Value Pluralism Research Articles

Feeling Fallible, Being Wrong

AbstractThis essay foregrounds the survival of literary criticism as a profession and argues that a lack of shared criteria in literary studies is not a problem to be solved but a condition that should provoke an openness to change, even if it often does the opposite. Beginning with recent debates over weak theory, postcritique, aesthetic judgment, and computational literary analysis, Maurice Lee brings a pragmatist approach to the crisis in the humanities—one that values pluralism, affect, fallibilism, and experimentation over epistemological certitude.

Edmund Burke’s Value Pluralism

ABSTRACT Given his commitment to toleration, Edmund Burke is rightly seen as a moral pluralist. What has largely gone unnoticed, however, is his value pluralism. Whereas moral pluralism refers to normative positions regarding what we have reason to do when faced with diverse considerations, value pluralism is a meta-ethical position regarding how we resolve conflicts between any number of reasons for action. Like Isaiah Berlin, Burke maintains both that we may be faced with value conflicts and that we cannot identify the general rule for their resolution. However, Burke, at times, adopts a weak version of value pluralism, identifying a general rule for the resolution of some moral conflicts. This is the case when he insists that liberty cannot exist at all without order and virtue, and when he reassures his readers that toleration of Irish Catholicism poses no threat to the established order. At other times, however, Burke offers a strong version of value pluralism, eschewing any such rule. One of the benefits of doing so is the awareness that toleration may be justified even when contrary to the demands of order and virtue.

Who Becomes a Fisherman? A Two-Stage Sample Selection Analysis on Small-Scale Fishery Choice and Income in Korea

The sustainability of coastal communities is emerging as a primary topic in policy groups. In Korea, the multifunctionality of small-scale fisheries is being emphasized, and the government has attempted various policies, such as the promotion of in-migration and the fishery industry. However, despite the diverse alternatives, the population and fisheries have been continuously downsizing. This trend threatens the sustainability and pluralistic values of coastal communities. This study identifies the crucial determinants needed to expand small-scale fisheries and enhance the economic motivation for sustainable coastal communities. The analysis is conducted with a two-stage Heckman selection model using the Korea Fishery Census and the Agricultural Census. The estimation results show that the socioeconomic incentives and performance of fisheries in coastal areas are limited. In particular, although the policy pays attention to young, highly educated, and in-migrant groups, it seems to have a limited preference for small-scale fisheries due to economic, societal, and institutional constraints. On the other hand, the family-oriented fishing activities and self-governance unique to fishing villages in Korea could improve the multifunctionality of small-scale fisheries in Korea. In addition, when a fishery household engages in production and sales activities as a member of a fraternity or collective wholesale contract, economic outcomes significantly increase. The results suggest that it is necessary to sustain communal socioeconomic activities by opening up communities and adjusting specific operating systems of self-governance.

Towards a feminist philosophy of engagements in health-related research.

Engagement with publics, patients, and stakeholders is an important part of the health research environment today,and different modalities of 'engaged' health research have proliferated in recent years. Yet, th ere is no consensus on what, exactly, 'engaging' means, what it should look like, and what the aims, justifications, or motivations for it should be. In this paper, we set out what we see as important, outstanding challenges around the practice and theory of engaging and consider the tensions and possibilities that the diverse landscape of engaging evokes. We examine the roots, present modalities and institutional frameworks that have been erected around engaging, including how they shape and delimit how engagements are framed, enacted, and justified. We inspect the related issue of knowledge production within and through engagements, addressing whether engagements can, or should, be framed as knowledge producing activities. We then unpack the question of how engagements are or could be valued and evaluated, emphasising the plural ways in which 'value' can be conceptualised and generated. We conclude by calling for a philosophy of engagements that can capture the diversity of related practices, concepts and justifications around engagements, and account for the plurality of knowledges and value that engagements engender, while remaining flexible and attentive to the structural conditions under which engagements occur. Such philosophy should be a feminist one, informed by feminist epistemological and methodological approaches to equitable modes of research participation, knowledge production, and valuing. Especially, translating feminist tools of reflexivity and positionalityinto the sphere of engagements can enable a synergy of empirical, epistemic and normative considerations in developing accounts of engaging in both theory and praxis. Modestly, here, we hope to carve out the starting points for this work.

The Coexistence Potential of Different Wildlife Conservation Frameworks in a Historical Perspective

Wildlife management in contemporary society means balancing multiple demands in shared landscapes. Perhaps the greatest question facing today's policy makers and wildlife professionals is how to develop frameworks for coexistence between wildlife and the plethora of other land use interests. As a profession, the roots of wildlife management and conservation can be traced back to the 1600's, but most of the relevant frameworks that have shaped the management of wildlife over time have emerged after the mid-1800's and particularly since the 1960's. Here we examine the historical development of the main traits and concepts of a number of management and conservation frameworks that have all contributed to the multifaceted field of contemporary wildlife management and conservation in Europe and North America. We outline a chronology of concepts and ideologies with their underlying key ideas, values, and operational indicators, and make an assessment of the potential of each paradigm as a coexistence framework for dealing with wildlife. We tie this to a discussion of ethics and argue that the lack of unity in approaches is deeply embedded in the differences between rule-based (deontological) vs. results-based (consequentialist) or context dependent (particularist) ethics. We suggest that some of the conflicts between ideologies, value sets and frameworks can be resolved as an issue of scale and possibly zonation in shared landscapes. We also argue that approaches built on anthropocentrism, value pluralism and environmental pragmatism are most likely to succeed in complex socio-political landscapes. However, we caution against moral relativism and the belief that all types of cultural values are equally valid as a basis for contemporary wildlife management.

Principles for urban nature-based solutions

Nature-based solutions (NBS) were introduced as integrated, multifunctional and multi-beneficial solutions to a wide array of socio-ecological challenges. Although principles for a common understanding and implementation of NBS were already developed on a landscape scale, specific principles are needed with regard to an application in urban areas. Urban areas come with particular challenges including (i) spatial conflicts with urban system nestedness, (ii) specific urban biodiversity, fragmentation and altered environments, (iii) value plurality, multi-actor interdependencies and environmental injustices, (iv) path-dependencies with cultural and planning legacies and (v) a potential misconception of cities as being artificial landscapes disconnected from nature. Given these challenges, in this perspective paper, we build upon and integrate knowledge from the most recent academic work on NBS in urban areas and introduce five distinct, integrated principles for urban NBS design, planning and implementation. Our five principles should help to transcend governance gaps and advance the scientific discourse of urban NBS towards a more effective and sustainable urban development. To contribute to resilient urban futures, the design, planning, policy and governance of NBS should (1) consider the need for a systemic understanding, (2) contribute to benefiting people and biodiversity, (3) contribute to inclusive solutions for the long-term, (4) consider context conditions and (5) foster communication and learning.

SIPAKATAU SIPAKALEBBI SIPAKAINGGE SIPAKATOU SEBAGAI NILAI DASAR PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER

The study explains the form of local wisdom of Bugis culture as a cultural value that is characteristic of the Palopo people. This type of research is qualitative. The local wisdom that develops in Palopo City is in line with the pluralistic Palopo culture that develops in Indonesia. Palopo city has local wisdom values such as humanizing (sipakatau), respecting (Sipakalebbi), remembering (Sipakingge'). These values are always preserved, so that they become the glue of religious harmony in Palopo City. The value of pluralism in the education of local wisdom, Bugis culture, embodies the concept of pesse as the value of Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, Sipakingge, Sipakatou. Bugis culture has love and compassion for others shown by proverbs such as Mali siparappe, rebba sipatokkong, malilu sipakinge (others are swept away, helped, others fall, are helped to get up, others are out of the norm being reminded/reinforced). Palopo people value peace, love to help fellow human beings, especially if it is a fellow human being .

Pluralizing Pluralism: Lessons from, and for, India

Embracing religious belief and societal norms, in addition to state laws and policies, covenantal pluralism has the potential to address key limitations of existing approaches to dealing with religious diversity. Nevertheless, it also shares some of the problems of other ideals. Notably, the demands of covenantal pluralism seem too onerous for most of the world, relying as they do on most of the population recognizing the value of religious pluralism. This article explores the possibilities and limits of covenantal pluralism in India, once heralded as a pluralist democracy, currently under the grip of Hindu supremacist authoritarianism. India’s historical record challenges key assumptions of theories of pluralist co-existence, illuminating problems and prospects for covenantal pluralism across the globe.

Nature and Politics

My extended project, for which this study of Machiavelli is the beginning, is to examine early modern constitutionalism in order to understand the modes of pluralism that were advocated either intentionally or unintentionally in the construction of the idea of the political that was bequeathed to us. I will consider the thought of two major figures in this historical section of the project, namely, Niccolò Machiavelli and James Madison. The first section will be focused on Machiavelli exclusively. This section will consider Machiavelli’s work in the context of three major interpreters: J. G. A. Pocock, Anthony J. Parel, and Isaiah Berlin. The topics will be: time and the construction of the political, nature and prescriptive normativity, and the plurality of values.

Refleksje na temat dynamiczności i deliberatywności wykładni trudnych przypadków na przykładzie spraw dotyczących osób LGBTQ+

The article illustrates the numerous contexts and the multifaceted nature of the LGBTQ+ persons’ rights to citizenship, to have a correct civil status record, or to benefit from tax reductions or exemptions of on the same terms as other citizens, e.g., those in heterosexual unions. It shows how complicated it has become to adjudicate on matters that, in view of the subject-matter of regulation, should be relatively clear and predictable. Reflective interpretation of law makes it possible to take into account its non-eliminable changeability, as well as the fluidity of meaning of terms and phrases used in legal texts – factors which oblige the interpreter to refer to extra-linguistic contexts of interpretation, i.e., to functional and systemic arguments. The author considers that it is not possible to reach an adequate understanding of the current legal context without analysing the social and cultural context, especially when considering pluralism of values as the modus vivendi of a democratic society.

Social Development with Public Value: An International Comparison

Social development around the world has been stunted by the lack of a comprehensive understanding and definition of public value. Public value theory can provide guidance, and inform a universal standard for social development. However, it is difficult to define and measure public value due to its philosophical complexity. Public values are driven by various economic, political, and social forces, and can be created by many stakeholders including enterprises, governments and non-governmental organisations. Government is central to human society and is primarily responsible for inclusive social development, which requires setting and maintaining public values orderly and synchronously according to the plurality of views held by those in society. Social development failure may occur when some key public values are ignored. This study uses thirty economic, social, and political indicators to measure public value, and the results demonstrate strong correlations among them. Through a principal component analysis and a cluster analysis, these thirty indicators can be reduced to four principal components. The first one, which represents economic value, can explain 65.8% of the total information, identifying that economic value is playing a fundamental role among plural public values. Countries are clustered and their development neighbors are identified in order to compare countries with similar levels of development. Public value theory can help to understand the advantages and disadvantages of different countries, and advance the social and economic progress steadily and authentically.

Disonanca kao koncept očuvanja graditeljskog nasleđa - studija slučaja Beogradskog sajmišta

Belgrade Fairground, built in the 1930s, was the first urban complex designed according to modern principles and the first physical structure built in Belgrade on the left bank of the Sava. During its existence, the complex has undergone radical changes - from a fairground, through a concentration camp during World War II, an art colony in the post-war period, to its current state as a marginalized urban segment inhabited by the homeless, with uncontrolled commercial development . These transformations over time have resulted in the creation of numerous layers of identity, which, from a contemporary point of view, the space itself should testify to. The paper examines the transformations that have taken place in the space, and refers to the mutually opposed events that to some extent have hindered the recovery and development of the former Belgrade Fairground. The paper, in the form of a case study, analyzes the space by exploring the application of dissonance in preserving and revitalizing the architectural heritage, since the concept of dissonance is important for articulating opposing meanings and emphasizing the plurality of values. In order to shed light upon all the characteristic phases of the complex's existence, its morphological transformations and then its functional transformations were analyzed, followed by a presentation of how its social relationship with the Belgrade Fairground has been transformed. Accordingly, the ultimate goal was to find a way to manifest the diversity of the fairground's value and its re-perception as belonging to the urban space.

TWO DEMANDS UPON LUCK EGALITARIANS

AbstractI offer two objections to luck egalitarianism. The no-adequate-account objection takes note of the egalitarian insistence that the disvalue of inequality is only one of a plurality of values or disvalues that needs to be considered in arriving at a judgment about the ranking of alternative distributions of welfare. This turn to pluralism places a reasonable demand upon luck egalitarianism to provide an account of how the different sorts of values or disvalues that are supposed to attach to available distributions of welfare are to be aggregated or weighed against one another in that ranking procedure. I contend that the prospects for developing such an account are dim and that some salient responses to this objection misfire. The churlishness-envy objection against luck egalitarianism is that this doctrine countenances envy directed toward the faultless good fortune of others. This objection places a reasonable demand on luck egalitarians to formulate a version of their doctrine that does not underwrite envious responses toward those who gain through brute good luck. I contend that the most auspicious path toward satisfying the demand not to underwrite churlish envy advances a luck egalitarianism that asymmetrically affirms the badness of arbitrary disadvantage rather than the badness of both arbitrary disadvantage and arbitrary advantage. Since this is the strategy pursued in Shlomi Segall’s Why Inequality Matters, I offer critiques of Segall’s initial and revised versions of asymmetrical egalitarianism in support of my conclusion that luck egalitarianism seems unable to rebut or sidestep the churlishness-envy objection. I conclude that luck egalitarianism seems unable to satisfy either of the two reasonable demands upon it that I raise.

Wybór stylu życia a świadomość praw podstawowych

The article deals with the need for acceptance of pluralism of ways of life in modern legal orders, which should allow each individual to find his or her own modus vivendi in a diverse world. Such an attitude is particularly important in the discussion on LGBTQ rights, for which the starting point is the case law of the Supreme Administrative Court in these matters. The author points out that proper exercise of rights and tolerance for pluralism of values, beliefs and ways of life is not possible without legal consciousness of the entities belonging to certain minorities, which is built by a sensitive and pluralistic attitude of judges, reflected in their judgments.

Синтез форм культуры как основная парадигма постмодерна и метамодерна

The postmodern era is being replaced by the metamodern era. A number of authors consider the question of the evolution of postmodernism as a continuation of the development of postmodernism in the new aesthetic paradigm of metamodern (Robin Akker, Alexander Pavlov, Hansi Freinacht). The necessity for reflecting on the state of culture in the 21st century has determined the relevance of this work. In order to understand the specificity of the metamodern culture, it is necessary to know its foundations; the idea of pluralization being one of them. Therefore, the subject of the analysis is the reflection on postmodern philosophers and their view on integration of knowledge and cultural forms. The purpose of the article is to examine the idea of the synthesis of cultural forms in the philosophy of postmodernism to understand the specificity of its implementation in metamodern culture. The turn to the conception of integration of knowledge and cultural forms in postmodernism provides deeper understanding of metamodern culture. The authors highlight the following features of the synthesis of cultural forms in the metamodern era: digitalization of the cultural space; the synergy of art and everyday life; the trend for the pluralism of values. The contours of development of pluralistic paradigm in 21st century culture is identified. It is noted that in the present day we may observe the process of integration of various forms of culture in different spheres of social life. Pluralism becomes the key paradigm of the metamodern era. Consequently, the postmodern idea of synthesis is actualized in the metamodern culture, i.e., a development of postmodern culture processes takes.

Dialogism, heteroglossia, and polyphony in Shyam Benegal’s teledrama series Amaravati ki Kathayen

This study offers a critical analysis of ShyamBenegal’sHindi language-based teledrama series AmaravathikiKathayen utilizing Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of dialogism, heteroglossia, and polyphony. It is common sense to think that Bakhtin, the philosopher of dialogism, would be sympathetic to the drama form in which dialogues are the most natural mode of expression. Instead, Bakhtin argues that the monological selection of languages in drama does not allow the dialogic interaction of different registers. Second, drama, for upholding its unity of plot, cannot allow its characters to abide by a truly multi-level dialogic engagement. However, this act is especially performed in the novel by the inter-animation of the narrator’s all-encompassing language and the language of the characters. Against this, this study brings to the fore the historical premisesof Bakhtin’s reservations against the dramatic form. Recognizing the merits of Bakhtin’s philosophy of literature and language, two episodes from AmaravathikiKathayen, a Hindi language-based teledrama series,areanalyzedto place them before the global audiences as well as to ascertain the relevance of Bakhtin’s poetics across the genres. Above all, a return to dialogism as a critical inquiry is important to promote the values of plurality, dialogue, and peaceful co-existence.

A heuristic for innovative invasive species management actions and strategies

Conservation actions are notoriously difficult to design and implement in contexts of value pluralism. These difficulties are compounded in the case of biological invasion mitigation. Biological invasions are major threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. Preventing or mitigating biological invasions accordingly plays a key role in conservation policies. The relationship between human beings and invasive species is, however, complex, not unequivocal, and presents a variety of moral aspects. The practical and ethical reasons used to champion actions targeting populations of invasive species are questioned both in the literature and by actors and stakeholders in the field. The resulting debates between advocates and critics of biological invasion mitigation are doomed to remain sterile unless the whole diversity of points of view is considered and the relationships between human beings and non-human beings (i.e., plants and animals) are considered in their full complexity. As conservation biologists involved in invasion research, we argue that, instead of bemoaning such difficulties, conservation biologists should see the challenge to face this diversity as an opportunity to innovate. We present a heuristic, based on theories of deliberative democracy and multispecies anthropology, to help consider this pluralism and this complexity when identifying management options. This heuristic consists of identifying the spectrum of points of view of human and non-human beings concerned and assessing how acceptable the various actions are to all these points of view, until a course of action acceptable to all is found (if possible). We argue that by elaborating management options, which are arguably acceptable to all, including to members of the targeted invasive populations themselves, we can design more robust conservation solutions. We show how such an approach can be implemented in practice without paralyzing biological invasion mitigation.

Recognize, Normalize and Articulate: An Approach to Highlight Plural Values of Water Ecosystem Services in Colombia

Recognize, Normalize and Articulate: An Approach to Highlight Plural Values of Water Ecosystem Services in Colombia

A novel framework to operationalise value-pluralism in environmental valuation: Environmental value functions

The environmental valuation literature has, to date, been governed by the single ontology/epistemology of neoclassical environmental economics and monetary valuation, which has led to a mis- or un-representation of other ways of understanding and conceptualising environmental value. Consequently, calls have been made to better represent plural values in environmental valuation studies. Additionally, the environmental valuation literature has been characterised by a prevalent focus on the assessment of total or absolute value of ecosystems. Yet, there appears to be a consensus that the examination of marginal or relative changes in value would in fact be more informative.In this study, we address these gaps in environmental valuation by presenting Environmental Value Functions (EVF), a new valuation framework that accounts for value-pluralism and develops value analysis at the margin. Our framework is based on the estimation and application of value functions, each of which describe the relationship between the value and quantity (or quality) of an ecosystem component of interest. In EVF, values are estimated in terms of change relative to the current level, instead of calculating absolute values. Recognising that some environmental values likely cannot be conceptualised in terms of marginal changes, we introduce the concept of binary/categorical value and thereby develop EVF to also account for non-marginal value conceptualisations. In sum, EVF simultaneously enables 1) the recognition of value-pluralism; 2) the integration of multiple valuation methods (monetary and non-monetary); 3) marginal and non-marginal value analysis. The coupling of EVF and ecosystem modelling can offer novel insights to the study of temporal environmental value dynamics, including the prediction and analysis of volatility, long-term trends, and temporal trade-offs.

Peer tutoring of computer programming increases exploratory behavior in children

There is growing interest in teaching computer science and programming skills in schools. Here we investigated the efficacy of peer tutoring, which is known to be a useful educational resource in other domains but never before has been examined in such a core aspect of applied logical thinking in children. We compared (a) how children (N = 42, age range = 7 years 1 month to 8 years 4 months) learn computer programming from an adult versus learning from a peer and (b) the effect of teaching a peer versus simply revising what has been learned. Our results indicate that children taught by a peer showed comparable overall performance—a combination of accuracy and response times—to their classmates taught by an adult. However, there was a speed–accuracy trade-off, and peer-taught children showed more exploratory behavior, with shorter response times at the expense of lower accuracy. In contrast, no tutor effects (i.e., resulting from teaching a peer) were found. Thus, our results provide empirical evidence in support of peer tutoring as a way to help teach computer programming to children. This could contribute to the promotion of a widespread understanding of how computers operate and how to shape them, which is essential to our values of democracy, plurality, and freedom.