Pluralistic Society Research Articles

Analisis Hukum Perkawinan Campuran di Indonesia: Tinjauan Yuridis dan Sosio-Kultural

This study aims to analyze the juridical and socio-cultural aspects of the implementation of mixed marriage laws in Indonesia. Mixed marriages, involving partners from different religious or ethnic backgrounds, have become increasingly common with the rise of mobility and cross-cultural interactions. However, the implementation of laws governing these marriages often encounters various challenges, both administratively and socially. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, gathering data through interviews with mixed-marriage couples, civil registration officials, and legal document analysis. The findings reveal that although formal regulations, such as Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage, exist, their practical application varies and often poses challenges for mixed-marriage couples. From a socio-cultural perspective, the stigma and social pressure faced by these couples are significantly influenced by cultural and religious backgrounds in different regions. The analysis using progressive legal theory indicates that Indonesian law needs to be more adaptive to serve the needs of an increasingly pluralistic society. The symbolic interaction theory helps explain that the stigma surrounding mixed marriages is constructed through social interactions and can be transformed through public education and inclusive social campaigns. This study concludes that legal reform and enhanced social understanding are necessary to create a more supportive and inclusive environment for mixed-marriage couples in Indonesia.

Reflections on Constitutional Adjudication in a Democracy

AbstractThis article examines the necessity for constitutional adjudication in a democracy. Democracy is not the government of the minority by the majority, but self-government of the people in a pluralist society. The article regards constitutional adjudication as a necessary component of a constitutional democracy to preserve self-government and individual rights as a pre-condition for the acceptance of majority decisions by the minority. Thus, constitutional adjudication is needed to uphold the possibility of democratic change and to protect individual rights also against the majority. Recent critique of individual decisions does not change this basic insight and practice of constitutional democracies.

Challenges of Christian Religious Education Teachers in Facing Era Society 5.0

The teacher is one of the components of education and includes christian religious education that largely determines the success or failure of the aims of Christian religious education. A christian religious education teacher is a teacher who educates students, young and old about the christian faith, imitating Jesus Christ in daily life and in carrying out his teaching duties. One of the goals of christian religious education is to produce human beings who can live their faith responsibility in a pluralistic society. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. This research data collection technique is by the discussion regarding the challenges of christian religious education teachers in facing the era of society 5.0. The results of this research.

Educating for global citizenship in religious education: Islamic perspective

This conceptual article expands our knowledge on the meaning and practice of spiritual global citizenship by focusing on the civic and global purposes of Islamic religious education in western societies. It reviews the literature written (in English) on Islamic religious education and global citizenship education and proposes educational strategies for considering the moral, socio-political, and reflective aspects of Islamic global citizenship education (IGCE). This includes, for instance, the recognizing of the possible contribution of Islamic traditions to peaceful and dialogic living; the significance of contextualizing, historicizing, and rationalizing religious interpretations; the recognizing of diversity within Islam and larger societies; the significance of moral reasoning in democratic and pluralistic societies; and the deconstructing of discourses of Islamophobia and extremism at the global level. Muslim students at middle and high school levels are encouraged to develop their global and self-reflective identities. The current study challenges the writings on the secular nature of global citizenship, and it illuminates the possible implications of spiritual global citizenship from an Islamic perspective.

K politickému liberalizmu Johna Rawlsa: Perspektivy a úskalí v současném občansko-politickém diskurze

Except to the Theory of Justice from 1971, which fundamentally changed the view of pluralist democracies with a market system on the welfare state and redistribution, John Rawls was also responsible for another application of philosophical doctrine to political practice by the form of the idea of political liberalism. This approach, as in the case of the „Theory of Justice“, was to once again solve the fundamental dilemma of democratic and pluralist societies built on the value basis of liberal tradition and market economy, how to approach opinion opponents who hold other ideological attitudes, which operate in democratic frameworks. In the presented text, we tried for an objective definition of John Rawls's political liberalism, while the study had the ambition to analyze the perspectives and pitfalls of this concept for the contemporary civil-political discourse. For the purpose of the presented study, we chose the method of analysis of the author's original work as well as secondary literature. Subsequently, we synthesized the obtained partial findings into statements and knowledge of new quality. The study demonstrated that, similar to the author's work „Theory of Justice“, this concept of the author in the form of „Political Liberalism“ is workable and applicable in civil-political practice. However, the text also works with the idea, that this approach is currently accepted rather formally, and the idea of political liberalism necessarily runs into the problem of gradual preference of liberal conceptions of the good life. By referring to authors from domestic and also foreign philosophical communities, the text demonstrated the international and interdisciplinary scope of the problem, which extends into the broad field of humanities and social sciences..

A Larger ‘We’; Identity, Spirituality and Social Change in Pluralistic Societies

Abstract Over the last decade, in the United States in particular, there has been an increasingly acute awareness of historic and ongoing social, racial, gender, and other disparities, and the frequent deployment of categories (for example BIPOC, LGBTQQIA2SP+, Latinx) and concepts (for example ‘cultural appropriation’, ‘white privilege’, ‘intersectionality’) that centre thinking and conversations around various axes of difference. For some critics, the hyper-focus on questions of difference is dismissed as ‘wokeness’, and its seeming ascendency across elite spaces—academic, cultural, and corporate—is viewed with alarm, particularly insofar as its advocates are seen to champion a type of illiberalism. Others have raised concerns that hyper-identitarianism may diminish possibilities for worker and class solidarity, or that it represents only an attenuated form of social justice. This article adds to this conversation by asking whether the energetic foregrounding of difference typical of ‘wokeness’ does not also pose a spiritual conundrum. To explore this question, it outlines what is here called the ‘connective worldview’, which draws from deep ecology, spiritual practices, and mystical insights common to many religious traditions to understand humans and their identities as interdependent, ephemeral and, ultimately, subject to transcendence. The article contrasts this with the ‘particularistic worldview’, which tends to set both individual and group identities in sharp relief, emphasizing the need to honour and manage difference. It argues that an ‘integrated’ perspective—one that strikes a balance between both worldviews—will be key for activists looking to foment social change while forging a larger ‘we’ in diverse, pluralistic societies.

Nonreligious Chaplains and Spiritual Care

Spiritual care in a religiously plural society necessarily includes care for the nonreligious. However, little is known about the nonreligious people who themselves work to provide spiritual care. Today, spiritual care providers, better known in the United States context as chaplains, come from a wide variety of religious backgrounds, including nonreligious or unaffiliated with religious tradition. While nonreligious chaplains have robust pluralistic skillsets—a professional strength and a benefit to spiritual care work—they nonetheless encounter training and workplace challenges specific to their religious identities. The theoretical framework of Christian normativity could account for these challenges.

How do Australian majority-group members acculturate? A person-centred approach

Understanding how majority-group members adapt to cultural diversity is increasingly important in plural societies such as Australia. However, little is known about majority-group members’ acculturation towards immigrants and self-identifying minority-group members in a shared society. We address this with data from two white Australian majority group samples (Study 1, n = 212 undergraduate students and Study 2, n = 300 community sample). Using person-centred latent profile analysis, we identified majority-group members to be following an integrated (endorsing both majority and ethnic minority cultures, study 1), dominant (endorsing mostly the majority culture), disengaged (rejecting both cultures) and receptive strategy (endorsing mostly ethnic minority cultures). In Study 2 we also identified a diffuse strategy (showing no clear cultural preference). Moreover, intercultural sensitivity and intergroup contact predicted the probability of belonging to these acculturation profiles in expected ways in both studies, positively predicting profiles higher in endorsement of other culture adoption (integrated, receptive) and negatively predicting those low in other culture adoption (dominant, disengaged). We discuss our findings with reference to the need for further theoretical development of how majority groups approach acculturation and additional investigation in a range of sociocultural contexts.

Two dual-categorization theories of tolerance: Commentary on Simon (2023).

This article provides a constructive critique on the disapproval-respect model of tolerance, which presents a dual-categorization-based explanation of tolerance with two components-disapproval and respect. Additionally, the article discusses the leniency contract theory, another dual-categorization-based theory of tolerance with two components-disagreement and open-mindedness-that has been largely overlooked by the tolerance research community. Both theories argue that tolerance arises from a sense of shared identity; however, they have distinct focuses in their conceptualization and consequences of tolerance. While the disapproval-respect model focuses on respect tolerance and its consequence in intergroup relations, the leniency contract theory focuses on open-minded tolerance, its consequence in minority versus majority influence, and the role of tolerance in enabling gradual and steady change toward a more pluralistic society. The leniency contract theory and disapproval-respect model together offer valuable insights into the ways in which group cohesion and diversity can coexist, even in the face of ideological disagreement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Can Classical Athens Offer Lessons for a Large, Pluralistic Society?

Abstract Recoiling from the power that Athenian democracy placed in the hands of the poor, the founding fathers of the United States took Athens as primarily an anti-model, whereas nineteenth-century defenders of slavery found Athens a very congenial model indeed, seeming as it did to lend a mantle of legitimacy to an unspeakable practice. After a “honeymoon period” in which democracy was idealized as the only legitimate form of government, now at the outset of the twenty-first century the alliance of democracy with a capitalism that often proves heartless to the less fortunate has raised some troubling questions about democracy itself. Despite its small size, classical Athens offers valuable guidance for tempering current difficulties in both the United States and elsewhere by adopting and adapting the selection of some officials by sortition, direct election by popular vote of elected officials, a rigorous system of accountability, and the fostering of civic and community values.

Problematics Of Today's Problem As A Threat Of Moral Degradation Of Generation Z

This study aims to look at the portrait of the current problem of da'wah and its strategy. This type of research is used for literature review or literature review. The results obtained are the condition of the portrait of da'wah in the current era of information globalization which is increasingly heavy and complex, of course, it becomes a challenge for the development of da'wah. The emergence of problems that target the younger generation becomes a threat point for the survival of Muslims, especially in Indonesia. The portrait of the problems faced and the challenges and threats for da'wah and da'i activists is the "silting of faith" due to the progress of the times such as problems related to the erosion of Aqeedah and Akhlaq, single religious shifts, problems of pluralistic, hedonistic, individualistic and materialistic societies related to rationalism. Muslims. The characteristics of the profile of the Indonesian Muslim community have caused problems both internally and externally. So that it requires the application of an effective and efficient da'wah strategy in order to compete and maintain Islamic values amid the threats of the times by improving the quality in terms of substantive competence and methodology, increasing the value of rahmatan lil alamin and universal values as well as the importance of mastering information technology by utilizing the latest media.

Care as a Way of Interreligious Dialogue

Abstract Intentional interreligious learning and dialogue usually take place at the academic level and deal with conceptual issues, but in pluralistic societies dialogue takes place naturally in interpersonal situations, such as therapy and other forms of helping or caregiving. In this essay, the author demonstrates the usefulness of care, an essential human expression and value, as a topic and means of interreligious dialogue. As a topic, studies on care in different cultural or religious contexts can uncover an underexplored aspect of those contexts. As a way or means of dialogue, care can help dialogue partners overcome conceptual issues and focus on the basic aim of dialogue itself: social and individual well-being. To demonstrate this, the author critically compares care and caring in Western and Chinese perspectives. A brief glimpse of a diverse but misunderstood Chinese caregiving tradition reveals new possibilities for the subject and practice.

Diaconia and Interreligious Cooperation in Switzerland

One of the most important areas of tension for diaconia in the Western European, German-speaking context is the demands of an interreligious and plural society. The social challenges to churches with their congregations and parishes, diaconal organizations, and the state with its social institutions are complex. This article deals with religious layers of social transformations that shape helping actions. It focuses on innovative projects in the field of spiritual care and diaconia that created new spaces of diaconal practice in the last ten years in the Canton of Zurich and Switzerland. Specifically, the process of accrediting the first imam at the University Hospital in Zurich, the employment of chaplains of Muslim and Jewish faith in the Swiss Army, and the training of Muslim chaplains in the Canton of Zurich are presented. On the one hand, the aim is to adequately define the relationship between diaconia and spiritual care in a pluralistic society. On the other hand, interreligious cooperation is analyzed as a process of intercultural communication and transcultural practice. From this, theses for prospective, innovative, and well-founded interreligious cooperation in diaconia can be gained, which can be further developed and discussed in other European and global contexts.

The Search for Some General Psychological Principles for Improving Intercultural Living in Plural Societies

The dramatic increase of intercultural encounters that have resulted from international migration and globalisation has presented challenges for societies, their institutions and their residents. The assumption is usually made that most culturally plural societies and their members seek to engage in positive encounters, rather than having conflictual ones. There are many factors (political, economic and historical) that can promote or limit the attainment of this goal of positive intercultural relations. Beyond these societal-level factors, another set of factors are psychological; these are based on the presence of some shared underlying psychological processes that enable mutual understanding and acceptance. For over 50 years, I have searched for some of these shared psychological principles, guided by some assertions contained in the Canadian policy of multiculturalism. These assertions are the promotion of: feelings of security in a group’s and a person’s place in the society; the presence of social contacts that are mutually respectful; and the existence of multiple identities and ways of living in the diverse population. This article reviews the evidence for these principles, using data from Canadian and international studies. I conclude that this psychological research has provided support for these general principles that are derived from public policy. As a result, they are ripe for possible use in many plural societies now seeking ways to manage and improve their intercultural relations. The journey has been from policy to research, and back to policy formulation and implementation.

Peacesantren: From Islamic Fundamentalism to Peace Education Islamic Boarding Schools Transformation

This study aims to analyze the foundation, educational process, and teaching curriculum at Peacesantren Welas Asih, Garut, as an Islamic educational institution that actually promotes the values of peace. The educational model at Peacesantren offers a peace education model that is capable of producing a generation of students who are able to become peacemakers and changemakers in society. This study uses a qualitative approach. The data was collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and document review. Observations focused on students’ activities in Peacesantren. Interviews were conducted with three teaching representatives (ustadz) who teach at the Peacesantren Welas Asih, Garut. A document review was carried out on sources related to Peace-Santren. Data were analyzed using descriptive-analytic method, which includes data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion. This study shows that the notion of Islamic boarding schools as a source of Islamic fundamentalism is an inaccurate assumption. The practice of education and teaching in Islamic boarding schools can be directed to meet the needs of the community in resolving conflict issues in the midst of a pluralistic society, issues of harmony and tolerance, and issues related to world peace. Islamic boarding schools are able to actually contribute to these issues by performming peace education institutions. The formulation of the educational foundation, educational process, and educational curriculum that refers to the values of peace originating from Islamic teachings is concrete evidence that Islamic boarding schools develop from Islamic fundamentalist institutions to peace education institutions.

The Ethos of Distance in Emotional Culture Critiques: Helmuth Plessner, Richard Sennett, Frank Furedi

Although COVID-19 gave “social distancing” an omnipresent urgency, the concept of distance—in its spatial meaning and in its metaphorical use for emotional detachment, interpersonal boundaries, and socially constructed difference—has been central to theories, practices, and ethics of modern sociability. This article argues that the sociological critique of modern therapeutic culture deploys a specific ethos of distance, which is shown through the work of Richard Sennett and Frank Furedi. Sennett and Furedi reactualize intellectual debates around the regulation of emotional exposure and vulnerability reminiscent of the “codes of cool conduct” in the culture of Weimar Germany, which Helmut Lethen has famously conceptualized based on the philosophical anthropology of Helmuth Plessner. Drawing on Sara Ahmed’s work, the article argues that this Plessnerian ethos of distance, while ostensibly designed to guarantee just and pluralistic societies, reproduces social hierarchies of political emotions and in this way prioritizes the stability of the current system and social cohesion over justice.

Women’s Reproductive Health Rights in Poland. Between a Druggists’ Conscience Clause and Their Legal Duty to Provide Contraceptives

This article recommends the promotion of moral competence in the health and pharmacy professions to enable them to respect human and patient health rights with a focus on the provision of reproductive and sexual health care services. In certain cultures, health care and drug providers follow their conscientious objection (conscience clause) and decline to perform specific health services, including the provision of legal contraceptives in cases protected by legal and human rights. Such malpractices may violate patients’ and purchasers’ legitime rights. The article also presents findings obtained in Poland with N=121 women experimentally interviewed to examine their experiences as contraception purchasers, to assess their preference concerning facing human vs. robotic pharmacists, to manage the risk of refusal argued by the conscientious objection, and to score their moral competence with one of the dilemmas included in the MCT by G. Lind. This study demonstrated that purchasers with higher C-score (C for moral competence) would not just prefer a robotic pharmacist without a ‘conscience’ but, rather, a competent sales staff able to instruct the patient and advice her on any related queries. It further results that participants with higher moral competence are thus less likely to trust the medical expertise of artificial intelligence. We conclude that public institutions in pluralistic societies must manage normative reproductive health contexts more inclusively, and the election, education, and practice of health professionals in the public health care sector require the development of a normative mindset toward respecting the rights of all patients instead of respecting them selectively at the diktat of particularistic conscience.

The Urgency of Religious Moderation in the Perspective of Islamic Education

The world of education in Indonesia has faced significant scrutiny in recent times, with various groups expressing concerns over radicalism and intolerance. Media reports have highlighted incidents that seem to be on the rise. Presently, the Indonesian Islamic education system is perceived to be lacking in its reflection of the principle of moderation. This study aims to assess the importance of implementing "Religious Moderation" in Islamic education to address these issues. Using a qualitative approach, the research captures and describes the existing phenomena, focusing on the subject of the study. The findings indicate a growing number of radical and intolerant acts within the Islamic education domain, necessitating an effective solution to counter these problems. The concept of Religious Moderation, which is actively promoted by the government, emerges as a potent antidote to combat radicalism and intolerance. Its implementation is vital to foster an environment of balance and tolerance within Islamic education. Both students and educators play essential roles in embracing and promoting this concept. The urgency of incorporating religious moderation in the Islamic education system cannot be overstated. By instilling values of tolerance, open-mindedness, and mutual respect, students can develop a more comprehensive understanding of their faith and engage in a pluralistic society harmoniously. Moreover, educators must lead by example, embodying the principles of moderation to inspire and guide their students toward a path of peaceful coexistence and understanding.

Nationalism Education: Dialectical Relations Between Darussalam Islamic Boarding School Education and Tradition of the Manokwari Society of West Papua

Research refutes the opinion of Francis Fukuyama, in his book The End of History and the Last Man (2006) which states that nationalism is dead and does not need to be taught. This thesis was written to strengthen previous research which also questioned the existence of nationalism in the world of education such as Coulby and Zambeta (2007) which stated that the old ideology of nationalism which in certain aspects was universalistic, humanistic conceptualized by intellectuals, lost "truth" and the power to captivated many people in the west. A new concept is needed to strengthen nationalism education which strengthens 'national stability' in areas transitioning towards industrial culture. Dewey ( 2010 ) stated that nationalism education for students forms the characteristics of a democratic life that cannot be separated from learning. Maksu>d (2008) states that nationalism education is an effort to raise national personality and pride in the homeland. Efforts to strengthen these values cannot be denied through teaching at all levels of education. This research shows that (1 ) the ideology of nationalism needs to be taught in formal education because it is considered dead; (2) Nationalism education is the basis for strengthening the spirit of unity and nationality; (3) Strengthening nationalism through formal education (schools and Islamic boarding schools) is one of the effective steps to suppress national disintegration. The main sources of this thesis are various research results and documentation relating to the dynamics of the pesantren in Manokwari which are synonymous with Islamic studies and traditionalism, with a pluralistic society adhering to the majority Christian religion and the strength of the Free Papua Organization movement. the dealektics of the educational tradition of nationalism in the Darussalam Islamic Boarding School and the cultural traditions of the local community which are implemented in behavior and attitudes within the people of West Papua. To obtain these data, observations, interviews and documentation were carried out which were analyzed through qualitative research with a phenomenological approach.

Purpose, Spirituality and Moderate Secularism: The Contribution of Religious Institutions to Purpose Development

Building on moderate secularism, this article proposes a contribution that religious institutions could make to the common good of pluralistic societies, making more salient their relevance in the public sphere. In particular, based on the latest academic research on the many personal and social benefits of having a clear sense of purpose, it is explored whether religious institutions could contribute to identifying and developing the person’s purpose as a central aspect of spiritual growth, and how to take on this task with the specific means religious institutions have available. Purpose is understood as a superordinate/second-order aim that organises short-term or low-level goals in a way that they are interconnected and can be read teleologically, and which necessarily includes a self-transcendence or other-regarding dimension. Even though this transcendence has, for many nowadays, a purely secular/horizontal meaning, it is argued that religious institutions should get involved in deliberately fostering purpose in a well-informed way, since purpose is a component of spiritual development. In addition, this could help to widen participation and reconnect with those who have moved away from institutional religion but still have a clear concern for spiritual development: the spiritual ‘seekers’, regaining their interest. This poses the challenge of bridging the gap between horizontal and vertical self-transcendence.