Polarographic Techniques Research Articles

Natural products from Pluchea sagittalis act as inhibitors of photosynthesis in vitro

Four compounds were isolated from roots and aerial parts of Pluchea sagittalis (Asteraceae), 3, 5-dihydroxy-6, 7, 3′, 4′-tetramethoxiflavunol (1), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (2), 3, 4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (3) and 2, 3, 4-trihydroxybenzaldeyde (4). Their herbicidal potential was detected by polarographic techniques. All of them inhibited the non-cyclic electron transport on basal, phosphorylating and uncoupled conditions from H2O to methylviologen (MV); thus, they act as Hill reaction inhibitors. Studies on fluorescence of chlorophyll a (ChL a) indicated they have different modes of interaction and inhibition sites on the photosystem II electron transport chain; 1–3 have interacted with the acceptor side while 4 has interacted at the donor side.

Potassium channels modulate the action but not the synthesis of hydrogen sulfide in rat corpus cavernosum

AimHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly-introduced gasotransmitter in penile tissues. However, its exact mechanism of action in mediating penile erection is not fully elucidated. The major aim of this study was to examine the role of different K+ channels in mediating the responses to H2S in the corpus cavernosum. Main methodsTension studies using isolated rat corpus cavernosum strips were conducted. Endogenous H2S production was measured using polarographic technique. Results are expressed as mean±SEM. Key findingsl-Cysteine (10−2M) stimulated rat corpus cavernosum to produce H2S. Blockade of CSE by BCA (10−3M) reduced the concentration of H2S produced from rat corpus cavernosum significantly. Addition of TEA (10−2M) or 4-AP (10−3M) didn't have a significant effect on the concentration of H2S produced. l-Cysteine (10−6–10−2M) elicited a concentration-dependent relaxation response which was significantly reduced by blockade of CSE using BCA (10−3M). TEA (10−2M), 4-AP (10−3M) and TEA (10−4M) attenuated l-cysteine-induced relaxation significantly. At 10−4M, l-cysteine resulted in percentage relaxation of 1.55±0.63, 10.94±1.93 and 1.93±0.80 in presence of TEA (10−2M), 4-AP (10−3M) and TEA (10−4M) respectively compared to 23.78±2.71 as control. Both glibenclamide (10−5M) and BaCl2 (3×10−5M) failed to reduce these relaxations significantly. SignificanceH2S-induced relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum may be mediated - at least in part - through BKca and KV channels not by KATP and Kir channels. It also seems that K+-channels do not contribute to the synthesis of H2S.

Functional Annotation of a Presumed Nitronate Monoxygenase Reveals a New Class of NADH:Quinone Reductases

The protein PA1024 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is currently classified as 2-nitropropane dioxygenase, the previous name for nitronate monooxygenase in the GenBankTM and PDB databases, but the enzyme was not kinetically characterized. In this study, PA1024 was purified to high levels, and the enzymatic activity was investigated by spectroscopic and polarographic techniques. Purified PA1024 did not exhibit nitronate monooxygenase activity; however, it displayed NADH:quinone reductase and a small NADH:oxidase activity. The enzyme preferred NADH to NADPH as a reducing substrate. PA1024 could reduce a broad spectrum of quinone substrates via a Ping Pong Bi Bi steady-state kinetic mechanism, generating the corresponding hydroquinones. The reductive half-reaction with NADH showed a kred value of 24 s−1 and an apparent Kd value estimated in the low micromolar range. The enzyme was not able to reduce the azo dye methyl red, routinely used in the kinetic characterization of azoreductases. Finally, we revisited and modified the existing six conserved motifs of PA1024, which define a new class of NADH:quinone reductases and are present in more than 490 hypothetical proteins in the GenBankTM, the vast majority of which are currently misannotated as nitronate monooxygenase.

From mercury to nanosensors: Past, present and the future perspective of electrochemistry in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis

Polarography was the first developed automated method of voltage-controlled electrolysis with dropping mercury electrode (DME). Then, hanging mercury drop and static mercury drop electrodes were added as an alternative indicator electrode. In this way, polarography turned formally into voltammetry with mercury electrodes in the electroreduction way. Solid electrodes such as noble metal and carbon based electrodes can be used for the investigation of the compounds for both oxidation and reduction directions, which is called voltammetry. The voltammetric and polarographic techniques are more sensitive, reproducible, and easily used electroanalytical methods that can be alternative to more frequently used separation and spectrometric methods. Furthermore, in some cases there is a relationship between voltammetry and pharmaceutical samples, and the knowledge of the mechanism of their electrode reactions can give a useful clue in elucidation of the mechanism of their interaction with living cells. The voltammetric and polarographic analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical preparations are by far the most common use of electrochemistry for analytical pharmaceutical problems. Recent trends and challenges in the electrochemical methods for the detection of DNA hybridization and pathogens are available. Low cost, small sample requirement and possibility of miniaturization justifies their increasing development.

Taraxerol 4-Methoxybenzoate, an in vitro Inhibitor of Photosynthesis Isolated from Pavonia multiflora A. St-Hil. (Malvaceae).

A phytochemical study of Pavonia multiflora A. St-Hil. (Malvaceae) led to the isolation through chromatographic techniques of 10 secondary metabolites: vanillic acid (1), ferulic acid (2), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), p-coumaric acid (4), loliolide (5), vomifoliol (6), 4,5-dihydroblumenol A (7), 3-oxo-α-ionol (9), blumenol C (10), and taraxerol 4-methoxybenzoate (8), the latter being a novel metabolite. Their structures were identified by (1) H- and (13) C-NMR, using one- and two-dimensional techniques, and X-ray crystallography. In this work, we report the effect of compounds 5 and 8 on several photosynthetic activities in an attempt to search for new compounds as potential herbicide agents that affect photosynthesis. Both compounds inhibited the electron flow from H2 O to methyl viologen; therefore, they act as Hill reaction inhibitors. Using polarographic techniques and studies of the fluorescence of chlorophyll a, the interaction sites of these compounds were located at photosystem II.

Acridone Alkaloids from Swinglea glutinosa (Rutaceae) and Their Effects on Photosynthesis.

Continuing our search for herbicide models based on natural products, we investigated the action mechanisms of five alkaloids isolated from Swinglea glutinosa (Rutaceae): Citrusinine-I (1), glycocitrine-IV (2), 1,3,5-trihydroxy-10-methyl- 2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-9(10H)-acridinone (3), (2R)-2-tert-butyl-3,10-dihydro-4,9-dihydroxy-11-methoxy-10-methylfuro[3,2-b]acridin-5(2H)-one (4), and (3R)-2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-3,5,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-2,2,7-trimethyl-12H-pyrano[2,3-a]acridin-12-one (5) on several photosynthetic activities in an attempt to find new compounds that affect photosynthesis. Through polarographic techniques, the compounds inhibited the non-cyclic electron transport in the basal, phosphorylating, and uncoupled conditions from H2 O to methylviologen (=MV). Therefore, they act as Hill reaction inhibitors. This approach still suggested that the compounds 4 and 5 had their interaction site located at photosystem I. Studies on fluorescence of chlorophyll a suggested that acridones (1-3) have different modes of interaction and inhibition sites on the photosystem II electron transport chain.

An electrochemical study on interaction of copper ions with three isomers, picolinic, nicotinic and isonicotinic acids at physiological pH

The electrochemical behaviors of copper ions complexed with picolinic, nicotinic and isonicotinic acids (2-, 3- and 4-pyridinecarboxylic acids) in Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 7.4) was studied by polarographic and voltammetric techniques on a mercury electrode. This study showed that the reduction of complexed copper ions in the presence of nicotinic acid (NA) was carried out in two one-electron steps [Cu(II)/Cu(I) and Cu(I)/Cu(0)] whereas this cathodic process in the presence of picolinic acid (PA) or isonicotinic acid (INA) occurred in one two-electron step [Cu(II)/Cu(0)]. The stability of the Cu(I) complex can be sourced from the positions of carboxylate substituents on these isomeric ligands, binding to the copper center.

Portal Hyperperfusion after Extended Hepatectomy Does Not Induce a Hepatic Arterial Buffer Response (HABR) but Impairs Mitochondrial Redox State and Hepatocellular Oxygenation.

Background & AimsPortal hyperperfusion after extended hepatectomy or small-for-size liver transplantation may induce organ dysfunction and failure. The underlying mechanisms, however, are still not completely understood. Herein, we analysed whether hepatectomy-associated portal hyperperfusion induces a hepatic arterial buffer response, i.e., an adaptive hepatic arterial constriction, which may cause hepatocellular hypoxia and organ dysfunction.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats underwent 30%, 70% and 90% hepatectomy. Baseline measurements before hepatectomy served as controls. Hepatic arterial and portal venous flows were analysed by ultrasonic flow measurement. Microvascular blood flow and mitochondrial redox state were determined by intravital fluorescence microscopy. Hepatic tissue pO2 was analysed by polarographic techniques. Hepatic function and integrity were studied by bromosulfophthalein bile excretion and liver histology.ResultsPortal blood flow was 2- to 4-fold increased after 70% and 90% hepatectomy. This, however, did not provoke a hepatic arterial buffer response. Nonetheless, portal hyperperfusion and constant hepatic arterial blood flow were associated with a reduced mitochondrial redox state and a decreased hepatic tissue pO2 after 70% and 90% hepatectomy. Microvascular blood flow increased significantly after hepatectomy and functional sinusoidal density was found only slightly reduced. Major hepatectomy further induced a 2- to 3-fold increase of bile flow. This was associated with a 2-fold increase of bromosulfophthalein excretion.ConclusionsPortal hyperperfusion after extended hepatectomy does not induce a hepatic arterial buffer response but reduces mitochondrial redox state and hepatocellular oxygenation. This is not due to a deterioration of microvascular perfusion, but rather due to a relative hypermetabolism of the remnant liver after major resection.

Studying the Effect of Initiator Type and Concentration on the Setting Time of Acrylic Ester Anaerobic Adhesives

Anaerobic adhesives are polymerized and hardened rapidly through a free radical mechanism when placed between two metallic surfaces. The conducted investigations from 1960 have studied polymerization rate in the presence of different metallic ions, their breakdown speed using polarography techniques, and also the common use of cumene hydro-peroxide as an initiator. In order to investigate the effect of initiator type and concentration on the setting time of these adhesives, four different types of initiators in concentrations of 1–3 parts per hundred resin (phr) were incorporated into the monomer. The initiators were cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and benzoyl peroxide. The metal salt used was copper (II) saccharin. The obtained results indicated that the setting time in the methacrylate compositions depends not only on the initiator concentration, but also on its relative amount with respect to the metal ion, and some other factors such as monomer type, and stoichiometric relation between the metal ion and the accelerator—here, dimethyl p-toluidine, which was assumed to have an important role in the setting process. Finally, CHP was identified as the most appropriate initiator with an optimum value of 2 phr.

Cell Respiration of Rat Cardiomyocytes and Soleus Muscle Fibers under Ultra-Short-Term Antiorthostatic Suspension

The aim of the study was to analyses rat soleus fibers and left ventricle (LV) cardiomyocyte cell respiration after 6, 12, 18, 24 and 72 hours of antiorthostatic suspension by the tail. We measured V0 – basal oxygen consumption rate, V Glu+Mal – respiration velocity over a catalyst of malate and glutamate (5 mM glutamate + 2 mM malate) and Vmax – maximal respiratory rate (in the presence of 1 mM ADP) using the Saks polarography technique. We also determined the cytochrome c content and expression of its gene (Cycs) and the GAPDH gene using Western blotting and real-time PCR. Cell respiration parameters in cardiomyocytes increased after 18 hours of suspension: V0 increased by 35%, VGlu+Mal by 90% and Vmax by 85% in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Cytochrome c content in a mix of the membrane and mitochondrial fractions grew by 34.6% (p<0.05) compared to control after 18 hours. However, Cycs and Gapdh expression rates remained stable. Protein content increase in this case may result from increased translation efficiency and/or a reduction in the level of proteolysis. Intensity of soleus fiber cell respiration decreased after 72 hours of suspension, V0 decreased by 76%, VGlu+Mal by 59% and Vmax by 53% compared to controls (p<0.05). Cytochrome c content fell after 24 hours of suspension by 15.7% (p<0.05) and by 57.9% (p<0.05) after 72 hours relative to controls. At the same time, Cycs mRNA content decreased after 6 hours of unloading by 23% (p<0.05) and continued to decrease to 59% (p<0.05) of the control level after 72 hours.

Efficient degassing of dissolved oxygen in aqueous media by microwave irradiation and the effect of microwaves on a reaction catalyzed by Wilkinson's catalyst

To the extent that some reactions are oxygen-sensitive, we herein examined the degassing of dissolved oxygen in water and in 2-propanol solvent by microwave heating with regard to the effects of the microwave frequency (2.45GHz versus 915MHz), and with regard to when samples are subjected to electric-field-rich and magnetic-field rich 2.45-GHz microwaves. Changes in the quantity of dissolved oxygen were ascertained by monitoring its concentration in such solvents when exposed to microwave and conventional heating using a polarographic technique and by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) method. The specific microwave (non-thermal) effect played a role in the degassing process on comparing results between microwave heating and conventional heating under identical temperature conditions. The 915-MHz microwaves were more effective, at least at 60°C, owing to their greater penetration into the solutions. No significant differences were found when degassing was carried out on exposing the water sample to 2.45-GHz microwaves with the sample located within the waveguide at positions rich in either the electric field or the magnetic field (T=80°C). Conversion of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanol via hydrogen transfer in the presence of Wilkinson's catalyst and 2-propanol solvent (hydrogen source) was also investigated to assess the effect(s) that microwaves might have on this oxygen-sensitive reaction with respect to product yields in contrast to conventional heating by the oil-bath method.

Analysis of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS): An Overview of Modern Electroanalytical Techniques and their Applications

A number of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been shown to be toxicants, and induce carcinogenic and immunotoxic effects. Since PAHs are often present in low concentrations and it may be difficult to determine them in complex matrices, it is therefore essential to use powerful analytical tools to separate and identify the analyses in the samples. In this paper, initially, a short description of the principles, instrumentation, and use of common extraction and analytical techniques for PAH pollutants and their metabolites will be made in light of the previously reported works and major reviews. Special attention will be given to the use of modern polarographic and voltammetric techniques on the mercury and different types of solid electrodes, together with their some practical applications. The main drawbacks and limitations of these methods will also be discussed.

A Study of Stability Constants of [Zn – L-Amino Acidate – Vitamin-PP] Systems

The polarographic technique was used in formation of zinc (II) mixed ligand complexes of amino acids viz. glycine, α-alanine, L-leucine, L-valine, L-asparagine L-glutamine used as primary ligands and vitamin-PP (nicotinamide)<SUB> </SUB>as the secondary<SUB> </SUB>ligand at pH = 7.30 ± 0.01, µ = 1.0 M NaClO<SUB>4</SUB> at 25℃ and 35℃. The complexes with metal to ligands ratio 1:1: 1, 1: 1:2 and 1: 2: 1 have been reported. The stability constants varied from 1.91 to 11.50. The kinetic parameters and thermodynamic parameters were also also determined. The values of standard rate constant (k) were of the order of 10<SUP>-3</SUP>cm sec<SUP>-1</SUP> confirmed the quasireversible nature of electrode processes. The thermodynamic parameters reveal that complexes were lesser stable at high temperature.

POLAROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED IN [Cd - L-AMINO ACIDATES - VITAMIN-B7] TERNARY SYSTEM

The present work describes the complexe formation of the Cd (II) with amino acids (L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-valine, L-leucine, α-alanine and glycine) as primary ligands and vitamin-B7 (β-biotin) as secondary ligand by polarographic technique. The Cd (II) formed 1: 1: 1, 1: 1: 2 and 1: 2: 1 complexes at pH = 7.30 ± 0.01, µ = 1.0 M KNO 3 . The Cd (II) showed the two electrons reversible reduction wave with diffusion controlled nature. The trend of the stability constants of the complexes with respect to primary ligand was L-glutamine < L-asparagine < L-valine < L-leucine < α-alanine < L-glycine. The thermodynamic parameters like enthalpy, free energy, and entropy change is also determined. The results showed that the complexes were lesser stable at high temperature and formed with the evolution of heat. 1-3 . The minerals mis-regulation leads to many serious diseases such as oxidative stress diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cancer, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and potential to various toxic effects etc. 4-10 . In addition to these, toxic effects are reduced with the ligands therapy. The bioactive amino acids and vitamin-B7 complexes with the Cd (II) are also used to prevent excess metal accumulation and toxicity 11 . Amino acid side chain groups are involved in various biological functions such as the molecular recognition and catalytic activity of the enzyme active center and formation of an environment with the metal ions used to in medicinal fields 12 . Weak interactions involving functional groups of coordinated amino acids in metal complexes may mimic the modes and effects of the interactions in metalloproteins. Complexes of amino acids and vitamins with metal ions have great importance because of their physiological and pharmacological activities. Some of the research work reported antitumor activities 13-14 . Biotin is act as cofactor and coenzyme involved in vital biological process such as fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, amino acids metabolism, and carbon dioxide fixation reaction 15 . Therefore the combination of the amino acids and vitamin-B7 with Cd (II) are used to reduce the metal toxicity. The coordination chemistry of the Cd (II) metal ion has shown too significant for the organisms on complexation with the bioactive ligands by chelating nitrogen and oxygen donor ligands 16 . In the present work, we report the complex formation between Cd 2+ and some L-amino acids and β-biotin with the aim to ascertain the effects of size and basicity of ligand on the stability of complexes.

In Vivo Oxygen Uptake into the Human Cornea

We provide a new procedure to quantify in situ corneal oxygen uptake using the micropolarographic Clark electrode. Traditionally, upon placing a membrane-covered Clark microelectrode onto a human cornea, the resulting polarographic signal is interpreted as the oxygen partial pressure at the anterior corneal surface. However, the Clark electrode operates at a limiting current. Hence, oxygen flux is directly detected rather than partial pressure. We corrected this misunderstanding and devised a new analysis to quantify oxygen uptake into the cornea. The proposed analysis is applied to new polarographic data for 10 human subjects during open-eye oxygen uptake. Average open-eye corneal oxygen uptake over 10 subjects is approximately 11 μL/(cm(2) h), approximately five times larger than the average reported by researchers who invoke the original mathematical analysis. Application of the classical interpretation scheme to our experimental data also garners uptake values that are approximately a factor of three to five times smaller than those obtained with our new procedure. The classical procedure originally developed by Fatt and colleagues misinterprets the behavior of the Clark microelectrode. We corrected the analysis of the in situ polarographic technique to provide a simple yet rigorous procedure for analyzing both previous data in the literature and those newly obtained. Our proposed interpretation scheme thus provides a reliable tool for in vivo assessment of corneal oxygen uptake.

Aging- and Experimental Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Related Modifications of Energy Metabolism in Brainstem Neurons

Using a polarographic technique, we studied the peculiarities of energy metabolism in neurons of the rat brainstem structures related to normal physiological aging. Experiments were carried out under in vitro conditions on mitochondrial (MCh) suspensions prepared from the brainstem cells of young and old rats. In addition, we examined, using the same technique, the parameters of oxidative phosphorylation in analogous MCh suspension under conditions of experimental MCh dysfunction induced by single systemic injection of rotenone into young animals. In the case where we used a succinate + rotenone mixture as the substrate for oxidation, the intensity of ADP-stimulated respiration (V3) in preparations from brainstem neurons of old animals was significantly smaller (against the background of a decrease in the efficacy of respiration control, V3/V4). If a mixture glutamate + malate was used as the substrate for oxidation, the V3 and the efficacy of phosphorylation (ADP/O) decreased significantly. The experimental MCh dysfunction resulted in the lowering of practically all parameters of oxidation and phosphorylation under conditions of oxidation of glutamate + malate, as well as V3, V3/V4, and ADP/O, in the case where we used succinate + rotenone as the substrate for oxidation. Less expressed changes in the recorded indices upon oxidation of succinate + rotenone were indicative of activation of the succinate oxidase pathway; this preserved the electrotransport function of the respiratory chain in the MCh on a certain level and the ability of the latter to provide oxidative phosphorylation.

Simultaneous Quantitation of Manganese (II) and Iron (III) In An Industrial Effluent Using Differential Pulse Polarography

In the present study, a successful attempt has been made to develop a simple method for the simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in an industrial effluent using differential pulse polarography (DPP) technique. Quantification of manganese (II) and iron (III) was done in Triethanolamine and KOH as a supporting electrolyte. The polarogram recorded for the industrial effluent in triethanolamine and KOH showed two peaks at -0.3V and ­0.82V vs. saturated calomel electrode which were confirmed to be of manganese (II) and iron (III) respectively by the method of standard addition. The linear working range for manganese (II) and iron (III) both was 1.408 µg/mL to 4.977 µg/mL. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, and accurate and can be successfully applied for the analysis and simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in industrial effluents. Keywords: Differential pulse polarography, Industrial effluent, Iron (III), Manganese (II), Potassium hydroxide, Triethanolamine, I. Introduction Rapid industrialization and abnormal population growth has enhanced water pollution. Monitoring the metal ions and organic compounds in aquatic environment has been a subject of great concern over the last few decades and will continue to be so, as increasing number of metal ions in increasing amounts and a diverse array of organic compounds form a part of an industrial effluent. The heavy metals like Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic, Iron, Nickel, Copper and others are used widely in industries. Thus, monitoring of these toxic substances is an integral part of environmental management. Some of these elements may be micronutrients for many living organisms and are required in small amounts for normal healthy growth, but any metal ion in large amount will always cause acute or chronic toxicity. Manganese is an essential trace mineral. The mineral is considered to be essential for the formation of healthy red blood cells, proper pituitary gland function, and the maintenance of good eyesight. Manganese is not only necessary for humans to survive, but it is also toxic when too high concentrations are present in a human body. Iron is a dietary requirement for most organisms. In small quantities, certain metals are nutritionally essential for a healthy life. These elements are also found in commercially available multivitamin products. Water soluble binary iron compounds such as FeSO4, FeCl2 may cause toxic effects with exceeding concentrations. The present paper deals with simultaneous quantitation of such electroactive species which are commonly associated with effluents from pharmaceutical industries. Potentiometric stripping analysis of simultaneous determination of metal ions has been reported

Inverse method for the dynamical analysis of wall shear rates using three-segment probes in parallel plate rheometer

Mass transfer measurements were conducted on a Parallel Plate Rheometer (PPR) using the limiting diffusion current method, i.e. the polarography technique. The database constructed was exploited for the validation of the inverse method under a well-controlled unsteady shear flow. This method is based on a numerical sequential estimation. It has been applied to determine of the wall shear rate in the upper disk of the PPR. It requires the numerical inversion of the convection diffusion equation in order to apply it to instantaneous mass transfer measurements. This requires the use of electrochemical probe, which allows the determination of the local mass transfer rate for known flow kinematics. A multi-segment electrochemical probe has been used. The directional characteristics of the three-segment probe were highlighted. The directional angle effect and the frequencies of oscillations effect were studied in order to test the robustness of the inverse method within the presence of such factors. The obtained results demonstrate that the inverse method allows a good determination of the shear rate, which follows the experimental one for different cases tested in a satisfactory way.

Electro-chemical and Bacteriological Study of Anti Aids Drug with Fe (III)

The anti HIV drug Perfenazine has been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by direct current polarographic (DCP), differential pulse polarographic(DPP) and amperometric technique. Physicochemical, and microbial studies on Fe (III)-Perfenazine complex have been done in solid and aqueous phase. On the basis of elemental analysis, polarographic studies and amperometric titrations, the metal: drug ratio has been worked out to be 1: 1. The metal ligand interaction has been studied using polarographic method at 25±1°C and at ionic strength of μ = 1.0 (KCI). IR spectral studies have been used to ascertain metal:ligand binding site which speaks of the complex formation between the metal and the Perfenazine ligand through the primary -0H group. Microbial studies on the complex was done against various pathogenic bacteria viz. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae and Diplococcus pneumoniae. The results of the microbial studies with the metal: drug complex revealed that the drug: metal complex was more potent against the pathogenic bacteria as compared to the pure drug, Perfenazine. As such Fe (III)-Perfenazine complex may be recommended to the therapeutic experts for its possible use as more potent anti-Aids drugs.

Determination of molybdenum(VI) by differential pulse polarographic technique using 4-(2-hydroxy phenyl ethaminodiol), benzene-1,3-diol(4-2-HPEDB-1,3,D)

A novel analytical reagent 4-(2-hydroxy phenyl ethaminodiol), benzene-1,3-diol(4-2-HPEDB-1,3,D) was synthesized for the determination of molybdenum(VI). The present paper reveals the detailed study of electroanalytical behaviour for [Mo-(4-2-HPEDB-1,3,D)] complex under optimized conditions. The peak obtained for [Mo-(4-2-HPEDB-1,3,D)] prevent the interference of foreign ions which shows the sensitivity of the proposed method. The linearity was maintained at the concentration range of 0.5–200μg/mL at pH 4.5 with correlation factor 0.9997. The present method was successfully applied for the analysis of molybdenum(VI) in biological fluids and plant material. The results obtained from the proposed method show good agreement with reference method.