Pneumonia Isolates Research Articles

Whole genome sequence revealed the fine transmission map of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia isolates within a nosocomial outbreak

BackgroundCarbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is a major cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. The transmission route of CRKP isolates within an outbreak is rarely described. This study aimed to reveal the molecular characteristics and transmission route of CRKP isolates within an outbreak of nosocomial infection.MethodsCollecting case information, active screening and targeted environmental monitoring were carried out. The antibiotic susceptibility, drug-resistant genes, molecular subtype and whole genome sequence of CRKP strains were analyzed.ResultsBetween October and December 2011, 26 CRKP isolates were collected from eight patients in a surgical intensive care unit and subsequent transfer wards of Beijing Tongren hospital, China. All 26 isolates harbored blaKPC-2, blaSHV-1, and blaCTX-M-15 genes, had the same or similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, and belonged to the sequence type 11 (ST11) clone. By comprehensive consideration of genomic and epidemiological information, a putative transmission map was constructed, including identifying one case as an independent event distinct from the other seven cases, and revealing two transmissions starting from the same case.ConclusionsThis study provided the first report confirming an outbreak caused by K. pneumoniae ST11 clone co-harboring the blaKPC-2, blaCTX-M-15, and blaSHV-1 genes, and suggested that comprehensive consideration of genomic and epidemiological data can yield a fine transmission map of an outbreak and facilitate the control of nosocomial transmission.

Comparative Prevalence of blaCTX-M-15 Gene with Virulence Genes and Serotypes in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Background: A newly emerged hypervirulent strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae has caused great concern globally; however, its molecular characteristics have been rarely reported in Iran. Objectives: The goal of this study was to detect the virulence determinants and serotypes of K. pneumoniae and to evaluate the association among selected virulence traits and blaCTX-M-15 gene in southeastern Iran. Methods: One hundred and three non-duplicate K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from clinical samples. The isolates were identified by standard bacteriological tests. Confirmed isolates were examined to detect a selection of virulence genes (wabG, rmpA and iucB) and serotypes (K1, K2, K5 and K20) by PCR. The isolates were studied foe the presence of beta-lactamase (blaCTX-M-15) gene. SPSS software (version 19.0) was used for data analysis. Results: Among the 103 K. pneumoniae isolates, 61 (59.2%) isolates were positive for wabG, 4 (3.9%) for iucB and 3 (2.9%) for rmpA genes. The presence of K20 in 3.9% (4/103) of the isolates represented the most prevalent. Only 3 (2.9%) isolates possessed the K1 serotype, while K2 and K5 serotypes were not detected in any isolate. The blaCTX-M-15 gene was detected in 47 (45.6%) isolates. blaCTX-M-15-positive isolates showed a higher prevalence of wabG among the studied isolates (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our data indicate a correlation between presence of virulence gene and blaCTX-M-15 in K. pneumonia isolates. Further research should be undertaken to unravel aspects of both virulence factors and antibiotic resistance which may probably contribute to managing future spread of infectious diseases.

KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE INFECTION IN BROILER CHICKENS

The epidemiology, Pathogencity and the possible ways of treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) infection as a respiratory pathogen in broiler chicken farms in different places in Gharbia Goernorate were investigated during 2014/2017.For this purpose 150 samples were collected from lung, trachea, , liver and intestine samples of 150 diseased, 1-5-week-old commercial broiler chickens suffered from respiratory disorders, diarrhea, growth retardation and mortality with pneumonia, pericarditis, airsaculitis and enlarged liver. Bacteriological examination of swabs from trachea, lung, liver and intestine revealed Gram negative, non-motile rod-shaped organisms which were commonly isolated from lung, liver, intestine and trachea. The isolation trials revealed 10 K. pneumoniae positive cases with an incidence (6.6%). Identification of the isolated strains Biochemically by API 20 E and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that the isolates belonged to K. pneumoniae. The K. Pneumoniae isolate was inoculated experimentally in 7 day-old chicks and clinical signs, lesion were reproduced. Clinical signs& P.M lesions characteristic in K.Pneumoniae infection was reproduced when the K. Pneumoniae isolates was inoculated in 7 day old chicks. K.Pneumoniae was also reisolated. Clinicopathological features and re-isolation of the organism from experimentally infected chicks were recorded. The results of the in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that the isolated strains were highly sensitive to gentamycin, amikacin, sulphamethoxazole–trimethoprime, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol, considerably sensitive to kanamycin, norfloxacin, oxytetracyclin and neomycin but resistant to Ampicillin and Erythromycin. The clinical signs, post-mortem findings and the histopathological lesions of tissue sections from different organs of experimentally infected chickens were less severe after treatment with gentamycin, amikacin combined with sulphamethoxazole–trimethoprime in drinking water for 3 consecutive days.

Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Efficacy of Modified Hodge Test for Detection of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated From Clinical Samples

Background and Objectives: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram negative opportunistic pathogen that causes different infections, but in recent years the emergence of resistance to carbapenem antibiotic among these isolates causes failure in the treatment of these infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains among different wards and various clinical specimens in Isfahan. Material and Method: In this cross sectional study, 100 different clinical samples were collected from different wards of teaching hospitals in Isfahan. K. pneumonia isolates were identified by different standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed as standard disk-diffusion based on the instructions of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). For detection of KPC-producing strains, isolates were investigated by The Modified Hodge Test based on CLSI instruction. Results: The population study was included 62% females and 38% males (p=0.01). The highest and the lowest rate of resistance were observed for piperacillin (84%) and ertapenem (50%) respectively. The Modified Hodge Test was positive for 68 (68%) isolates that the highest rate of resistance was observed for piperacillin (91/2%) and cefotaxime (83/8%) . Conclusion: This study demonstrates the high prevalence of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates ,Which shows an urgent need to review and modify the pattern of antibiotic consumption. In addition, In the later studies genotypic methods for all carbapenemase genes should be performed to determine the cause of the resistance.

Analysis of Invasive Community-Acquired Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infections During a Period of Declining Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections at a Large Children's Hospital.

The epidemiology of community acquired (CA) Staphylococcus aureus infections is changing in the United States. We investigated the current epidemiology of S. aureus infections at Texas Children's Hospital. Patients with CA-S. aureus skin and soft tissue and invasive infections were retrospectively identified from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2014. Invasive CA-MSSA isolates were characterized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, Spa typing, agr type and presence of lukSF-PV (pvl) genes. Medical records were reviewed. Statistical analyses included Fisher exact, χ for trend and Wilcoxon tests. CA-MRSA infections decreased by 60.4% (1461-578 infections) from 2007 to 2014 (P < 0.0001), while CA-MSSA infections averaged 550 infections annually. Invasive CA-MRSA infections decreased by 67.2% from 61 to 20 infections (P < 0.0001); invasive CA-MSSA averaged 44 infections annually. Among 296 invasive CA-MSSA isolates, 74 (25%) isolates were USA300 and 88 (30%) were pvl+. USA300 declined among invasive CA-MSSA over time (P < 0.008). Musculoskeletal infections were most common (242/296, 82%); 52/242 (21.5%) isolates were USA300 and 62/242 (25.6%) pvl+. All 18 isolates from musculoskeletal infections with deep venous thrombosis and/or septic shock were pvl+ and 16/18 (88.9%) were USA300. Pneumonia isolates were mainly USA300 (8, 66.7%) and pvl+ (11, 91.7%). MSSA now cause the majority of invasive CA-S. aureus infections at our institution. Molecular analysis of invasive CA-MSSA isolates suggests strain diversity with USA300 on the decline and that disease presentations are to some extent strain specific. Changes in the CA-S. aureus epidemiology may, in part, be related to changes in immunity to the USA300 clone in the general population.

World-Wide Variation in Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus Associated Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Meta-Regression.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) isolate. The objective here is to define the extent and possible reasons for geographic variation in the incidences of S. aureus-associated VAP, MRSA-VAP and overall VAP. A meta-regression model of S. aureus-associated VAP incidence per 1000 Mechanical Ventilation Days (MVD) was undertaken using random effects methods among publications obtained from a search of the English language literature. This model incorporated group level factors such as admission to a trauma ICU, year of publication and use of bronchoscopic sampling towards VAP diagnosis. The search identified 133 publications from seven worldwide regions published over three decades. The summary S. aureus-associated VAP incidence was 4.5 (3.9–5.3) per 1000 MVD. The highest S. aureus-associated VAP incidence is amongst reports from the Mediterranean (mean; 95% confidence interval; 6.1; 4.1–8.5) versus that from Asian ICUs (2.1; 1.5–3.0). The incidence of S. aureus-associated VAP varies by up to three-fold (for the lowest versus highest incidence) among seven geographic regions worldwide, whereas the incidence of VAP varies by less than two-fold. Admission to a trauma unit is the most important group level correlate for S. aureus-associated VAP.

The frequency of Klebsiella pneumonia encoding genes for CTX-M, TEM-1 and SHV-1 extended-spectrum beta lactamases enzymes isolated from urinary tract infection

BackgroundThe extended- spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria are widely spread worldwide. The productions of these enzymes cause bacterial resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigated the frequency of K. pneumonia encoding genes for CTX-M, TEM-1 and SHV-1 extended-spectrum beta lactamases enzymes isolated from urinary tract infection.MethodsThis study is cross-sectional study. All K. pneumonia isolates from urine samples, which had grown on media culture more than 105 were delivered to the medical microbiology laboratory. K. pneumonia susceptibility of 198 samples were confirmed by disk diffusion. The gene frequency of genes was determined using PCR, and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software.FindingMost of the K. pneumonia isolated from urine producing β-lactamase were resistant to cotrimoxazole (53.2%) followed by cefotaxime (50%), ceftazidime, ceftriaxone (40.3%), nalidixic acid (17.8%), amikacin and imipenem (1.6%) and meropenem (0%) respectively. Out of the 198 confirmed isolates of K. pneumonia, 62 cases (31.3%) have the gene phenotype of broad spectrum β-lactamase enzymes and highest frequency of gene phenotype was related to the SHV-1 gene (85.5%). Then in the terms of abundance from highest to lowest CTXM-3 (56.5%), CTXM-1 (27.4%), TEM-1 (16.1%) and CTXM-2 (8.1%), were respectively.ConclusionThis study showed that K. pneumonia isolated from urine producing β-lactamase were resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Due to the increasing resistance of most antibiotics, control and supervision in the use of antibiotics and identification of broad spectrum β-lactamase enzymes by phenotypic methods appears to be essential.

Report of antimicrobial resistance surveillance program in Chinese children in 2016

Objective: To analyze the antimicrobial resistance profile in Chinese children. Methods: This was a prevalence survey. From January 1 through December 31, 2016, the isolates were collected from 10 tertiary children hospitals in China. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by routine laboratory methods. The penicillin susceptibility of streptococcus pneumonia and Meropenem susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria were detected by E-test and disk diffusion method respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility results were interpreted according to the criteria of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Guideline 2016. The data of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates from either the different patients (neonatal group and non-neonatal group) or various sources were analyzed by WHONET 5.6 software. Results: A total of 56 241 isolates were collected, of which 41.5% (23 328 isolates) were gram-positive organisms and 58.5% (32 886 isolates) gram-negative organisms. The five leading pathogens were Escherichia coli (7 995/56 214, 14.2%), Straphylococcus aureus (6 468/56 214, 11.5%), Streptococcus pneumonia (6 225/56 214, 11.1%), Haemophilus influenza (5 435/56 214, 9.7%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (4 523/56 214, 8.0%). The Meropenem resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coil, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumonia isolates were 27.4% (326/1 189) , 8.1% (29/358) , 2.0% (27/1 362) , 19.5% (34/174) , 49.7% (230/463) in neonatal group and 15.4% (512/3 327) , 4.8% (40/841) , 2.3% (151/6 564) , 13.7% (252/1 840) , and 53.4% (860/1 611) in non-neonatal group. The Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) rates of neonatal group and non-neonatal group were 46.2% (649/1 404) and 33.3% (1 668/5 010) . The penicillin non-susceptible rates of Streptococcus pneumonia in the two groups were 17.6% (6/34) and 18.2% (1 121/6 158) respectively. The β-lactamase positive rates of Haemophilus pneumonia isolates in the neonatal group and non-neonatal groups were 33.8% (47/139) and 44.4% (2 345/5 282) respectively. Conclusion: This investigation highlights the worrisome trend of antimicrobial resistance in children, especially among neonatal patients in China.

Molecular characterization of mutation in the parC and gyrB genes that confer fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumonia isolates

Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to multiple antibacterial agents, including β-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and co-trimoxazole, has emerged worldwide in the 1980s and 1990s and has emphasized the need for new therapeutic alternatives, such as newer fluoroquinolones. Older fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, have been widely used in the last 2 decades, but their activity against gram-positive pathogens is limited. Newer fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gemifloxacin, have enhanced activity against most respiratory pathogens, and some are being more widely used to treat respiratory tract infections. Therefore, the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae strains, although worldwide prevalence is low, is a concern to clinicians who manage respiratory tract infections. Aim of the work: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance Streptococcus pneumoniae (FQRSP) and to examine the genetic relatedness of pneumococcal isolates with parC and gyrB genes mutations in different specimens. Patients and Methods: In this study, Biometra Thermal Cyclar-T Gradient Software PCR system version 4 together with DNASIS 2.6 Sequence Analysis Programs were used to investigate the presence of mutations at quinolone resistance-determining regions of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase on 78 S. pneumoniae strains, Among 78 isolates 37 (47.4%) of S. pneumonia isolates were Fluroquinolones susceptible, 12 (15.4%) were with variable susceptibility and 29 (37.2%) were Fluroquinolones resistant. Results: Our study illustrate the role of mutation in the parC & gyrB genes and the effect of mutations in the both genes in fluoroquinolone resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates. Conclusion: Results indicated that there is a significant correlation between quinolone resistance development and mutations in the parC gene and in less significance in the gyrB genes .

Serotype distribution pattern of Streptococcus Pneumoniae isolates from invasive infections at a university teaching hospital in Northern Nigeria

Background: Infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae are endemic worldwide. It is a public health problem and responsible for 1.6 million of 8.8 million annual deaths of children under 5 years of age, with 50% occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. This descriptive study was done to determine the prevalent S. pneumoniae serotypes responsible for infections at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Clinical specimens of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and aspirates from abscess, ear swab, throat swab, pus and sputa were collected over a period of 18 months from 420 patients with pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and otitis media. Specimens were cultured on 5% defibrinated sheep blood agar and chocolate agar. Incubation was done aerobically in a CO2-enriched atmosphere at 37°C for 18–24 h. Isolates of S. pneumoniae were identified by standard biochemical techniques using Gram reaction, catalase test, Optochin disc, and bile solubility tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method with Mueller–Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. Serotyping was done using the slide agglutination method (Denka Seiken Co. Ltd., Japan). The serotype final results were recorded as matching, discordant, or nontypeable. Results: A total of 420 patients participated in this study, in which 227 were males (54%) and 193 were females (46%). Participants' ages ranged from 2 days to 85 years. S. pneumoniae isolates were mainly from blood 12 (52.2%) and sputum 6 (26.1%). Samples with most isolates were from the pediatric age group of 15 years (65.2%). The serotypes identified were 6, 19, and 20 which were all from blood, as none of the strains from sputum was typeable. Conclusion: The major S. pneumoniae serotypes found in this study were 6, 19, and 20.

Bacterial Profile of Urinary Tract Infection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Among Patients Attending at Bushra Medical Laboratory, Tripoli, Libya

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection that affects the urinary tract, particularly in women, children and elderly, and it doesn’t always cause classic signs and symptoms. Excessive utilization of antibiotics led to increased incidence of antibiotic resistance among uropathogens worldwide. AIM: To identify the causative bacteria of UTI and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patients attended to Bushra Medical laboratory, Tripoli, Libya. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in Tripoli city, on 1423 urine specimens from untreated patients with clinical symptoms of UTIs. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done on 291 specimens which their colony count ≥ 105 colony forming units (cfu)/mL, using DL-96II (Auto microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing system). RESULTS: The prevalence of significant bacteriuria was 20.4% (291/1423), among them 81.4% (237/291) were females and 18.6% (54/291) were males. Just 0.7% (2/291) cases of isolated bacteria were gram positive cocci represented in Staphylococcus aureus, that exhibited hugely resistance to Penicillin (100%) and susceptible to many tested antimicrobial agents, while 99.3% (289/291) were gram negative bacilli represented in Klebsiella pneumonia 43.6% (127/291); Escherichia coli 33% (96/291); Klebsiella ozaenae 10.7% (31/291); Proteus mirabilis 9.3% (27/291); Pseudomonas mendocina 1.7% (5/291) and Pseudomonas alcaligenes 1% (3/291). Considering the results of this study, Klebsiella pneumonia isolates were the predominant pathogens in UTI. Except for Pseudomonas isolates, our data demonstrated that gram negative isolates were susceptible to Cefoperazone/Sulbactam followed by Ceftazidime then Levofloxacin (3.9%, 4.9% and 6% resistance, respectively), while Pseudomonas isolates were extremely sensitive to Amikacin, Piperacillin and Norfloxacin. CONCLUSION: Because of highly resistant bacteria to antibiotics, physicians must prescribe appropriate antibiotics depending on antibiotics susceptibility results. Otherwise, routine monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens must be accomplished to guide the treatment of UTIs in the country.

In Vitro Activity of Tedizolid against Gram-Positive Cocci Isolates from Patients Hospitalized with Pneumonia in the United States and Europe, 2014-2016

Objectives: Tedizolid and comparator agent in vitro activities were assessed against clinically relevant gram-positive pathogens causing pneumonia in patients in European and US hospitals. Tedizolid was approved in the United States, Europe, and other regions to treat adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) and is being evaluated for treating nosocomial pneumonia. Methods: A total of 6,019 unique clinical isolates deemed to be responsible for community-acquired (CAP) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), including hospital-acquired (HAP) in hospitalized patients, were included. A separate analysis included the HAP subset. Isolates originated from 33 and 30 institutions in Europe and the United States, respectively, between 2014 and 2016. Results: No substantive differences in tedizolid MIC values were found for the different species/organism groups over time or by geographic region. Isolates causing HAP showed slightly decreased activity to comparator agents compared to CAP/HCAP isolates. Tedizolid (100.0% susceptible) showed MIC50/90 results of 0.12/0.12 mg/L (US) and 0.12/0.25 mg/L (Europe) when tested against S. aureus HAP isolates, regardless of methicillin susceptibility or year of isolation. Coagulase-negative staphylococci from the United States and Europe (MIC50, 0.12 mg/L) demonstrated identical MIC50 values for tedizolid. Tedizolid exhibited MIC50 results of 0.25 mg/L and 0.12 mg/L when tested against β-hemolytic streptococci and viridans group streptococci isolates, respectively, regardless of geographic region. Conclusions: Tedizolid had potent activity in vitro against this contemporary collection of European and US gram-positive pneumonia isolates that was sustained over a period of 3 years (2014–2016).

Dissemination of insertion sequence common regions 1 and int1 gene and drug resistance of 483 Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia broiler isolates

Objective: To investigate and analyze distribution characteristics of two multidrug resistance related genes in broiler isolates in Shandong province. Methods: The pre slaughter broilers were chosen from Shandong province in this study in June, 2014. A total of 400 fecal samples from five different zones (east, south, west, north and middle) of the hen house were collected. 373(77.2%) Escherichia coli and 110 (22.8%) Klebsiella pneumonia strains were isolated, and ISCR1 and int1 gene were detected by PCR assay and sequencing. The resistance to 10 drugs belonging to 8 classes antimicrobial drugs were obtained by using minimal broth dilution method and data analysis. The difference between isolates and drug resistance profiles was analyzed. Results: Among 483 isolates, 440 isolates (91.1%), 126 isolates (26.1%) and 126 isolates (26.1%) were detected as int1, ISCR1 and both two gene carriers, respectively. The rate of 37 E. coli isolates not carried ISCR1 or int1 gene resistant to 0 to 2, 3 to 5, 6 to 8 classes antimicrobial agents was 13.5% (n=5), 78.4% (n=29), and 8.1% (n=3), respectively; the rate of 288 only int1 gene E. coli carriers resistant to 0 to 2, 3 to 5, 6 to 8 groups antimicrobial agents was 2.4% (n=7), 74.7% (n=215), and 22.9% (n=6), respectively. The data above showed significant difference (P<0.001). The rate of 26 only int1 gene K. pneumonia carriers resistant to 0 to 2, 3 to 5, 6 to 8 classes antimicrobial agents was 11.5% (n=3), 76.9% (n=20), and 11.5% (n=3), respectively; the rate of 78 both two gene K. pneumonia carriers resistant to0 to 2, 3 to 5, 6 to 8 groups antimicrobial agents was 0, 35.9% (n=28), and 64.1% (n=50), respectively. The data above showed significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusion: Gene int1 and ISCR1 showed high prevalence in E. coli and K. pneumonia isolates. High level multi-drug resistance profile could be mediated by int1 and ISCR1 gene co-existence.

Detection of Extended Spectrum β-lactamases Producing by Klebsiella pneumonia Isolated from Urinary tract Infection Patients by Using mPCR Technique

Objective: In this study Klebsiella pneumonia where isolated from urine samples and detection of extended spectrum β-Lactamases by using mPCR technique.Method: This isolated subjected to the antimicrobial susceptibility test (Disc diffusion) for some antibiotics following by multiplex PCR techniques for detection extended spectrum β-Lactamase genes (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX-M and bla AMPC).Results: The extended spectrum β-Lactamase genes by PCR techniques were given bla CTX-M (30/93.75%), bla SHV (25/78.12%), bla TEM (18/56.25%) and bla AMPC (22/68.15%), respectively.Conclusion: K. pneumonia isolates of urinary tract infection patients highly associated with the emergence of bla CTX-M β-Lactamase that provides useful good treatment.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from Dust

"Dust includes many microorganisms such as airborne bacteria. Most types of these bacteria are harmful to humans and causing severe problems. Klebsiella pneumoniae considered as serious nosocomial pathogen that cause pneumonia, UTIs, wound and liver abscesses. One hundred fifty samples isolated randomly from different indoor and outdoor areas during the period November 2014- February 2015. In the indoor isolates bacterium K. pneumoniae was the commonest pathogen (36.70%) followed by S. aureus (22.78%), S. epidermidis (12.65%), Bacillus spp. (10.12%), P. aeruginosa (5.06%), E. cloacae (5.06%), Streptococcus spp.(2.53%), Citrobacter spp.(1.26%) and Pantoea spp.(1.26%). While S. aureus comprises the majority of outdoor bacteria in (41.66%). Using PCR method for detection of Uge gene and followed with direct DNA Sequencing. The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) showed highly conserved area in all studied strains. However, some variants were observed at different positions (24, 124, 152, 163, 165, 185, 199, 200, 207, 209, 248, 279, 284, 291). Also there were changes in a functional whole areas at the studied gene such as (GGCTGG) at the positions (212-217), (ATCCCG) at positions (226-231), (GCCC) at (233-236), (ACCG) at positions (242-245), (GATT) at (263-266), (TCAA) at (269-272). These differences in the gene sequence may indicates special characterizations for the isolated strain."

Molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae, particularly serotype19A/ST320, which emerged in Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common human pathogen, colonizes the nasopharynx and causes diseases including acute otitis media (AOM). Herein, pneumococcal serotype distributions in children before and after PCV7 vaccination and in patients with pneumococcal disease in Siberian Russia (Krasnoyarsk) are reported. Analyses included antimicrobial susceptibility testing, sequence typing (ST), pulsed field gel electrophoresis, virulence‐related surface protein gene (VSG) typing with novel primers and structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy. In healthy children (HC) prior to administration of PCV7, drug‐susceptible serotype23F/ST1500 was a major pneumococcal genotype. In the PCV7 trial, multidrug‐resistant serotype19A/ST320 emerged in vaccinees after PCV7, exhibiting a PCV7‐induced serotype replacement. Multidrug‐resistant serotype19A/ST320 was evident in patients with AOM. Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) isolates showed genetic similarities to the AOM (ST320) genotype, constituting a common non‐invasive AOM–CAP group. In contrast, meningitis isolates were more divergent. Overall, 25 ST types were identified; five (20%) of which were Krasnoyarsk‐native. Regarding VSGs, PI‐1 (rlrA/rrgB), PI‐2 (pitA/B), psrP and cbpA were present at 54.3%, 38.6%, 48.6%, and 95.7%, respectively, with two major VSG content types, PI‐1−/PI‐2−/psrP +/cbpA + and PI‐1+/PI‐2+/psrP ‐/cbpA +, being found for HC and non‐invasive diseases, respectively. A major clone of serotype19A/ST320 (PI‐1+/PI‐2+) produced the longest pneumococcal wire (pilus) structures in colonies. ST1016 (PI‐1−/PI‐2−) in HC had HEp‐2 cell‐adherent pili. These results suggest that serotype19A/ST320 and related genotypes, with the VSG content type PI‐1+/PI‐2+/psrP −/cbpA +, emerged in vaccinees after PCV7 in Siberia, accompanying diseases in non‐vaccinated children, and that some genotypes (serotypes19A/ST320 and 18/ST1016) produced novel pneumococcal structures, predicting their roles in colony formation and adherence.

Relationship between blaSHVGenes in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Seventy-five Klebsiella pneumonia isolates were identified according to their cultural characteristics and by Vitek2 system. Both genomic and plasmid DNA of the isolates were extracted. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed for detection of SHV-1 gene in the plasmid DNA and SHV-12 gene in the genomic DNA of the isolates. SHV-1 found in the plasmid DNA of 28% of the isolates, while 52% of the isolates contained SHV-12 in their genomic DNA. Only 20% of the isolates carry both genes together

Extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) mediated resistance to third generation cephalosporins in urinary tract infection isolates of Klebseilla pneumonia

Objective: To examine the dissemination of extended spectrum ßlactamase (ESBL) producing isolates of Klebseilla pneumoniae obtained from patients with significant bacteriuria.Methods: ESBL and multiantibiotic resistance were studied in a total of 25 isolates of K. pneumoniae.Results: all isolates found resistance to at least five of the antibiotics used in this study. All the isolates were found sensitive to the antibiotic imipenem. 5 (22.7%) of these isolates were ESBL producing. The ESBL producing isolates were more resistant to antibiotics than non-ESBL isolates.&#x0D; The ESBL activity could be experimentally transferred to recipient Escherichia coli MM294.Conclusions: present study has found the occurrence of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates in Najaf hospitals. Test for the detection of ESBL producing bacterial isolates should be carried out in all diagnostic laboratories routinely and the therapeutic use of all the third generation cephalosporins should be avoided against bacterial isolates that appear resistant to any third generation antibiotic.

Detection of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in untreated waste water disposals of hospitals in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Emergence of MDR bacteria is a global problem and a major burden for treatment of various infectious diseases. This study was performed to detect antibiotic resistant bacteria in untreated hospital waste. Waste water samples were collected from sewerage disposal points of two renowned hospital of Dhaka city and a total of 59 Escherichia coli and 29 Klebsiella pneumonia isolates were isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility were measured by disc diffusion method. Resistance among E. coli and K. pneumoniae to 10 frequently used antibiotic tested were respectively as follows: cefotaxime (CTX) 48 and 45%; ceftazidime (CAZ) 40 and 38%; ampicillin (AMP) 71 and 100%; streptomycin (S) 50 and 34%; sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) 58 and 28%; ciprofloxacin (CIP) 71 and 48%; kanamycin (K) 38 and 10%; chloramphenicol (C) 28 and 10%; gentamycin (CN) 19 and 16% and imipenem (IPM) 12 and 7%. Results also demonstrate that the sites that were at the disposal point of hospital waste have higher degree of resistance. High degree of resistance was observed when 23 high-resistant E. coli isolates were further tested with 15 additional antibiotics. This study revealed a significant rise of MDR bacteria in the hospital waste and underscore necessity of hospital waste treatment.

Perfil de resistencia bacteriana en hospitales y clínicas en el departamento del Cesar (Colombia)

Introducción: la resistencia a los antimicrobianos es un problema de salud pública cuyo tratamiento puede ser difícil y costoso. Objetivo: analizar el fenotipo de resistencia antimicrobiana en bacterias aisladas en hospitales y clínicas del departamento del Cesar (Colombia) durante 2014. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en cinco laboratorios clínicos del departamento. Se utilizó el software Whonet 5.6 para el análisis de datos y se reportaron los perfiles de resistencia. Resultados: las principales bacterias Gram negativas aisladas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos fueron Klebsiella pneumoniae (18,8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15,0%) y Escherichia coli (13,8%). En los demás servicios predominaron Escherichia coli (36,4%) y Staphylococcus aureus (15,5%). En la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos la mayor resistencia fue a la ampicilina-sulbactam y las cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación en los aislados de Klebsiella pneumoniae (46,2%, 28,3% y 29,1%, respectivamente) y de Escherichia coli (21,8%, 21,8% y 23,0%, respectivamente). En los aislados de Acinetobacter la resistencia fue mayor que en los de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, con predominio a la ceftriaxona y la cefepima (51,1%) en los aislados de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. En los aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis se observó resistencia a la oxacilina en el 61,0% y 81,8% de los provenientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, y en el 48,7% y el 89,7% de las demás unidades, respectivamente. Conclusiones: se observaron altas frecuencias de resistencia antibiótica por lo que reforzar la vigilancia epidemiológica a nivel local permitirá disminuir la resistencia bacteriana en los ambientes intrahospitalarios.