Plywood Surfaces Research Articles

Surface Characteristics and Water Absorption of Sol-Gel Coated Impregnated Paper Pressed onto Plywood

Two silane-based hybrid coatings were developed to modify the surface energy of phenolic resin impregnated paper. The coated paper samples were further pressed onto surfaces of plywood. The surface properties and water repellence of coated paper were investigated by AFM, XPS and water contact angle measurements. The water absorption of plywood with pressed paper was studied by water uptake tests. It was found that the sol-gel coatings had slightly improved the water repellence of the impregnated paper. The water absorption of plywood was also slightly decreased.

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOME ARABIAN COFFEE VARIETIES

The aim of the research was studied some engineering properties of Arabian coffee seeds (Himy, Esmaely and Ma'arepy) varieties to analyze the behavior of the product to design threshing and grading machines. Three categories of the coffee grains were used to measure the main dimensions (length, width, thickness), mass, density, porosity, angle of repose and coefficient of friction. The overall means of volume, geometric diameter, arithmetic diameter, cross-section area and spherisity were determined. The highest frequency length, width and thickness of the coffee been seeds were 10, 7 and 7 mm, respectively. The medium categorize (from 7 - 10 mm) was denser than both small and large sizes of coffee bean as the porosity of that size was lower than those of both small and large sizes. The angle of repose increased with the decrease of coffee bean sizes as the relation with coffee bean seeds spherisity. The coefficient of friction decreased with the increase of coffee bean size at all surfaces. The maximum coefficient of friction was occurred on plywood surface followed by galvanized steel, tin plate, and glass for all categories of the coffee bean seeds.

Physical properties of shelled and kernel walnuts as affected by the moisture content

The variations in physical properties such as the size dimensions, unit mass, sphericity, projected area, bulk density, true density, volume, coefficient of friction on various surfaces, and terminal velocity of shelled and kernel walnuts as a function of the moisture content were determined. With an increase in the moisture content, the sphericity, projected area, bulk density, volume, and porosity of shelled and kernel walnuts increased, whereas the true density linearly decreased. Studies on rewetted walnuts showed that the terminal velocity increased from 14.17 m/s to 15.50 m/s, and from 12.60 m/s to 14.35 m/s, for shelled and kernel walnuts, respectively. The static and dynamic coefficients of friction of shelled and kernel walnuts on chipboard and plywood surfaces also increased linearly with an increase in the moisture content.

بررسی برخی خصوصیات مهندسی دانه بارهنگ

Due to medical and dietary properties of the Plantago Major L. seed, it is necessary to know engineering properties in order to design post harvest equipments. Engineering properties of Plantago Major L. seed was determined only at the moisture content of 7.98% dry basis, because of it produces mucilaginous components when it is soaked in water. The average of length, width, surface area, sphericity, perimeter, roundness and aspect ratio were determined 778.9 m, 514.8m, 29.6344 × 104 m2, 0.996, 1874.8 m, 0.620 and 1.53 respectively by means of image processing technique. The average thousands seeds mass, bulk density, true density and porosity were 147 mg, 701.8 kg/m3, 1283 kg/m3 and 45.3% respectively. Coefficient of friction was measured on the 5 surfaces of plywood, rubber, glass, fiberglass and galvanized sheet and the average value were 0.51, 0.46, 0.36, 0.35 and 0.33 respectively. Angle of emptying repose and angle of filling repose were 36.1˚ and 18.1˚ respectively and terminal velocity was determined 1.86 m/s. Keywords: Plantago Major L. seed, Dimensions, Density, Angle of repose, Coefficient of friction

Selected Geometric Characteristics, Density, and Mechanical Properties of Unsplit Pistachio Nut

In this study, several physical properties of unsplit pistachio nut were determined as functions of moisture content. By increasing moisture content from 5 to 20% all geometric characteristics increased linearly. Also, apparent and bulk density increased from 803 to 872 kg/m3 and from 458 to 575 kg/m3, respectively, while porosity decreased from 43% to 34%. Coefficient of static friction of the sample nuts on galvanized iron, plywood, and rubber surfaces increased linearly with moisture content. Nut splitting force decreased from 142 to 21 N and energy increased from 20 to 52 mJ with increasing moisture content from 5 to 20%.

IMAGE PROCESSING AND PHYSICO‐MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BASIL SEED (OCIMUM BASILICUM)

ABSTRACT Various physical properties of basil seed (Ocimum basilicum) were investigated at a moisture content of 5.32% (wet basis). In order to present a quick and an accurate method for measuring small seed dimensions, the image processing data was compared with the one measured experimentally, and the correlations between these were determined. The average length, width and thickness obtained by image processing and micrometer methods were 3.216, 3.220, 1.838, 1.840, 1.363 and 1.374 mm, respectively. The average projected area, sphericity and roundness evaluated by image processing were 4.407 mm2, 0.95 and 0.54, respectively. However, the average geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, surface area and sphericity calculated theoretically based on micrometer data were 2.009, 2.145 mm, 12.796 mm2 and 0.62, respectively. The average unit mass, 1,000 grain mass, volume, true density, bulk density and porosity were measured as 0.0020 and 2.23 g; 7.55 mm3; 1,038; 340.24 kg/m3; and 67.2%, respectively. The friction coefficient ranged from 0.300 for basil seed on glass up to 0.547 on plywood surface. The filling and funning angles of repose were established as 14.64° and 12.35°, respectively. The terminal velocity was 4.26 m/s, and textural properties including rupture force, hardness and toughness were determined as 537.4, 926.13 g and 246.32 g/mm, respectively.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAccording to the small size of some seeds, dimension measurement is difficult and time consuming; therefore, developing a rapid, easy, accurate and nondestructive method seems to be necessary. In recent years, computer vision system (CVS) has been increasingly used in the agricultural and food industry. Some examples of CVS application in food industry are: classification of cereal grains, evaluation of pork color, measurement and classification of corn whiteness, automated sorting of pistachio nuts, quality inspection of bakery products, inspection of Golden Delicious apples, detection of pinhole damage in almonds and detection of bones in fish and chicken; therefore, we decided to examine the possibility and accuracy of this technique for measuring seed dimension for the first time.In this study, in addition to introducing the CVS system for dimension measurement, the physico‐mechanical properties of basil seed have been determined, which is necessary for the design of equipment for harvesting, transporting, cleaning, packing, processing, etc.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON ANGLE OF REPOSE AND FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF WHEAT GRAIN

This study was carried out to determine the angle of repose of three varieties of wheat (Bani Suwayf 3, Giza 168 and Seds 1) at four different levels of grian moisture contents 9.30,10.0,11.11 and12.5 % (w. b). Also to determine the coefficient of friction at the same moisture contents and four different friction surfaces of plywood, galvanized steel, plastic and rubber. The angle of repose increased linearly with the increase of moisture content for all varieties under study.The static coefficient of friction generally increased with the increase of moisture contents.

Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Khinjuk

Khinjuk is oiling crop; therefore, physical and engineering properties are necessitate to determine for processing and equipment design. In this study, some raw material characteristics were determined for Khinjuk, in order to collect information about identifying some physical and mechanical properties of them. The average grain length, width and thickness were 5.49, 5.09 and 4.08 mm, respectively. The geometric mean diameter, thousand grain kernel and aspect ratio were 5.02 mm, 87.15g and 0.95, respectively. True density, bulk density and porosity were 1.01 kg m , 0.55 kg m and 45 %, respectively while the static -3 -3 coefficient of friction varied from 0.45 on plywood surface to 0.56 on galvanized iron. The angle of repose for static and emptying were 48.33 and 23.74 degree, respectively. Whereas the failure force and elongation o were 42.49 N and 1.35 mm respectively.

Efficacy of chlorfenapyr against Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults exposed on concrete, vinyl tile, and plywood surfaces

The insecticidal pyrrole chlorfenapyr was applied to concrete, vinyl tile, and plywood surfaces, at an application rate of 1.1 g AI m −2. Adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, and adult Tribolium confusum (Du Val), the confused flour beetle, were exposed for 2 and 4 h, removed, and held without food for 7 d post-exposure. All beetles survived the initial exposures, but survival of both species decreased during the 7-d holding period, with T. confusum being the more susceptible species. Survival was generally lower on concrete than on tile or plywood, and was greatly reduced on all three surfaces after 4 h of exposure compared to 2 h. Survival of T. castaneum after 2 h of exposure on concrete, tile, and plywood was 2.5±2.5%, 25.5±15.4%, and 40.0±7.1%, respectively, after 7 d. In contrast, all T. confusum exposed on concrete and tile were dead after 4 and 5 d, respectively, while survival on plywood after 7 d was 20.0±16.8%. After 4 h of exposure, all T. castaneum and T. confusum exposed on concrete and tile were dead after 2–4 d post-exposure, while survival on plywood after 7 d was 41.5±6.4% and 0 for each species, respectively. Non-linear and linear regressions were fit to the data for both species. Results show exposure to chlorfenapyr is effective against T. castaneum and T. confusum, but efficacy will vary depending on the surface substrate.

A contribution to the properties of combined plywood materials

The paper summarizes the results of institutional research aimed at new types of combined plywood materials. Under pilot plant conditions, three variants of combined plywood materials were pressed, namely with the layer of fibreglass, with a core cork layer and with a cork wear layer on one side of the plywood surface and a cork core. Tests of selected physical and mechanical properties were carried out on these materials including the basic statistical evaluation. Comparisons with plywood materials Multiplex 15 and 20 mm in thickness were also made.

Effect of Moisture Content on the Physical Properties of Fibered Flaxseed

The physical properties of fibered flaxseed were investigated within moisture content varying from 6.21 to 16.29%. The length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter increased from 4.20 to 4.44mm, 1.99 to 2.13mm, 0.91 to 0.95mm, and 1.95 to 2.06mm, respectively in the moisture content range. One thousand seed weight increased linearly from 4.22 to 4.62g. The bulk density decreased from 726.783 to 611.872kg/m3, while the true density increased from 1165.265 to 1289.341kg/m3 in the moisture content range. The porosity values of flaxseed increased linearly from 37.67 to 52.54%. The highest static coefficient of friction was found on the plywood surface, while the lowest on the stainless steel surface. The static coefficient of friction increased from 0.467 to 0.972, 0.442 to 0.864, 0.492 to 0.927, and 0.490 to 0.845 for plywood, stainless steel, aluminum sheet and galvanized iron, respectively. The angle of repose increased linearly from 25.7° to 33.8° in the moisture content range. The results are necessary for design of equipment to handling, transportation, processing, and the storage of flaxseed.

Moisture Dependent Physical Properties of Dry Sweet Corn Kernels

Physical properties of sweet corn kernels have been evaluated as a function of kernel moisture content, varying from 9.12 to 17.06% (db). In the moisture range, kernel length, width, thickness, and geometric mean diameter increased linearly from 9.87 to11.09 mm, 7.41 to 9.25 mm, 3.25 to 4.37 mm, and 6.18 to 7.62 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 9.12–17.06%. The sphericity index, kernel volume, kernel surface area, and thousand seed weight increased linearly from 62.6 to 68.8, 93.8 to 194.3 mm3, 120.1 to 182.9 mm2, and 220 to 268 gr, respectively. Apparent density and bulk density decreased linearly from 1.315 to 1.232 g/cm3 and 0.765 to 0.698 g/cm3, respectively, while bulk porosity increased from 41.8 to 43.3%. The highest static coefficient of friction was found on the plywood surface. The static coefficient of friction increased from 0.680 to 0.891, 0.605 to 0.741, and 0.530 to 0.644 for plywood, galvanized iron, and aluminum surfaces, respectively. The angle of repose increased linearly from 30.2 to 35.2° with the increase of moisture content.

Evaluation on some finishing properties of oil palm plywood

Oil palm is the largest and most important plantation crop in Malaysia. The oil palm generally lasts for 25–30 years before the next replantation is done. Substantial amount of biomass in the form of palm trunk results from plantation cycle. This resource is simply left on the ground to decay and is not used as raw material to manufacture any kind of value-added products. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of manufacturing plywood from oil palm trunks and to evaluate some of the finishing properties of such experimental panels in comparison to those from Shorea sp as control samples. Three-ply plywood samples were produced from 5 mm thick veneers of oil palm using urea formaldehyde adhesive. Three types of chemicals, namely nitrocellulose, pre-catalyzed lacquer and polyurethane were used to finish experimental panels. The surface finished with nitrocellulose had the lowest contact angle on raw surface of oil palm plywood and wood. The average cross cut tape index of oil palm plywood was comparable to Shorea sp. All finishing materials of oil palm plywood produced impact rating of 4 except for surface finished with nitrocellulose while finishing on wood indicated an impact rating of 3. Oil palm plywood had higher weight loss compared to Shorea sp. Based on results from contact angle, cross cut tape index, impact rate test, weathering, and soil burial test methods it appears that the samples showed acceptable finishing properties comparable to those of solid wood.

A novel method for high-resolution imaging of coating distribution within a rough-textured plywood surface

A new method was developed which enabled us to obtain high-resolution images of the distribution of an oil-borne stain in a saw-textured plywood surface. The method involved treating 90 μm thick plywood sections, which had been cut transversely through the wood-coating interface using a sliding microtome, with osmium tetroxide (OsO4) prior to examination with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) operating in backscattered electron imaging (BEI) mode. The combination of OsO4 staining and use of FE-SEM-BEI afforded excellent contrast differentiation between the coating and wood cell walls, revealing coating penetration into even nano-size cell wall cracks and delaminations formed during band-sawing of the plywood. The novel technique described adds a new dimension to probing wood–coating interface.

Mechanical behaviour under compression loading and some physical parameters of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs

Technical information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural and animal products are necessary to design various equipments for agriculture and industry. In this study some physical properties such as mass, length, diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, coefficient of friction and packaging coefficient were determined for Japanese quail eggs. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of Japanese quail eggs was determined in terms of average rupture force, deformation and toughness (energy absorbed by the Japanese quail eggs per unit volume). Egg samples were compressed along their <i>X</i> and <i>Z</i>-axes. The average values of their mass, length, width, shell thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume and packaging coefficient were measured to be 12.69 g, 34.87 mm, 26.20 mm, 0.27 mm, 28.82 mm, 2 608.5 mm<sup>2</sup>, 1.10, 359.17 mm<sup>3</sup>, 0.469, respectively. The values of the coefficient of friction for quail eggs on the surfaces of plywood, glass, galvanized steel and fibreglass were 0.301, 0.282, 0.274 and 0.266, respectively. The highest rupture force, deformation and toughness were obtained when Japanese quail eggs were loaded along their X-axis. Compression along the <i>Z</i>-axis required the least compressive force to break the eggs as compared to the other compression axes. Rupture force, deformation, absorbed energy and toughness for the <i>X</i>-front axis were determined to be 10.51 N, 1.5 mm, 7.88 Nmm and 0.219 Mj/mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively.

Enhancement of Physico-mechanical Properties of Plywood Surface with Urethane Acrylate (M-1200) by UV Curing Method

Several UV-curable formulations containing urethane acrylate (M-1200) oligomer with a trifunctional monomer, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), and photoinitiator Irgcure-369 were developed to improve the surface of plywood. Thin polymer films were prepared on glass plate with these formulated solutions and finally applied on polished plywood surface to modify the surface, and both were cured under UV-radiation. The properties of UV-cured thin films were studied as a function of UV-radiation intensities. Pendulum hardness (PH) and gel content were found to increase with the increase of TMPTA concentration up to a certain level and with further increase of monomer concentration the physical properties were decreased. The polymer-coated surface yielded enhanced physico-mechanical properties compared to that of unmodified surface.

Physical properties of coriander seeds ( Coriandrum sativum L.)

Physical properties of kernels, grains, and seeds are necessary for the design of equipment to handle, transport, process and store the crop. The physical properties of coriander seeds have been evaluated as a function of seed moisture content, varying from 7.10% to 18.94% (d.b.). In the moisture range, seed length decreased linearly from 4.74 to 4.61 mm, and width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean diameter increased linearly from 3.67 to 3.93 mm, 3.39 to 3.54 mm, 3.93 to 4.03 mm and 3.88 to 3.99 mm respectively with increase in moisture content. The sphericity, seed volume, and seed surface area increased nonlinearly from 0.820 to 0.867, 24.97 to 28.52 mm 3, and 42.09 to 45.62 mm 2, respectively. One thousand seed weight increased linearly from 8.72 to 9.71 g. The true density increased nonlinearly with moisture content from 332 to 349 kg/m 3 while bulk density decreased linearly 234.1 to 220.2 kg/m 3 in the range of moisture content between 7.10% and 18.94%, d.b. Also, porosity values of coriander seeds increased nonlinearly from 33.03% to 35.79%. The highest static coefficient of friction was found on the plywood surface. The static coefficient of friction increased nonlinearly from 0.435 to 0.877, 0.425 to 0.775, 0.379 to 0.839, 0.364 to 0.781, 0.344 to 0.650, and 0.325 to 0.694 for plywood, polypropylene knitted bag, polyvinyl chloride, galvanized iron, cast polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces, respectively. The angle of repose increased linearly from 24.9° to 30.7° with the increase of moisture content.

Microscopic assessment of the effect of saw-texturedPinus radiata plywood surface on the distribution of a film-forming acrylic stain

The micro-morphology of the wood-coating interface of saw-texturedPinus radiata plywood panels, which had been coated with a film-forming stain, was examined using a range of microscopic techniques. The surface appearance and tissue deformation characteristics of saw-textured plywood and the pattern of distribution of the applied coating were observed by combined light, confocal, and scanning electron microscopy. The saw-textured surface was highly irregular, with surface tissues greatly distorted, being bent, twisted, and occasionally detached, and showing extensive cell wall cracking. The applied coating conformed closely to the contours of the saw-textured surface, resulting in a highly variable film thickness. The film was thickest in the grooves and thinnest over the ridges, and in places discontinuous, particularly where wood cells protruded out of the wood surface. These and other salient features of the surface of saw-textured plywood are discussed in relation to the pattern of the applied acrylic stain topcoat.

Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of green wheat

Determination of physical characteristics of grain and agricultural commodities is important in the design of harvesting, handling, and processing equipment. Physical properties of green wheat (frikeh) kernels were established over moisture content range from 9.3 to 41.5% (w.b.) which covers the moisture range from harvesting to storage. Increasing of moisture content was found to increase axial dimensions, mass of 1000 seeds kernel surface area, kernel volume, and static friction coefficient, while decreasing bulk density, true density, and porosity. Kernel length, width, thickness, and effective mean diameter increased from 6.24 to 6.66 mm, 3.65 to 4.22 mm, 3.43 to 3.85 mm, and 4.19 to 4.75 mm, respectively. Mass of 1000 seeds was found to increase from 32.57 to 51.95 g. Kernel surface area, volume, and sphericity were found to increase from 47.07 to 61.02 mm 2, 28.84 to 41.95 mm 3, and 0.685 to 0.721, respectively. Bulk density, true density, and porosity were found to decrease with moisture content increase from 711.3 to 675.4 kg/m 3, 1333.2 to 1241 kg/m 3, and 46.65 to 45.59, respectively. Static friction coefficients were found to increase as moisture content increases. Static friction coefficient was largest between green wheat kernels and plywood surface ranging from 0.41 to 0.62, while the largest increase in static friction coefficient with moisture content was observed for stainless steel and ranged from 0.22 to 0.64.

Moisture-dependent physical properties of caper ( Capparis ssp.) fruit

This study was carried out to determine the effect of moisture content on some physical properties of caper ( Capparis ssp.) fruit. Four levels of moisture content ranging from 71.85% to 82.93% w.b. were considered in this study. The fruit length increased from 8.50 to 8.96 mm, width from 7.54 to 8.23 mm, its thickness from 5.67 to 6.90 mm, the geometric mean diameter from 7.13 to 7.96 mm, the sphericity from 0.83 to 0.89, the surface area from 1.59 to 2.00 cm 2, the one thousand fruit volume from 156 to 391 cm 3 and thousand of fruits mass from 143 to 273 g, increased, while the true density decreased from 916.66 to 598.2 kg m −3, bulk density increased from 394.30 to 424.69 kg m −3, the porosity decreased from 56.98% to 39.17% and the angle of repose increased from 14.84° to 18.05°. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction slightly decreased with the increases in moisture content for all the materials. The highest static and kinetic coefficient of friction were observed on plywood surface, followed by metal sheet, galvanized steel sheet, and rubber materials. This is due to the properties of friction surfaces. This trend may be due to the smoother and more polished surface of galvanized steel and rubber materials compared to metal steel and plywood. The fruits stick more to the friction surfaces as water content decreases.