Plurality Of Opinions Research Articles

Socio-historical knowledge: the experience of philosophical-epistemological reflection

The fact that the principle of pluralism of opinions prevails in today's socio-historical knowledge shows that the “postmodern condition” (J-F. Lyotard), which began in the late 70s and early 80s of the twentieth century, expresses the characteristic and most significant features of its epistemological situation. This situation is characterized by a fundamental change of emphasis in the approach itself, not even to the solution, but to the very formulation of the problem of the truth values and the conditions for the reliability of the statements put forward. In the recent past, it was almost generally accepted to consider the issues of reliability of socio-historical knowledge as essentially methodological and to associate the possibility of understanding the truth with the improvement of the system of instruments of the scientific method, then in recent decades, the situation has radically changed. Under the influence of strengthening the position of the “postmodern condition", we are no longer talking about criterion (methodological, logical, epistemological, etc.), but about the meaning of truth in general, and socio-historical truth in particular.

The problem of «the northern territories» in the works of Russian orientalists

The problem of the «northern territories» in the relations between the USSR / Russia and Japan is a kind of echo of the Second World War, which makes itself felt up to the present time. The territorial issue between Moscow and Tokyo has turned into an anachronism, which Russia and Japan have been unable to overcome despite their efforts. In the article the works of Russian scientists have been analyzed and an attempt has been made to consider the key aspects of the historiography of the issue, including the discrepancy between points of view on its specific components. The author of the article studies the scientific works of domestic researchers on the topic and highlights the time of the emergence of the territorial dispute between the USSR and Japan; title documentation regulating the territorial delimitation between the USSR and Japan after the Second World War; points of view on the attachment of the legal rights of the Soviet Union to the Kuril Islands. Moreover, the assessments of Moscow’s refusal to sign the San Francisco Treaty of 1951; alternative points of view of researchers on the historical and legal foundations of the USSR and Japan to possess the Kuriles; pluralism of opinions regarding the belonging of Shikotan and Habomai to the Kuril Islands; whether the rights of the USSR / Russia to possess the Kuril Islands are vulnerable; views on the degree of importance of solving the territorial problem for Japan, etc. have been considered.

Monetary Policy and Inequality

The article provides a literature review of studies of the impact of monetary policy on income and wealth inequality. Based on the analysis and systematization of the articles mainly written over the past 25–30 years as well as articles written by central bank authorities, the main approaches to assessing the extent to which the Fed's actions are responsible for the growth of wealth inequality in the United States, which began in the 1970s, are identified. It was revealed that the relative unanimity of economists on this issue was replaced by significant pluralism of opinions after the crisis of 2007–2009. Among other reasons this was caused by the activity of central banks and their use of non-conventional approaches in conducting the monetary policy. In addition, the channels through which the actions of central banks affect the distribution of wealth in the economy are identified. In total, five such channels were singled out. Thus, changes in the monetary policy affect the debt market and the structure of assets and liabilities of households, while households with fixed incomes and with a high propensity to use cash are more likely to suffer losses during the expansionary monetary policy. And the fifth channel, which is less popular among the economists, the "Cantillon effect", leads to an increase in the wealth of the first recipients of the issued money at the expense of those who are farthest from the center of emission. The article provides empirical evidence of why this effect is significant for the American economy, and theoretical arguments indicating that taking the Cantillon effect into account can add certainty to studies of both monetary policy costs and institutional changes caused by rising inequality.

Features of the Political Development of Africa in the Postcolonial Period

The article is devoted to the features of the formation and development of Africa in the postcolonial period. The authors study such fundamental issues as the formation of modern States in Africa, the formation of the ruling elite and its influence on the political and socio-economic system, the role of the army and ethnic conflicts in the process of state formation. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that Russian and foreign historical science has not yet formed a common opinion on how to assess the consequences of the colonial period for Africa. Pluralism of opinions, on the one hand, generates the discussion for research, on the other, introduces a destructive imbalance in the representation of the region. As a novelty of the study, it’s necessary to note the neo-patrimonial approach to studying the features of the postcolonial period in Africa. It identifies separate thematic blocks that help assess the impact of colonization on the development of countries on the continent. The article also considers the correlation between the traditional and westernized elements within African political culture. The borrowing of political institutions and statehood theories is also considered not only as a consequence of the colonial past, but also as the political choice of the first national leaders of Africa, in the framework of their aspiration to choose an effective development way and to find a balance between the tradition and modernization. The main purpose of the study is to assess the results of decolonization in the context of ethnic, military and political aspects of the formation of African States. The polemic nature of the principles of understanding the postcolonial period of African development has led to the need to use a functional approach as a methodological basis. This is due to the need to study the principles of functioning of the political system of the region, rather than individual states. The neo-patrimonialist approach also gave rise to the use of a comparative method to compare the main theoretical postulates with the real situation in Africa. A vast array of sources and literature in Russian and English is needed to reflect the multi-vector possibilities of research on African issues.

THE CHOICE OF AN OBJECT OF STUDY IN THE THEORY OF LAW

The relevance of the problem of choosing the object of study in the theory of law is determined by the need to tackle the debatable issue of pluralism in understanding of law. It is noted that one of the reasons for theoretical and legal pluralism on the concept of law is the lack of uniform criteria for identifying the object of study in the general theory of law. The situation with the concept of law in legal science, including with the pluralism of opinions, is considered largely as a result of the scientists and practitioners attitude described as first understand the law and then create a single concept of law. The fundamental research carried out in legal science and wide discussions on the concept of law are taken as positive; one of the parameters is the principle of separation of the object and subject of legal science. It is shown that when constructing a scientific theory of law, the primary question is the object of study, that is, the question of law itself as a special fragment of the real world, but not a disputable issue of the concept of law. However, in practice, when identifying the object of scientific knowledge in the general theory of law, scholars choose to study the most diverse fragments of the world, although they designate them with the same term law. Since various objects called law are subjected to scientific research, one cannot expect to derive a single concept of law. With regard to the analysis of the concept of law and the data of modern science, the following set of attributes for identifying law as an object of study in law theory is proposed for consideration: Law is a set of social norms enshrined in written language by the state and designed for people to interact with each other and with public authority such as state and other entities.

Democracy in Education between Reality and Aspirations: Palestine as a Model

The research aims to study “education democracy " in terms of democratic practices in the educational process, developing a spirit of criticism, plurality of opinions, tolerance towards the opinions of others, respecting the decision of the majority and taking responsibility for the decision. In addition to the relationship between democracy and education, the relationship between democracy and education as a practice, and clarifying the goals of education for democracy, and clarifying areas of democratic awareness, the implications of education for democracy and procedures for developing democratic practices in education and the detection of obstacles to democratic practices in the educational process, and that is in the context of an applied analytical and scientific study based on the researcher's visit to Palestinian educational institutions and his knowledge of their reality, through which the researcher seeks to present what is hoped from the "education democracy" and how should it be applied to reality and what goals should these institutions seek to achieve?

Mapping second wave feminist periodicals: Networks of conflict and counterpublics, 1970–1990

The second wave of feminism saw a surge in women's publishing that resulted in a women-controlled communications infrastructure within feminist periodicals. As a result of women actively contributing to the ‘letters to the editor’ pages, second wave periodicals offer rich source material for tracing the development of feminist theory. Indicative of an invested and participatory counterpublic of readers, second wave periodicals also reveal the internal disagreements and debates which feminists were grappling with during the 1970s and 1980s.Spare rib,Trouble & strife,Revolutionary/radical feminist newsletterandOutwritewere feminist periodicals that all published coverage of the 1982 Lebanese war, and discussed the subsequent implications of anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. Conflict over how correctly to cover the disagreements, both editorially and ideologically, dominated the correspondence pages of these periodicals. However, mediating conflict was uniquely suited to the medium of a periodical, as it allowed for less outspoken women to see themselves as contributors and add to a plurality of opinion. The visual mapping of these debates by means of Social Network Analysis highlights how the circulation of feminist periodicals enabled communication in the form of a webbed network of debate. The periodical format, and in particular the letters pages, offered a much-needed forum for criticism and disagreement to play out, and in turn the advancement of feminist discourse. As historical source material, they tell the story of a complex and diverse movement, unsettling the notion of a neat chronology of distinct decades of feminist history.

DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD SCIENCES IN UKRAINE IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY

FEDOROVYCH Anna – PhD (Education), Associate Professor of General Pedagogy and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, 24 Ivan Franko Str., Drohobych, 82100, UkraineE-mail address: f_anna_v@ukr.net ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-5039 ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/1967804/anna-fedorovych/ CHEPIL Mariya – PhD hab. (Education), Professor of General Pedagogy and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, 24 Ivan Franko Str., Drohobych, 82100, UkraineE-mail address: chepilmaria@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2215-3994 ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/2354679/marija-czepil/To cite this article: Fedorovych, A., & Chepil, M. (2020). Development of child sciences in Ukraine in the early 20th century. Human Studies. Series of Pedagogy, 10/42, 47‒61. doi: https://doi.org/10.24919/2413-2039.10/42.192167 Article historyReceived: December 3, 2019Received in revised form: January 15, 2020 Accepted:March 11, 2020Available online: April 28, 2020Journal homepage:http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039© 2020 The Authors. Human studies. Series of Pedagogy published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). The article focuses on the history of child sciences in Ukraine; the emergence of the paedological movement, which was spread worldwide in the early 20th century world, is demonstrated; the scientific origins of the knowledge about the child are examined and on this basis the approaches that determined the areas of research in this field are characterized. It has been found that the paedology being singled out was caused by two scientific factors: on the one hand, the scientists accumulated psychological and pedagogical experimental knowledge, looking for ways to improve the pedagogical process, methods and techniques of teaching; on the other, the achievements of the natural sciences intensified the study of man in general, which also caused the attention to the childhood period. The early twentieth century was marked by pluralism of opinions, approaches, and areas of study of the child. Specialists in various scientific fields tried to explain the features of the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, and social development, paying special attention to the detection of pathologies. The paedology synthesized all the major scientific studies and achievements related to the development of the child’s personality. The influence of this science on the further development of pedagogy, psychology, and defectology was decisive. It has been proved that the greatest rise of paedology was in the 1920s. Its content was characterized by psychological, anatomical, physiological, biological and sociological approaches to the development of the child. In Ukraine, the essence of child sciences has been expanded thanks to a cultural and historical approach. It is emphasized that the source of modern child sciences (child psychology, pedagogical psychology, social pedagogy, special pedagogy and psychology, paedeutology, school hygiene, ethnography of childhood, genetic psychology, child psychiatry, psychology of labor and human behavioral biology) was paedology.Funding. The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

The Rise of China's Political and Economic Influence in the Modern World: Pluralism of Opinions

The increasing political and economic influence of China on the international economic relations, whilst remaining the relative closeness of its economy and reluctance to provide reciprocal access to the national market, is becoming an important topic for discussion among Western and Russian researchers. The purpose of the study is to analyze the modern scientific view on growing influence of the PRC worldwide as a new political player, as well as to identify contradictions arising in the world economy. The methodological basis consists of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison methods, historical and logical approaches to the examined phenomena, which allow to identify contradictions and problems that Russia could face due to China's global economic expansion. The authors substantiate the need for Russian to use the experience of other country in protecting its national interests throw creating mechanisms for foreign investments screening, as those investment can have negative impact on the recipient economy and its integration partners. The article provides recommendations for Russia on how to develop the mutually beneficial and effective investment cooperation with China.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ПРЕЗИДЕНТСЬКОЇ ВЛАДИ В УКРАЇНІ НА ПОЧАТКОВОМУ ЕТАПІ НЕЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ

The article attempts to analyse the peculiarities of the formation of the presidential power in Ukraine and the problems of its activity during the first years of independence. It is worth noting that the system of the Presidency Institute was completely new for Ukraine, although the experience of this power was already in the Soviet Union, and Mykhailo Gorbachov was elected the first USSR President. A detailed analysis of the legislative framework of that period became important, and it made possible to investigate the causes of contradictions that arose between the main branches of power – the executive and the legislative ones, to determine what position the President of Ukraine held in these relations. Attempts at the Presidential Administration to expand their influence on the system of government in the country by establishing such structures as the State Duma of Ukraine and the Institute of Presi­dential Representatives are discussed in detail. Analysed why these reforms were not successful and were quickly completed. It is interesting to give opinions on these issues of different political leaders of the period, who actually stood at the beginnings of building a new political system of Ukraine. It should be mentioned that the appearance of the State Duma was particularly negative, criticised even its name and feared that this structure would take over partially the powers of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, and its legislative activity would create significant legal conflicts, taking into account normative legal acts that were actively developed and adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. A problematic issue such as recruitment for new structures is explored separately. It is mentioned that often the preference was given not to professional and business qualities, but to political and personal sympathies, which led to the penetration of incompetent performers into the authorities. As a result of a detailed analysis of the events of that period, the author concludes that all the changes, which were made on a broad legal basis, were not successful, since the country lived under the Soviet Constitution. This document had to be adopted urgently, but given the pluralism of opinions between the branches of power and in the parliament itself, it was clear that constitutional reform would be delayed. Thus, the contradictions between the branches of power and the evolution of the presidency institute have been prolonged for a long time.

Суспільне мовлення в країнах Балтії у період відновлення державності

The article examines the features of public broadcasting in the Baltic States during the restoration of statehood. It is emphasized that the conditions of post-communist development have significantly influenced the media system and its information policy. The definitions of the "public broadcasting" concept and its main meanings are analyzed. The peculiarities of the development and formation of public broadcasting in the post-communist countries, which have created certain cases for further improvement of state policy on the media, are traced. The structure of a special institution to which the state broadcasters of the Baltic States are subordinated is considered. Emphasis is placed on financing state television and radio companies. The main features of the program policy in accordance with the national legislation are indicated. The study proved that the information policy of public broadcasting is significantly influenced by geopolitical and cultural factors that contribute to the coverage of the pluralism of opinions of the ethnic composition of the population. The liberalization of socio-political life leads to the fact that one of the main responsibilities of public service broadcasting in the Baltic States is to ensure the unhindered dissemination of comprehensive coverage of events in the country and abroad. The internationalization of the Baltic media by Western companies contributes to their Westernization and development in accordance with European principles. In the course of the research it was determined that the formation of public broadcasting in the Baltic States is due to the integration of political, cultural and historical determinants. A feature of the informational space of the Baltic States is bilingualism, which contributes to the democratization of society and the development of the media. It is proved that the democratic development of the state requires the functioning of public television and radio, which provide coverage of information taking into account the social, cultural, religious and other diversity of the population.

Effects of age and tenure on MPs’ legislative behaviour in the Czech Republic

ABSTRACTDemocratic regimes are based on the idea of reflecting the public’s plurality of opinions. However, parliamentary representation of some groups of citizens is inadequate. Unlike the underrepresentation of women or ethnic minorities, insufficient participation of young and old age cohorts has not received enough attention yet. To enrich public debate, I scrutinise effects of age and tenure on MPs’ parliamentary performance. I utilise a large-N quantitative study of the legislative behaviour of deputies in the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2017. The results suggest that the legislators’ age affects their voting attendance and activity positively, while tenure does so in a negative direction. Older MPs propose more bills and more experienced representatives address more speeches compared to their younger colleagues and novices, respectively. Moreover, the MPs’ age and tenure positively influence their gains of praesidium posts in intra-parliamentary bodies. Considering the results implying that age influences MPs’ parliamentary performance, more equal parliamentary representation of different age cohorts is a justifiable goal.

Islamic Juridical Discourse on Death

This paper engages with a highly sensitive issue of biomedical ethics where a patient—whose heart is still beating—may or may not be declared dead. To be more precise, the study outlines some of the controversies associated with the issue of brain death debated and argued by contemporary Muslim juridical scholars and medical scientists, with illustration of the legal and medical reasoning behind them. The study will explore the question of removing a patient from life support machines once scientifically declared brain dead by medical experts and practitioners. It is demonstrated that the discussion on brain death has evolved into plurality of opinions and hence the issues involved in it have been subject to disagreement, which lends flexibility to the Islamic jurisprudence and allows implementation of Islamic injunctions in the best interest of the person in question and his/her family. The discussion is directly related to the question, “when does legal personality end?” The end of legal personality entails determining—if the patient is a man—(a) should his wife be treated as a widow?; (b) should his wife undergo ‘iddah period and be allowed to marry another man?; (c) should his children be treated as orphans; (d) should his property/assets be divided among his heirs?; (e) while in such a condition (i.e., brain dead) should he inherit if a relative dies?; (f) can he be given any gift while in such a state? These are some of the legal questions this discussion will help answer them.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT IN TERMS OF RENT THEORY DEVELOPMENT

Research relevance lies in the irreversibility of course choice for embodiment of the sustainable development concept. However, a pluralism of opinions, concerning the implementation of model definition of this concept, as well as the priority tasks for realization of its constituents significantly decelerates the socio-economic development of Ukraine. An inadequate scientific research of the sustainable development problems on a microeconomic level generates the reduction of expected management results and the degree of progressive changes at the level of individual business units. The role and transformation of accounting science, necessary for the implementation of the sustainable development concept, are not fully disclosed. The research purpose and tasks are to determine the accounting component of sustainable development concept on the basis of the rent theory, to outline the directions of rent accounting development under the following factors influence: globalization and transformation of the ownership institution and scientific research activation on this basis, aimed at forming the theoretical and methodological baseline of rent accounting ‘as an additional income. The methodology of the research includes general scientific methods of cognition the necessity and invariant implementation of the sustainable development concept, its constituents allocation and specification; dialectical method for cognition the economic content of rent; a comparative analysis of the definition differences, formed at different stages and forms of realization of economic relations; modeling method for determining the direction and logic of the rent accounting development under the influence of such factors, as globalization and ownership institution transformation. It has been established that realization of sustainable development concept should take place with understanding of the interaction mechanisms of economic, social and environmental components. These generate new ideas about the basic socialization mechanisms and social development of human, external influences on the environment and cost estimation. The interconnection of the constituent of sustainable development concepts and the economic, social and ecological system as a whole is the basis for the theory and practice development of accounting. The accounting information creates preconditions for assessing the achievement and forecasting of further sustainable development of the economy as a separate economic entity, region, country, and the world as a whole. It has been established that the existence of discussion aspects in the treatment of rent and failure to recognize the last object of accounting should be considered as one of the essential factors in accelerating the implementation of the sustainable development concept. Bearing the results of research in mind, the development of a conceptual approach to rent accounting, as an additional entity income, should be based on the recognition the rent as a management object, that requires adequate information support for users’ requests from the accounting system side, based on the systematic development of the theoretical, methodological and organizational-practical regulations of rent accounting. The practical value of research is to formulate a methodological provision of rent accounting, which will further improve an active and passive income distribution of relation participants in the economic sphere. The obtained scientific results will form the prospects for further research, which will lay in proving the need for the transformation of the property institute in the post-Soviet countries, to determine the models of rent relations between different parties in the field of economic relations, as well as to determine the rent-forming factors of production for the development of the rent assessing methodology.

Stasio Lozoraičio jaunesniojo demokratinės Lietuvos vizija

[only abstract in English; full article and abstract in Lithuanian]
 Stasys Lozoraitis Jr. is of one the most influential Lithuanian diplomats of the 20th century, having served as chargé d’affaires in Rome and as head of the Lithuanian diplomatic service in exile. S. Lozoraitis Jr. maintained his status as a vital figure of the independence movement and thereafter during the early years of independence as an ambassador to the United States. Although S. Lozoraitis Jr. never published extended written work or explained his political views in detail, numerous public speeches, congratulation letters, interviews and notes become a significant source of information when attempting to analyze particular political views and the theoretical outlook that the diplomat had and used as guidance in his goals of Lithuanian national sovereignty, the reinstatement of democracy and international recognition. The purpose of this article is to analyze the aforementioned historical sources, kept in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and published in separate works, in an attempt to form a coherent picture of the principles of democracy as interpreted by S. Lozoraitis Jr. and how these principles should apply to Lithuania, as it gains its independence from the Soviet Union.The first chapter delves into the Lithuanian diplomatic service during the last decades of the 20th century, the challenges it faced and how the role of the said organization was envisioned by the chargé d’affaires S. Lozoraitis Jr. The diplomatic service was in a unique position during the period of the Soviet occupation, as its duty was to represent a state that was essentially erased from the map. While larger, more powerful states see diplomacy as a supplementary tool, according to S. Lozoraitis Jr., smaller states such as Lithuania relied on their diplomats far more. The LDS, while in exile, is seen as a symbol of the fight for independence for the natives having their fight at home.The second chapter details three primary principles of democracy and how they fit into the image of a sovereign Lithuania. The first principle is the plurality of opinion, which is held as a certain ontological principle that is inherent in life. Human life, according to S. L. Jr., is based around a variety of opinions and attitudes; an open society is simply crucial for a healthy democratic process. Rebuilding societal ties shall be one of the main challenges for independent Lithuania. The second principle is freedom, which is essential for human self-expression. Freedom, in a way, permits the flourishing of the plurality of opinion; therefore, both of these principles are interlinked. The third principle – law – ensured that the former two principles are not violated and can flourish in a democratic society. Law guarantees both the plurality of opinion and freedom as well as freedom both domestically and internationally.Despite the fact that the theoretical and normative outlook of democracy of S. Lozoraitis Jr. at first seems quite eclectic, after an in depth analysis, it can be concluded that all three of aforementioned principles are interlinked and help maintain a healthy democratic order and society as well as ensuring peace among its neighboring nations, which is seen a primary international goal for an independent Lithuania.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE AXIOSPHERE OF THE FUTURE TEACHER IN THE DIALOGUE SPACE OF MODERN EDUCATION

Introduction. The vector of development of the education system, the choice of its contents, quality and results of training, style and spirit of the relationship of its participants, degree of their informative activity, intellectual and cultural growth are firstly caused by valuable attitudes of participants of the educational process. A teacher is a bearer of values. One of the main functions of the teacher is the education of the younger generation, the introduction of the person to moral ethics and universal values. In this regard, training of future teachers has to include the purposeful formation of the system of the internal, emotionally experienced values which will help them to cope with the complex of socio-cultural problems in the future professional activity.The aim of the paper is to present the research findings on the conceptual model of the dialogue space of education as the basis for the development of the future teacher axiosphere which corresponds to current ideological, social, economic, technological and other progressive civilization trends.Methodology and research methods. In the course of the research, fundamental ideas of the following scientific approaches were applied: humanistic approach – free and creative development of an individual; dialogical approach – pluralism of opinions and a variety of positions of subjects of education; axiological approach – attitude of the individual to the world around him/her, to other people and to himself / herself; activity approach – specific activity of the individual, aimed at appropriation of social experience by the person, change of the surrounding world and selfhood. To design and organize the model of the dialogue space, the methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization of the theory and practice were used.Results and scientific novelty. The authors presented the strategic guidelines of the interactive environment education: the development of social cooperation, using the pedagogical peaceful potential, the development of interpersonal and intergroup relations, organizing children spiritual and moral education as a national priority. The teacher value system was revealed empirically and described. It was found out that a modern teacher should responsibly perform the professional duties of a mentor, tutor and facilitator of the educational process. The authors clarified the concept of “axiological sphere” of the teacher. The teacher axiological sphere is considered as a complex of personal, professional-pedagogical and socio-cultural values. These values have separable functions. Firstly, they determine the content and nature of the educational activity. Secondly, they regulate the interaction of the participants of the educational activity. Thirdly, they stimulate personal self-expression of the members of that activity. Fourthly, they directly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of education.The conceptual model of dialogue space of education as a formation zone for the teacher’s axiosphere was designed on the basis of the theoretic-methodological, philosophical, psychological and pedagogical concepts of the leading scholars’ writings. The resources of this space were identified; its structural components were presented and proved. The implementation of the components mentioned above can create a special context for the humanitarian training of a future teacher; will give an opportunity of interactive development of students’ common cultural, communicative and special competencies; will increase students’ motivation to pedagogical activity, the search of new ideas for training, innovations and professional self-education. The authors demonstrated the value orientations typology and tactics of their acquisition by students at the dialogue level.Practical significance. The presented materials can be used in practice of the higher pedagogical education to improve the quality of graduates’ training through enrichment of their personality axiological sphere. The model for the formation of the future teachers’ value system in dialogue educational space will allow providing conditions for individualization of routes of their training taking into account different approaches to the organization of activity of education participants and features of their self-development.

Інформаційний напрям політики захисту національних інтересів держави: особливості доступу та контроля над політичним дискурсом.

The peculiarities of the formation and functioning of three models of the information direction of policy of the national interests’ protection of the states of the world – the subsidiary (USA, UK, EU and NATO), vertical (Russian Federation) and transitional (Ukraine) models – are revealed.It is determined that the subsidiary model focuses on the horizontal informational and communicative interaction between the structural elements of the political system. Its purpose is to create an extensive network of process participants who can independently counteract threats and ensure the implementation of the policy of national interests’ protection on the ground.The vertical model focuses on creation of the clear vertical line of the development and implementation of the information direction of policy of national interests’ protection. The participation of a wide range of stakeholders in its development and implementation is limited. The basic structural elements of the system are the government, ministries and departments, media-controlled authorities, civil society institutions that execute the agenda developed by the “center”.The transitional model is characterized by a combination of vertical and subsidiary models with the subsequent transition to the latter.The features of access and control over the political discourse of each model are distinguished. It is determined that the subsidiary model is oriented on the achievement of a consensus between the state and society, the plurality of opinions, the inclusion of a large number of interested individuals/groups in the development and implementation of policies, including informational one. The state delegates some of its powers to society, and these allows it to be involved in the development, translation and transformation of discourse within the limits of the allowed parameters.The vertical model relies on tight control and subordination of the periphery to the center and eliminates any alternatives. The administrative-command approach allows to make decisions and to fill the political space with the necessary meanings and images fast enough without coordinating the interests of stakeholders which affect the preferences of target audiences. This testifies to full access and control over the production and distribution of political discourse.In the transitional model, emphasis is made on finding optimal options for the development and dissemination of discourse in transit conditions, changes in the management systems of local territories, delegation of part of the powers to the territorial communities, including powers in the information and communication. The peculiarity of such a state is the lack of a single consolidated discourse that would suit most of the interest groups. This situation creates conditions for the simultaneous existence of several conflicting discourses pretending to dominate, and the risk of capturing political-informational, politicalfigurative and political-semantic spaces by other states.

Living in the Filter Bubble: Is What We Lose Something We Need to Preserve?

This paper examines the negative consequences of the filter bubble phenomenon, described by Eli Pariser in his book “The Filter Bubble. What the Internet Is Hiding from You” – the limitation of access to certain information due to the excessive and constant personalization of the content on web. The focus is given to the special role the search engines like Google, Yahoo or Bing play in the creation of filter bubble. The general aim of this paper is to raise awareness about the drawback of the current situation, to highlight possible threats posed to the deliberative democracy and briefly examine the possible solutions. Although it is arguable, the problem we might be facing with the personalization of Web and search results is that it poses a number of threats to the democratic society as well as to the values embodied in it e.g. freedom of speech, access to information or pluralism of opinions. The first chapter examines the filter bubble phenomenon in the context of how search engines contribute and might contribute to its existence. In this author’s view, although the search engines are just one of the personalized services creating the filter bubble, because of the role they play as actual information intermediaries in the information-based society, they are one of the most important factors in creation or destruction of the filter bubble. The part of the present paper discusses this interplay between search engines and information cocoons in which Living in The Filter Bubble we apparently live. The second chapter examines the threats posed by the filter bubble and so thus by the personalized Web search services. Following Sunstein’s thought, this paper assumes that the requirement of the deliberative democracy is not only that citizens have freedom of speech and the right to pluralism of thoughts, but that they are effectively exposed to other’s views and opinions. Being close in the filter bubble does not allow that to the significant degree, therefore it is possible that although the search engines do not block access to certain information, but somehow ‘hide’ it from users, that might be sufficient to pose a threat to the effective functioning of the exchange of opinions and thought, so thus to the deliberative democracy in general. Should then this issue be regulated? How? This issue is discussed in the final chapter of the paper, which suggest, that while the legal regulation is possible and needed, the field where the changes could happen now more easily and likely are social norms on the use of search engines. On the one hand, as to the principle, the public enjoys personalized content of the Web, as well as enhanced search results which it finds more accurate and helpful (individual interest). On the other hand, as indicated previously, the public interest might be endangered. Any discussion on possible regulation needs to acknowledge two opposite points of view. Therefore, the question of regulation remains not easily solvable. Following Lessig’s Code, the author examines whether the solution to the identified problem might be found through the change of architecture, social norms, and law or by the market forces. At the end of the day, the author suggests that the issue of the filter bubble and search engines appear to be a moral question on civil responsibility and therefore the first response to it could be found in the proper shaping of social norms. The ultimate response to the phenomenon of the filter bubble depends from the choice of values to be made by the members of society – little comfort or small act of social responsibility in pursue of protection of democratic values? Individualism over collectivism.

INVESTIGATION OF ISSUES OF MILITARYMARITIME POLICY OF KAISEROV GERMANY IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOVIET HISTORICAL SCIENCE IN 1918-1920-S.

The paper briefly examines the main points of studying the problems of the naval policy of Kaiser Germany against the backdrop of the emergence of a new academic science in the Soviet Union. Particular attention is paid to transformations in historical knowledge. The role of methodology in the development and organization of scientific work, and the creation of educational infrastructure are emphasized. However, it is noted that in the first postrevolutionary years (1918-1920), the methodology of Marxism-Leninism, although it was a guiding factor in scientific knowledge, was forced to put up with the neighborhood of old pre-revolutionary methods. This led to a certain pluralism of opinions in the vein of one formal method of scientific work. These circumstances made it possible to take a fresh look at the picture of the naval policy of the German Empire before the First World War. Moreover, under these conditions, the source base of the research was replenished. It included archival material, as well as translated and memoir literature. As a result of the analysis of these sources, Russian scientists in the years 1918-1920. Could present their original view of the naval problem in the early twentieth century. At the same time, the main attention of the authors was focused on the consideration of the two directions of the naval aspirations of the Kaiser's Reich - the colonial and the development of German-English naval antagonism.

Involving the general public in creation and sharing of knowledge about food.

Abstract Research suggests that since the whole society is dependent on the quality of food, food science and education need a dialogue with the citizens. Trust in food is decreasing, the concerns are increasing and the societal needs of knowledge about food are more extensive than what can be accomplished by traditional learning. However, very few approaches have been applied in food science allowing scientists and citizens to inform each other. This paper begins by introducing the concepts of open educational resources (OERs) and citizen science (CS). Secondly, a review of the literature on the use of these approaches in the field of food science is presented. Finally, a rationale is introduced to apply these approaches in contested and complex food issues. A literature review resulted in 14 articles that outline the potential or practical involvement of citizens in production or sharing of knowledge about food. OER can be used to facilitate interaction between different stakeholders within and beyond academia and to collaboratively create more robust knowledge that is shared openly and builds on reuse of prior knowledge. CS can be used to collect and analyse data by members of the general public, typically as part of a collaborative project with scientists. In seven out of eight intervention studies the citizens were heavily involved. The studies focused on: food security, food labelling, food aesthetics, food quality, food & biodiversity and general food science. The arguments presented by the authors extend beyond established reasoning for these approaches (usually limited to access and monitoring of large data sets). This literature review suggests that the involvement of the citizens in knowledge about food through CS and OER is beneficial for information symmetry, empowerment, trust and relevance. When research has led to contradictory results and ethical concerns, it is argued that the involvement of citizens has great potential, because a plurality of opinions can lead to sustainable solutions.