA molecules of equal size confined in an elliptical cavity will spontaneously demix and orient along the cavity poles as cavity eccentricity is increased; the two chains will then swap pole positions with a frequency that decreases with increasing cavity eccentricity. In addition, we explore a system consisting of a large dsDNA molecule and a plasmid molecule. We find that the plasmid is excluded from the larger molecule and will exhibit a preference for the ellipse poles, giving rise to a non-uniform spatial distribution in the cavity that may help explain the non-uniform plasmid distribution observed during in vivo imaging of high-copy number plasmids in bacteria.

Emotive Tonality of the "Youth-Old Age" Dichotomy in Russian and Chinese Media Discourses: The Stage of Psychosemantic Expertise.

The issue of attitude to age has the character of social stigma at different stages of human civilization, therefore, the identification of the general and particular in the assessments of the "youth-old age" dichotomy in different structural languages seems relevant. The results are based on the materials of an in-depth interview among 510 respondents belonging to different age groups: young, middle, and elderly; and 1257 respondents' responses. The in-depth interview covered 128 characteristics of interpersonal interaction. This made it possible to compile descriptor tables. The 54 characteristics identified were 27 bipolar scales. The objects of evaluation are characterized by 8 pole positions. A comparison was also made with data extracted from 368 articles in Russian and Chinese media. This work contributes to the understanding of the psycholinguistic processes of emotional perception of age in Russian and Chinese linguistic cultures.

Geo-political implications of the Belt and Road Initiative with special reference to India

The past decade has seen a disturbing trend of hyper-nationalism and a tectonic shift in global hierarchies from a unipolar to a multipolar world with China challenging the USA's pole position. After a sustained period of high growth, China has now achieved a dominant economic and military global position. To further consolidate its emerging global dominance, it has attempted to resurrect the fabled silk route by initiating Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) along the ancient Silk Route. However, China's attempts to gain dominance through BRI contradict and threaten India's national interests and therefore require analysis.This article presents de novo analysis of BRI's impact on India's maritime and land security and national interests. The choice of this theme is, therefore, of critical importance for global stability in general and for India's interests in particular. It critically examines China's opportunistic use of the present state of global volatility as an opportunity to gain geopolitical heft through BRI. It is abundantly clear from this study that the main intent of China behind the veil of BRI is to fulfill its ethnocentric aspirations by gaining a foothold in strategically important land and maritime geographical locations. The article identifies the challenges posed by BRI and enumerates its implications on India against the backdrop of China's attempts to wrest regional dominance by enticing India's neighbours into the debt trap. It finally carves out the strategy that India must adopt to secure its national interests. Economic, military, and diplomatic engagements at both regional and global levels have been discussed in the article to arrive at the most suitable approach for India.Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), Built Back Better World initiative (B3W), and other bilateral and multilateral mechanisms emerge as democratic and just alternatives for India to participate.

Study of the doubly charmed tetraquark {{{{{{rm{T}}}}}}}_{{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}}^{+}

Quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force, describes interactions of coloured quarks and gluons and the formation of hadronic matter. Conventional hadronic matter consists of baryons and mesons made of three quarks and quark-antiquark pairs, respectively. Particles with an alternative quark content are known as exotic states. Here a study is reported of an exotic narrow state in the D0D0π+ mass spectrum just below the D*+D0 mass threshold produced in proton-proton collisions collected with the LHCb detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The state is consistent with the ground isoscalar {{{{{{rm{T}}}}}}}_{{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}}^{+} tetraquark with a quark content of {{{{{rm{c}}}}}}{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}overline{{{{{{rm{u}}}}}}}overline{{{{{{rm{d}}}}}}} and spin-parity quantum numbers JP = 1+. Study of the DD mass spectra disfavours interpretation of the resonance as the isovector state. The decay structure via intermediate off-shell D*+ mesons is consistent with the observed D0π+ mass distribution. To analyse the mass of the resonance and its coupling to the D*D system, a dedicated model is developed under the assumption of an isoscalar axial-vector {{{{{{rm{T}}}}}}}_{{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}}^{+} state decaying to the D*D channel. Using this model, resonance parameters including the pole position, scattering length, effective range and compositeness are determined to reveal important information about the nature of the {{{{{{rm{T}}}}}}}_{{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}{{{{{rm{c}}}}}}}^{+} state. In addition, an unexpected dependence of the production rate on track multiplicity is observed.

Evaluating social sustainability in Jordanian residential neighborhoods: a combined expert-user approach

Neighborhood sustainability has assumed a pole position as a topic of interest in the past years, addressed through dedicated strands of most of the globally adopted sustainability rating tools, such as LEED and BREEAM. Considering sustainability assessment, the social sustainability of neighborhoods assumes a certain particularity, not only in terms of its high context dependence pertaining to its locality, but in its means of assessment as well, with people as a key potential evaluator for matters that are not bound to quantitative aspects. This research focused on developing a framework for rating social sustainability in neighborhoods, utilizing a quantitative approach that builds upon insights obtained by an extended group of experts and end users. It combines the Delphi and AHP techniques along with the case study approach to develop a framework that suits the Jordanian local context, where a particular neighborhood, Dahiyat Al Hussein in Amman, is used for validation. The research revealed that rating the social sustainability of neighborhoods is not only highly guided by the local context it addresses, but is also reliant on the level of understanding and adoption of the concept itself as attained by the people.

Prediction of five-flavored pentaquarks

We analyze the possibility of the existence of a fully exotic pentaquark state udscb¯, which is made from the five different flavors participating in the strong interactions. We investigate the coupled channel effects of the B(⁎)Ξc(′) system through t-channel vector meson exchange to search for such states. A BΞc and a BΞc′ bound state are found to have binding energies of about 10−30 MeV with BsΛc and BcΛ being the possible decay channels. Similarly, a bound state is formed in the B⁎Ξc and B⁎Ξc′ channels, respectively. The properties of these states including pole positions, decay widths and couplings to other channels are extracted. These states could be searched for through the pp→BcΛX or pp→Bs(⁎)ΛcX processes by the LHCb collaboration.

Pole Feature Extraction of HF Radar Targets for the Large Complex Ship Based on SPSO and ARMA Model Algorithm

Radar target characteristics need to be accurately extracted to enhance the role of high-frequency (HF) radar target recognition technology in modern radar, sea and air monitoring, and other applications. The pole characteristics of radar targets have become a mainstream research focus because of their inherent advantages for target recognition. However, existing pole extraction methods for complex targets generally have problems in early- and late-time responses aliasing and target information loss. To avoid this problem, this study proposes a new method to extract radar target poles based on the special particle swarm optimization algorithm (SPSO) and an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. This method, which does not involve the distinction between early-and late-time responses, is used to estimate an approximation of the entire scattering echo of the target. Then the parameters of the model are precisely optimized with the help of a particle swarm optimization algorithm combined with opposition-based learning and inertia weight decreasing. Strategy. Owing to the characteristics of the azimuth consistency of the target poles, a sliding window is used to calibrate the positions of multi-azimuth poles in the complex plane. The method was demonstrated to be feasible with good performance when it was applied to extract the pole features of ships at different azimuths in the high-frequency band.

National Comprehensive Trachoma Treatment Campaign: Community Monitoring of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Coverage and Practices

Background: Trachoma is a communicable infection of the eye by certain strains of the Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the principal cause of loss of sight globally. Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is a foundation stone of World Health Organization (WHO)’s global struggle to eradicate trachoma by 2020. Aims: The main objectives of the campaign's third monitoring are to check improvement of interventions and improvement of quality across times and activities implemented in seven selected districts of Ibb and Al-Hodeida governorates, Yemen. Methods: A community based cross-sectional coverage survey was performed. 68 divisions were selected per selected districts of the two governorates. A disconnect Results Entry Form for each district surveyed was finished, saved and uploaded directly into the online Coverage Survey Analysis Tool to check improvement of interventions and improvement of quality across times and activities implemented. Results: The national campaign for MDA covers 966 villages in 6 districts of Ibb and Al-Hodeidah governorates by 1932 healthcare workers. A total number of beneficiaries who were monitored from 476 homes reached 3,077, of whom 2,755 (90%, coverage rate) took the dose. The availability rates of trachoma medicines were ranged from 82% to 91%. The improper arrangement of treatment sessions rate was 17%, the incorrect position of the dose pole was 6%, while the correct records of drugs scored the rate of 99%, and the proper storage of drugs rate was 70%. The community collaboration during the treatment campaign the acceptable rate was 92%, while 3% exhibited unacceptable behaviors towards the treatment campaign. Conclusion: In this survey, the national campaign for MDA in the 966 villages reach the target threshold (i.e. 90%) for effective coverage; with proper rates for the availability of trachoma medicines, good people reactions towards taking treatment, and the community collaboration; while bad rates for the improper arrangement of treatment sessions, the incorrect position of the dose pole and the preparation dosages by MDA team. Hence, programmatic enhancement should be made for the future campaign to achieve the estimated thresholds.

Scrutinizing ππ scattering in light of recent lattice phase shifts

In this paper, the $IJ=00, 11, 20$ partial wave $\pi\pi$ scattering phase shifts determined by the lattice QCD approach are analyzed by using a novel dispersive solution of the S-matrix, i.e. the PKU representation, in which the unitarity and analyticity of scattering amplitudes are automatically satisfied and the phase shifts are conveniently decomposed into the contributions of the cuts and various poles, including bound states, virtual states and resonances. The contribution of the left-hand cut is estimated by the $SU(2)$ chiral perturbation theory to $\mathcal{O}(p^4)$. The Balanchandran-Nuyts-Roskies relations are considered as constraints to meet the requirements of the crossing symmetry. It is found that the $IJ=00$ $\pi\pi$ scattering phase shifts obtained at $m_\pi=391$ MeV by Hadron Spectrum Collaboration (HSC) reveal the presence of both a bound state pole and a virtual state pole below the $\pi\pi$ threshold rather than only one bound state pole for the $\sigma$. To reproduce the lattice phase shifts at $m_\pi=391$ MeV, a virtual-state pole in the $IJ=20$ channel is found to be necessary in order to balance the left-hand cut effects from the chiral amplitudes. Similar discussions are also carried out for the lattice results with $m_\pi=236$ MeV from HSC. The observed behaviors of the pole positions with respect to the variation of the pion masses can provide deep insights into our understanding of the dynamical origin of $\sigma$ resonance.

Evaluation of Pakistani Challenge to Indian Hegemonic Ambition: A Look into History

South Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of population and India is the most dominant power among the eight member states that comprise the region, two of which possess nuclear weapons. The region is widely regarded as potential conflict zone because of the historic rivalry between India and Pakistan. As the British exited from the subcontinent, India aspired to inherit the hegemonic pole position of the colonial power as its successor. But refusal of nuclear Pakistan, the second most powerful state in South Asia to surrender to the Indian material superiority resulted in the conflict formation during the last seven decades. The enmity between India and Pakistan commenced from the violent partition of British India in 1947. In addition to the three wars that India and Pakistan fought since the British relinquished colonial occupation, there were many other conflicts that could have ignited full-fledged armed confrontation. One of the core reasons for tension in South Asia is the unresolved Kashmir problem. Pakistan’s possession of nuclear arms has further dented Indian ambition to establish unchallenged regional hegemonic stability. The nuclearization of the subcontinent in the 90’s has benefitted much smaller Pakistan by elevating it to a more potent challenger to the Indian military might. The failure of India to rise above the perennial Indo-Pak confrontation not only has acted against fulfilling its dream of achieving the great power status, but also proven to be a formidable barrier in the creation of favorable environment needed for regional cooperation in order to maintain socio-economic development in the poverty-stricken South Asia. This paper focuses on the root causes of the conflict with chronological history of events.

Numerical Regge pole analysis of resonance structures in state-to-state reactive differential cross sections

This is the third (and the last) code in a collection of three programs [Sokolovski et al. (2011), Akhmatskaya et al. (2014)] dedicated to the analysis of numerical data, obtained in an accurate simulation of an atom-diatom chemical reaction. Our purpose is to provide a detailed description of a FORTRAN code for complex angular momentum (CAM) analysis of the resonance effects in reactive angular scattering [for CAM analysis of integral reactive cross sections see [Akhmatskaya et al. (2014)]. The code evaluates the contributions of a Regge trajectory (or trajectories) to a differential cross section in a specified range of energies. The contribution is computed with the help of the methods described in [Dobbyn et al. (1999), Sokolovski and Msezane (2004), Sokolovski et al. (2007)]. Regge pole positions and residues are obtained by analytically continuing S-matrix element, calculated numerically for the physical integer values of the total angular momentum, into the complex angular momentum plane using the PADE_II program [Sokolovski et al. (2011)]. The code represents a reactive scattering amplitude as a sum of the components corresponding to a rapid “direct” exchange of the atom, and the various scenarios in which the reactants form long-lived intermediate complexes, able to complete several rotations before breaking up into products. The package has been successfully tested on the representative models, as well as the F + H2→ HF+H benchmark reaction. Several detailed examples are given in the text. Program summaryProgram title:DCS_ReggeCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/gf4gm82n6m.1Licensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language:FORTRAN 90Supplementary material:PADE_II, MPFUN and QUADPACK packages, validation suites, script files, input files, readme files, Installation and User GuideNature of problem: The package extracts the positions and residues of resonance poles from numerical scattering data supplied by the user. This information is then used for the analysis of resonance structures observed in reactive differential cross sections.Solution method: The S-matrix element is analytically continued in the complex plane of either energy or angular momentum with the help of Padé approximation of type II. Resonance Regge trajectories are identified and their contributions to a differential cross section are evaluated at different angles and energies.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: Use of multiple precision MPFUN package.

SGLT-2 inhibitory a jejich uplatnění v praxi - update 2022

Cardiovascular diseases are still the most common cause of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Studies on the cardiovascular safety of new antidiabetic treatments, that have significantly expanded the treatment options for type 2 diabetes over the last 20 years, have provided evidence not only for the cardiovascular safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i, gliflozins), but also unexpectedly showed a significant effect on the reduction of cardiovascular risk, incidence and progress of heart failure and nephroprotectivity. For the first time, a reduction in cardiovascular and overall mortality was demonstrated for empagliflozin in 2015 in patients at very high cardiovascular risk. Further studies with gliflozins in patients with diabetes, but also in non-diabetic individuals, show that gliflozins have more pharmacological similarities than differences, especially in terms of protection against the development and progression of heart failure and maintenance of glomerular filtration rate. The revolutionary contribution of SGLT-2i is therefore perceived today not only by diabetologists, but also by cardiologists and nephrologists. In ESC guidelines, SGLT-2i are recommended as a first-line antidiabetic treatment for patients with diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, attacking the hitherto unshakable position of metformin at this pole position, and their indications should be considered in patients with type 2 diabetes with atherosclerosis, heart and renal failure regardless of the level of diabetes control (values of HbA1c). In the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (with or without diabetes), dapagliflozin and empagliflozin have been recommended by cardiologists since 2021 to prevent hospitalizations for heart failure and to reduce mortality with the strongest class and level of evidence.