Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) constitute a major global health burden, yet comprehensive assessments of their long-term trends, attributable risks, and future trajectories are still needed to inform public health strategies. Comprehensively analysing the global, regional, and national burden of CRDs from 1990 to 2021, evaluating the risk factors, and forecasting future trends to guide public health policies. Using the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021 data, we estimated the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of CRDs from 1990 to 2021. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to evaluate burden trends, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort model predicted the trends in age-standardized rates (ASRs). In 2021, global CRD incidence reached 55.21 million, with 4.41 million deaths. Among all CRDs, asthma exhibited the highest incidence and prevalence, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused the highest mortality and DALY. Regionally, High-income North America had the highest ASIR and ASPR of CRDs, while Oceania showed the highest ASMR and ASDR in 2021. In terms of age distribution, the incidences of COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis (ILD & PS), and pneumoconiosis (PNE) were the highest number of incident cases occurred in the 65-74 age group. Asthma, however, showed the highest incidence in the < 9 age group. Regarding risk factors, smoking caused 31.04% of all CRD-related deaths globally in 2021, while high body mass index accounted for 14.36% of asthma-related deaths. From 2022 to 2030, CRDs' ASIRs are projected to decline overall, with male ASIRs higher than female ASIRs. The findings reveal significant and uneven global CRD burden, and their mitigation warrants policy focus on tobacco control and obesity management.

This cross-sectional study examined the health impacts of occupational dust exposure on workers in Fujian Province, China, using data collected from 2020 to 2021. The primary objective was to assess the associations between occupational dust exposure and several adverse health outcomes, including abnormal chest X-ray (Abn-CXR), abnormal pulmonary function tests (Abn-PFTs), pneumoconiosis (PC), abnormal electrocardiograms (Abn-ECGs), abnormal liver function tests (Abn-LFTs), hypertension (HTN), and hearing loss (HL). logistic regression models were employed to identify significant risk factors. Stratified analyses by age and gender were performed to evaluate demographic differences in health risks. The results showed that workers currently employed, those with over 10 years of dust exposure, and workers exposed to silica, cement, or coal dust had a higher risk of Abn-CXR, Abn-PFTs, PC, Abn-ECGs, Abn-LFTs, HTN, and HL. Stratified analyses further revealed that male workers and individuals over 40 years old experienced a higher risk of abnormal health outcomes. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions, improved protective measures, and stricter occupational safety regulations to reduce the health burden associated with dust exposure in the workplace.

Occupational respiratory diseases represent a major public health concern worldwide. This study analyses the hospitalization costs and characteristics of four major occupational respiratory diseases: malignant mesothelioma (MM), sinonasal cancer (SNC), pneumoconiosis (PN), and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). The findings are situated within the context of Italy's population trends and healthcare system, offering insights into the economic and clinical burden of these diseases. This retrospective, population-based study examines Italian hospitalizations for MM, SNC, PN, and HP during the period 2010-2021. The primary outcomes were the number of hospitalizations, length of stay, and associated cost. Costs were derived from charges linked to diagnosis-related groups (version 24) and major diagnostic category coding systems. Though the Italian population is rapidly aging, the annual number and rate of hospitalizations declined by 35% over the study period. SNC hospitalizations aligned with the overall trend, PN and MM experienced faster declines, whereas HP admissions remained steady. MM emerged as the most resource-intensive (EUR 25 million yearly, with 86% attributable to occupation), followed by PN (EUR 10 million, entirely occupational), SNC (EUR 5 million, with EUR 650,000 occupational), and HP (EUR 2 million, with EUR 370,000 occupational). All studied diseases had an average length of stay exceeding the national one. The SNC admissions were the shortest (6.5 days) and least expensive (EUR 3647). In contrast, MM, PN, and HP had a mean length of stay exceeding 10 days, with admission costs averaging EUR 4700 for MM and EUR 4000 for PN and HP. The median age was the highest for PN (78 years) and MM (71 years), while SNC and HP patients had a median age of approximately 65 years. Consistent with their anticipated benefits, Italian workplace health regulations over the last three decades, including the 1992 asbestos ban and D.lgs. 81/2008, are associated with significant reductions in the hospitalization burden and an increased median age at discharge for MM and PN. In contrast, fewer conclusions can be drawn for SNC and HP due to their lower occupational fractions (10-20%). This finding suggests adding an occupational exposure flag in hospital records for acknowledged occupational diseases to enhance surveillance. Finally, this study provides the first estimate of the occupational fraction of hospitalization costs for the studied diseases in Italy.

Objective: To explore theepidemiological characteristics and analyse the survival of pneumoconiosis in Chengdu from 2011 to 2021, providing scientific evidence for further prevention and control. Methods: In April 2022, the pneumoconiosis report card of Chengdu from 2012 to 2021 and survival data were collected from the China Disease Control and prevention information system and the occupational pneumoconiosis follow-up survey project.The data of the report card was reorganized and analyzed by R4.4.0 software. Chi-square test was used to compare the case composition ratio between groups. The annual trend of the number of new pneumo coniosis cases was analyzed by linear regression model Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis and log-rank test was used for comparison of survival curves between groups. Results: 816 cases of pneumoconiosis were reported in Chengdu from 2011 to 2021, including 522 cases of stage Ⅰ (63.97%, 522/816), 148 cases of stage Ⅱ (18.14%, 148/816) and 146 cases of stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis (17.89146/816) ; There were 596 cases of silicosis (73.04%, 596/816), 143 cases of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (17.52%, 143/816). New onset pneumoconiosis was mainly male (810 cases, 99.26%). The median age of diagnosis and the 25th and 75th percentile were 63 (51-71) years old, the median length of dust exposure were 12.00 (5.92-28.00) years, and the types of work were mainly rock drillers (24.63%, 201/816), tunneling workers (19.36%, 158/816) and coal miners (13.60%, 111/816). Among 816 cases of new pneumoconiosis, 35 cases were lost to follow-up (4.29%, 35/816), 605 cases survived and 176 cases died. The 5-year survival rate was 78.6% and the 10-year survival rate was 65.8%. Conclusion: The number of pneumoconiosis reported in Chengdu was relatively stable in recent years. The main type of pneumoconiosis was silicosis, which was concentrated in regions, industries and types of work. We should continue to strengthen the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis.

Background: Pneumoconiosis (PCN) has several comorbidities, most notably pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. However, much is still unknown about the relationship between PCN and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The present study aimed to clarify the association between PCN and subsequent AMI risk using a retrospective cohort study design. Methods: This was a population-based, retrospective cohort study that used data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Database. A total of 7556 newly diagnosed patients with PCN and 7556 individuals without PCN were included in the PCN and comparison cohort (PC and CC), respectively, between 2008 and 2018, with propensity score matching for age, gender, comorbidity, medication, and date of PCN diagnosis. The occurrence of AMI was monitored until the end of 2019, and AMI risk was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results: The overall incidence of AMI was 1.34-fold higher in the PC than in the CC (4.33 vs. 3.23 per 1000 person-years, respectively, p < 0.05), with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.72) after controlling for age, gender, comorbidity, and medication. Further analyses showed a higher risk of AMI with increased annual number of emergency department visits among patients with PCN (aHR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.01–1.66 (<1) and aHR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.13–2.50 (≥1)). Conclusion: Patients with PCN had a significantly higher risk of developing AMI than those without PCN. Clinicians should pay more attention to prevent AMI episodes in patients with PCN.

BackgroundThe present study aims to determine the structure of morbidity in workers contacting industrial aerosols, assess the timeliness of diagnosing dust-induced lung disease in major industrial centers, and optimize diagnostics for early detection of occupational lung diseases in workers exposed to industrial dust hazards.MethodsThe study on the structure and incidence of occupational lung diseases was carried out in 2016–2020 based on the Moscow Centre for Occupational Pathology data. For a more in-depth clinical examination, 114 patients who were first admitted to the Occupational Pathology Centre with diagnosed pneumoconiosis (PC), chronic dust-induced bronchitis (CDB), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were selected. All patients were subjected to a complex clinical-functional, spirographic, echocardiographic, fibroscopic, radiological, and CT lung examination, with subsequent analysis of the results obtained. The pathology caused by exposure to industrial aerosols within the studied period was first diagnosed in 344 workers. Most patients (64%) with newly detected pathologies were 50–59 years of age, with work experience in adverse conditions of 21–25 years (41%).ResultsThe spirographic study of respiratory function revealed decreased forced vital capacity (FVC) indices in CDB and COPD patients. Changes in expiratory flow rates suggest occupational bronchitis at an earlier stage, whereas no apparent results were noted for the PC diagnosis. The results of fibroscopic examination in PC patients revealed atrophic processes of the bronchial mucosa in 46 (88.5%) of them, and 6 (11.5%) patients had a subtropic process. The results of echocardiographic examination allowed diagnosing pulmonary heart disease in 83 patients (72.8%). Of them, 42 (80.8%) were revealed in the group of patients with PC, 18 (50.0%) in the COB group, and 14 (53.8%) in the COPD group.ConclusionsComputed tomography (CT) detected pathological changes in 52 patients, while the X-ray examination in six people showed no evidence of lung destruction. CT scan also showed that the number of patients with fibrotic PC (including silicosis) in the study groups increased. Timely clinical and functional examination (spirography, fibroscopy, echocardiography) of patients allows detecting PC (including silicosis), CDB, and COPD at an early stage of disease progression.

Objective: To analyze the level and trend of respiratory disease mortality in China from 2002 to 2016. Methods: The standardized mortality rates were calculated based on the China health statistics yearbook (2003-2012) and China statistical yearbook of health and family planning (2013-2017) data released by the statistical information center of National health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Joinpoint model was used to calculate the standardized mortality rates (SMR), Annual percentage change (APC) and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) for standardized mortality rates. Results: The SMR of respiratory diseases and chronic lower respiratory diseases were decreased significantly in 2002 to 2016 (AAPC=-3.6%, AAPC=-6.4%, P<0.001, respectively). The SMR of lung cancer showed a significant increase trend (AAPC=1.6%, P=0.001). There were no significant differences in the SMR of pneumonia and pneumonoconiosis (APCC=1.0%, P=0.242; APCC=-0.2%, P=0.905). Both urban and rural SMR of respiratory diseases were declining significantly (AAPC=-2.9%, P=0.001; AAPC=-4.2%, P<0.001). Both urban and rural SMR of lung cancer showed an increasing trend (AAPC=0.6%, P=0.022; AAPC=2.1%, P=0.003, respectively). The SMR of pneumonia in urban areas showed an upward trend (AAPC=2.7%, P=0.017). The SMR of respiratory disease of all age groups (<35 years old, 35-65 years old and ≥65 years old) showed a downward trend (AAPC=-3.8%, P=0.001; AAPC=-2.6%, P<0.001; AAPC=-3.9%, P<0.001). The SMR of pneumonia between 35 and 65 years old and SMR of lung cancer over 65 years old showed an increasing trend (AAPC=2.8%, P=0.001; AAPC=2.4%, P<0.001). The SMR of respiratory diseases among males and females showed a downtrend (AAPC=-3.1%, P<0.001; AAPC=-4.3%, P<0.001). However, the SMR of lung cancer in males and females increased significantly (AAPC=1.2%, P<0.001; AAPC=2.5%, P<0.001, respectively). There were no significant trends in the SMR of pneumonia and pneumoconiosis in males (AAPC=1.5%, P=0.096; AAPC=-1.6%, P=0.218). There was no obvious trend in the SMR of pneumonia in females (AAPC=-0.1%, P=0.872). Conclusions: The SMR of respiratory diseases in China generally shows a downward trend. The overall SMR and SMR of major respiratory diseases varies among different regions, genders and age groups.

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of new cases of pneumoconiosis in Yantai from 2010 to 2019, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis. Methods: In March 2020, 2575 new pneumoconiosis cases in Yantai City from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019 were obtained through the "Health Hazard Information Monitoring System" platform under "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System" and patient hospital files. Excel 2007 was used to sort out the database of pneumoconiosis and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of new pneumoconiosis, including gender, age, length of service, type of work, etc. Results: From 2010 to 2019, the majority of new pneumoconiosis cases were male (2542 cases, 98.72%) , and the age of onset was 40-<60 years old (2074 cases, 80.54%) . The main age of onset was 15-<30 years (1534 cases, 59.57%) . Silicosis was the most common type of new pneumoconiosis (2313 cases, 89.83%) . There were 2262 cases (87.84%) with one stage of pneumoconiosis. The main types of work were rock driller (799 cases, 31.03%) , hauler (797 cases, 30.95%) , other mine workers (391 cases, 15.18%) . The economic type of enterprises was mainly state-owned enterprises (1156 cases, 44.89%) . The scale of enterprises mainly concentrated in large enterprises (1897 cases, 73.67%) . Conclusion: The new pneumoconiosis in Yantai City shows obvious concentration of disease and work types.It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and treatment of silicosis and the training of protection knowledge for rock drillers and transport workers.

目的： 分析其他疾病误诊为尘肺病的情况，为提高尘肺病的诊断提供参考依据。 方法： 以尘肺、误诊、肺结核、肺泡微石症、结节病为关键词，检索1989年1月至2018年12月国内发表的有关其他疾病误诊为尘肺病的文献报道，共筛选文献34篇，对入选文献通篇阅读后提取病例报告时间、性别、病例误诊医疗机构、误诊疾病、确诊医疗机构、确诊疾病、确诊依据、误诊人数、误诊原因等信息并进行分析。 结果： 其他疾病误诊为尘肺病的病例共计118例，以肺结核（43例，36.44%）、铁末肺沉着病（18例，15.25%）和结节病（17例，14.41%）居多；误诊原因位居前3位的是对疾病认识不足（94例，79.66%）、胸片质量差（45例，38.14%）、缺少鉴别诊断（23例，19.49%）；动态观察+合格胸片是纠正诊断的主要手段（49例, 41.53%），其次为综合检查+有效治疗（32例，27.12%）。 结论： 肺结核是其他疾病误诊为尘肺病的主要病种，误诊的主要原因是对疾病认识不足，动态观察及合格胸片能提高尘肺病的诊断准确率。.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) supplementation on intestinal mucosal tissue and its influence on of inflammatory factors in the premature rats model of necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC), and to provide the theoretical basis for prevention of NEC by bLF supplementation. Methods Premature SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, 25 cases in each group.Control group: oral feeding; model group : oral feeding with lipopolysaccharides(LPS) gavage + hypoxic stimulation; high dose bLF intervention group: daily bLF (7 g/L) + oral feeding with LPS gavage + hypoxic stimulation; low dose bLF intervention group: daily bLF (2 g/L) + oral feeding with LPS gavage + hypoxic stimulation.Histopathological analysis was performed by HE staining.The expression levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in intestinal mucosa were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results (1) Morphological observation: the intestinal wall of model group was thin, and there were different degrees of pneumoconiosis and effusion in intestinal cavity.Under the microscopy, it could be observed that the intestinal tissue necrosis was serious, the intestinal villi fell off, glands arranged disorderly, epithelial edema was significant, the lamina propria and submucosa had severely edema and were separated, and there were a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated.The above-mentioned manifestations were alleviated in the high-dose and low-dose bLF intervention groups, and no significant abnormalities were found in the control group.(2) The expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in intestinal tissue: the tissue concentration of IL-1β and IL-6 in the model group rats [(380.89±20.25) ng/L, (485.12±31.44) ng/L]were significantly higher than those in the control group[(270.69±45.58) ng/L, (212.62±89.46) ng/L](q =9.785, 14.030, all P 0.05; IL-6: q=-1.140, P>0.05). Conclusion Enteral bLF supplementation can alleviate the damage of intestinal tissue in NEC model of premature SD rats, inhibit the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 inflammatory factors in intestinal tissue, and have a protective effect on intestinal tissue. Key words: Bovine lactoferrin; Necrotizing enterocolitis; Interleukin-1β; Interleukin-6

To explore the association between the interleukin-6-174 C/G and-634 C/G polymorphisms and pneumoconiosis susceptibility. Taking pneumoconiosis, interleukin-6, and polymorphism as keywords, Chinese literatures were retrieved among the Sinomed, Wanfang Medicine, CNKI and VIP databases, and foreign language literatures were retrieved among the Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. Taking pneumoconiosis, susceptibility, and interleukin-6 as keywords, Revman 5. 2 software was employed to combine the genetic effects and evaluate the quality of the included literatures. A total of seven literatures(containing nine case-control studies) were included, including 660 cases and 848 controls with IL-6-174 C/G polymorphism, and 344 cases and 362 controls with IL-6-634 C/G polymorphism. Meta-analysis shows that IL-6-174 C/G polymorphism is not associated with pneumoconiosis susceptibility(CC νs. CG+GG, OR=1. 05(95%CI 0. 76-1. 45), CG νs. GG+CC, OR=0. 79(95%CI 0. 40-1. 55), C νs. G, OR=0. 95(95% CI 0. 80-1. 14)), while IL-6-634 C/G polymorphism is associated with pneumoconiosis susceptibility(CC νs. CG+GG, OR=2. 12(95%CI 1. 56-2. 88), CG νs. GG+CC, OR=0. 40(95%CI 0. 27-0. 58), C νs. G, OR=1. 67(95%CI 1. 33-2. 11)). There exists an association between the IL-6-634 C/G polymorphism and pneumoconiosis susceptibility, while there isn&apos;t an association between the IL-6-174 C/G polymorphism and the susceptibility of pneumoconiosis. IL-6-634 C/C genotype is pneumoconiosis-susceptible genotype.

Objective To estimate the value of team-based learning (TBL) in the teaching of occupational health and occupational medicine for foreign students. Methods 42 foreign students from the major of clinical medicine in Harbin Medical University were selected to form the TBL discussion group. Before class, teachers assigned tasks, and the students were taught with the same teachers with TBL teaching method. The effect of learning was evaluated by questionnaire and classroom test. The t test was performed using SPSS 19.0 statistical software for comparison of the results of individual test and group test. Results The result of the questionnaire showed that students agreed that TBL teaching can improve students' interest, self-study ability and broaden their learning ideas. The classroom test results showed that after the TBL discussion, the test scores of occupational oncology and pneumoconiosis were significantly higher than those of individual test. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The TBL method can significantly improve the students' comprehension of knowledge and enhance their learning effect. Key words: Team-based learning; Overseas student; Occupational health and occupational medicine

Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of lower respiratory tract disease. Methods The health physical examination data of 4000 coal dust exposed workers who had physical examination in the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment in 2016 were collected and analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software. Results Out of the 4000 coal workers, the Prevalence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, CWP were 1.00% (40/4000) , 0.63% (25/4000) , 0.43% (17/4000) . 17 coal workers suffered from coal workers. The prevalence of workers both exposed to silicon and coal dust was 1.15% (2/174) , which was higher than that of other the job type. The prevalence of CWP among age groups, length of service and occupational category were found significant difference (P<0.05) , raising with the increase of duration of dust exposure and age increasing (χ2trend=17.171, 5.344, P<0.05) . The prevalence of emphysema and chronic bronchitis between different working years and different ages are all statistically significant (P<0.05) , increasing with duration of dust exposure (χ2trend=9.906, 10.118, P<0.05) . Conclusion The prevalence rate of CWP is not high, and closely related with duration of dust exposure and dust species. The prevalence of lower respiratory tract disease is higher in the tunneling and mining workers and raising with the duration of dust exposure. Key words: Coal worker's pneumoconiosis; Respiratory disease; Prevalence

Pneumoconiosis is the most common and severe occupational disease, has become a major public health problem in the world. Its causes are well known, but the pathogenesis of it is not completely clear and effective therapies are not currently available. Epigenetic modifications have been considered an initial event in the development of pneumoconiosis. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in pneumoconiosis include DNA methylation, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) , and histone modification. In recent years, many researchers have studied the effect of dust-induced pulmonary fibrosis-related gene expression at the epigenetic level on macrophage activation, lung fibroblast proliferation, activation, transdifferentiation, and epithelial or endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT/EndMT) to further elucidate the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis. In this review, we discusses the epigenetic modifications in pneumoconiosis, with an aim to provide new insights into the early diagnosis, condition assessment and targeted therapy of this occupational disease.

目的 探讨高分辨率CT(HRCT)尘肺分期与患者肺功能检测指标之间的相关性。 方法 选取连云港市第二人民医院医学影像科2007年9月至2017年12月按照肺病诊断标准诊断为尘肺的患者共66例，其中一期34例，二期22例，三期10例。所有患者均接受高千伏胸片摄片、HRCT扫描和肺功能检查，对检查结果进行统计学分析。 结果 HRCT比高千伏胸片对尘肺圆形小阴影检出率高，差异有统计学意义(HRCT圆形小阴影检出62例，高千伏胸片圆形小阴影检出43例，χ2＝16.808，P<0.001)；两者对不规则形小阴影检出率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2＝2.418，P＝0.182)。不同HRCT分期尘肺患者第一秒最大呼气量与用力肺活量的比值(FEV1/FVC)、残气量与肺总量比值(RV/TLC)和一氧化碳弥散量(DLco)之间比较差异有统计学意义[一期、二期、三期尘肺患者FEV1/FVC分别为：(79.15±7.25)%、(75.41±8.38)%和(43.50±10.92)%，F＝74.356，P<0.001；一期、二期、三期尘肺患者RV/TLC%分别为：(32.12±4.37)、(37.59±5.22)和(43.70±4.57)，F＝26.156，P<0.001；一期、二期、三期尘肺患者DLco(%P)分别为：(82.85±4.81)、(73.14±5.71)和(59.50±6.90)，F＝75.493，P<0.001]。 结论 HRCT对尘肺诊断和分期更准确，尘肺患者可出现不同程度肺功能异常，且与不同HRCT分期相关。

Objective To investigate the value of interferon-γ release assays(IGRAs)in early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis complicated with tuberculosis. Methods The retrospective study analyzed the results of IGRAs of 498 patients with pneumoconiosis at our hospital from January 2016 to December 2017.The results were compared with those of 1176 non-pneumoconiosis patients. Results The rate of positive IGRAs in patients with pneumoconiosis who had symptoms of respiratory infection was 33.73%, significantly higher than that in non-pneumoconiosis patients(23.64%)(χ2=18.24, P<0.0001). In pneumoconiosis patients with tuberculosis, the rate of positive IGRAs was 95.35%, and in pneumoconiosis patients without tuberculosis, the rate was 89.13%(χ2=0.48, P=0.49). The rates of positive IGRAs in patients with stage Ⅱ and stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis were significantly higher than those in the patients with stage Ⅰ pneumoconiosis, and they increased with the progression of pneumoconiosis(χ2=2.21, P=0.023). Conclusions IGRAs offer added diagnostic value in early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis complicated with tuberculosis. Key words: Interferon-gamma; Pneumoconiosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Мета роботи – виявити зміни в ланці неспецифічної резистентності, а також встановити ймовірну наявність аутоімунних реакцій і порушень пуринового обміну в гірників вугільних шахт, які хворі на пневмоконіоз. Матеріали та методи . Дослідження здійснили у 102 гірників вугільних шахт, які хворі на пневмоконіоз, серед них 98 осіб із діагнозом антракосилікоз, 4 – силікоз, а також обстежили 30 умовно здорових гірників. За віком і стажем роботи обстежені гірники були зіставні. Стан неспецифічної резистентності визначали за показниками фагоцитарної (відносний вміст фагоцитів, фагоцитарне число, фагоцитарний індекс), біохімічно зумовленої бактерицидної активності у спонтанному тесті з нітросинім тетразолієм (НСТ-тест). Наявність і рівень аутоімунного процесу в організмі визначали за циркулюючими імунними комплексами, аутосенсибілізацією до тканин легенів, тимусу, суглобової тканини, нирок, а також нативної (н-ДНК) та денатурованої ДНК (д-ДНК) у реакції пасивної гемаглютинації. Стан пуринового обміну оцінювали шляхом визначення активності ксантиноксидази та рівня сечової кислоти. Результати. У гірників вугільних шахт, які хворі на пневмоконіоз, виявили значні зміни показників клітинної та гуморальної ланки системи імунітету: різке зниження спонтанної та резервної фагоцитарної здатності нейтрофілів, про що свідчило вірогідне зниження відносного вмісту нейтрофілів, здатних до поглинання мікробних клітин, фагоцитарного числа та фагоцитарного індексу; зміну метаболізму нейтрофілів, що зумовлювало вірогідну недостатність бактерицидної біохімічно спричиненої активності нейтрофілів у спонтанному НСТ-тесті та індексу їхньої активації; розвиток аутоімунних процесів, що проявлялось вірогідним збільшенням вмісту циркулюючих імунних комплексів у сироватці крові, наявністю вірогідно підвищеної сенсибілізації організму до власних тканин легенів, нирки, тимусу, суглобів, а також до н-ДНК та д-ДНК; порушення пуринового обміну, зареєстрованого підвищенням у сироватці крові хворих активності ксантиноксидази та рівня сечової кислоти. Висновки. Виявлені порушення свідчили про механізм розвитку пневмоконіозу в гірників вугільних шахт, пов’язаний зі змінами пуринового обміну й виникненням аутоімунних реакцій на тлі недостатності системи неспецифічної резистентності. Це проявляється у чималому зниженні поглинальної та бактерицидної здатності нейтрофілів периферичної крові та збільшенні рівня циркулюючих імунних комплексів, що призводить до підсилення запальних та аутоімунних процесів, створюючи патогенне коло.

This study is descriptive research. The objective of the study was to monitor silicosis and follow upon subjects in neighboring communities of a stone crushing factory in Mueang District, Surin Province, Thailand for three years. The study applied chest x-ray examination and reports by ILO classification for pneumoconioses. Also, the environmental inspection was performed through air monitoring sampling on 24-hour basis by Air Metrics/Model: TAS 5.0 S/N 5547 between 2014-2016. Subjects of this study were 10-years old and older, residing within 5-kilometer radius around the factory, and along the road that was used by gravel trucks from the factory. The total subjects were voluntary 1,602 persons with consenting to the chest radiographing. The results of air monitoring sampling during 2014-Year 2016 are 0.049, 0.035 and 0.032 average of PM10, respectively. TSP results were 0.014, 0.074 and 0.078 respectively and did not exceed standards limit.The health surveillance findings of voluntary subjects were from 1,602 persons, at 61.15 % out of population at potential risk affected by stone dust on 2,620 persons. The results of chest radiograph by ILO classification pneumoconioses revealed that 13 cases (0.81%) were Categories 1 (profusion 1/0, 1/1, 1/2), 2 cases (0.12%) were Categories 2 (profusion 2/1, 2/2, 2/3) respectively. The results from 3-year surveillance of abnormal chest radiograph reports of profusion 1/0-2/2 group of 6 cases indicated 1 case with confirmation of profusion 1/1 silicosis (0.06%) of at-risk population, and non-occupational silicosis. In conclusion, silicosis surveillance from chest radiograph reports by ILO classification pneumoconioses, and by two NIOSH reports found 1 case was confirmed 1 non-occupational profusion PP 1/1 silicosis. However, reports found 5 profusion 1/0 - 2/2 cases (0.19%) and required continuous monitoring. The study needed further monitoring to include population in silicosis-risk zone.

Пневмокониоз в практике лечащего врача

Objective: To investigate the incidence of occupational diseases in a province of China during the period of "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" , and to analyze the features of disease spectrum, the characteristics of regional and industrial distribution, and incidence trend. Methods: Data (2011-2015) were collected from the Information System of Occupational Diseases and Occupational Health to analyze the reported cases of occupational diseases during the period of "Twelfth Five-Year Plan". A statistical analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of the disease distribution in terms of sex, age, working years, enterprise type, enterprise scale, and region, as well as the incidence trend. Results: The overall incidence of occupational diseases in this province fluctuated and decreased gradually. There were a total of 5036 new cases of occupational diseases during the period of "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" ; 89.45% of them were male, and 69.78% of them were aged 40-69 years; the most frequently seen occupational diseases were pneumoconiosis (72.48%) and ear, nose, throat, and oral diseases (7.23%). Most cases of pneumoconiosis occurred after 5-10 years of exposure, and other occupational diseases usually developed within 10 years of exposure. New cases of occupational diseases were often seen in small and micro enterprises, as well as Wuxi, Suzhou, and Yancheng. Conclusion: During the period of "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" , the incidence of occupational diseases in this province decreased gradually, indicating improved control of occupational diseases, but we still need to pay attention to the high-risk population (male, aged over 40 years) , as well as the prevention of occupational noise-induced hearing loss, and to strengthen the supervision of small and micro enterprises.