Fillers In Plastics Research Articles

Comparative study of the nitrification characteristics of two different nitrifier immobilization methods

The research investigated the nitrification characteristics of two different immobilization methods: nitrifier encapsulation in polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel pellets and nitrifier biofilm attachment on elastic plastic filler. The two carriers were placed in identical reactors. They reached a maximum nitrification rate of 39 and 25 mgN/L.h 30 days after start-up. The results showed that the nitrification efficiency in the PEG reactor was higher than in the biofilm reactor under the same conditions. Variations in temperature decreased the nitrification rate by approximately 55% in the PEG reactor from 28 to 8 degrees C, while 74.2% in the biofilm reactor. When the COD loading rate was increased to 0.8 kg/m(3) day, the nitrification efficiency in the biofilm reactor dropped sharply to 23%, and that of PEG reactor remained over 80%. PEG pellets with a high nitrification rate under all conditions showed promise as an immobilization medium, and are likely to be utilized in the nitrification of high-strength ammonia and COD wastewater during long-term operation.

Renewable agricultural fibers as reinforcing fillers in plastics

Abstract Thermal properties such as melting and crystallization are important aspects in understanding the morphology and its contribution to the physical properties of semicrystalline polymers, such as polypropylene. The inclusion of fillers, which are small particles dispersed in the continuous polymer phase, often complicates the predictability of these properties by acting as nucleating agents or defect origins. This paper discusses the creation and use of empirical models based on experimental data for predicting and optimizing the thermal properties of agricultural filler-polypropylene (AgFiller-PP) composites, including peak melting temperature (T m), peak crystallization temperature (T c) and percent of crystallinity (X c). Experiments were performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to gather data necessary for building appropriate prediction models. Finally, additional experiments were carried out to test the prediction results generated by the models.

Application of Peanut Hulls as Filler for Plastics

Composite materials consisting of peanut hulls and polylactic acid (PLA) resin were developed by a compression molding method. The density, water absorption properties and flexural properties of the composite materials were evaluated. The density of the composite materials was lower than the theoretical density, which was calculated by the peanut hull density, PLA resin density and peanut hull weight content because these materials have many voids. The saturated water absorption rate and mass diffusivity increased with the increase in peanut hull weight content. Especially, the saturated water absorption rate and mass diffusivity of the composite material with a peanut hull weight content of 75% were approximately 15 times and 2.4 times higher, respectively, than those of PLA resin. As a result of 3-point flexural tests, the flexural modulus of the composite materials improved as the peanut hull weight content increased up to 50%. At the peanut hull weight content greater than 25%, the flexural strength degraded as the peanut hull weight content increased. Furthermore, the cost performance of the composite materials based on flexural rigidity, material cost and thickness was discussed.

Dehydrochlorination behavior of polyvinyl chloride and utilization of carbon residue: effect of plasticizer and inorganic filler

The dehydrochlorination behavior of plasticizer (DOP) and inorganic filler (CaCO3) contained in PVC samples and the properties of the activated carbons produced from those carbon residues have been investigated. In the dehydrochlorination process, both additives contributed not only to a decrease in HCl yield but also to the prolonged evolution of HCl. Part of the Cl species were observed to be stabilized as CaCl2 by reaction with calcium ions when CaCO3 was added. More than 80% of chlorine removal was achieved in all samples at 533 K. The use of potassium as an activation agent led to the production of activated carbon with a specific surface area greater than 1000 m2/g at the low temperature of 1023 K and assisted also in the elimination of residual Cl species by the formation of KCl during activation.

1340 ナノ・マイクロフラーレンチューブの合成と評価(J14-9 知的材料・構造システム(9) 炭素・ポリマー関連材料,ジョイントセッション,21世紀地球環境革命の機械工学:人・マイクロナノ・エネルギー・環境)

C_<60> fullerene nanotubes with diameters ranging from about 100 nm to 1000 nm have been successfully prepared by the liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method. Further, C_<60> microtubes vertically aligned on a porous alumina membrane have been synthesized using a newly developed method that injects isopropyl alcohol into a toluene solution saturated with C_<60>. These Cso micro and nano tubes will have a wide application for solar cells, field-effect transistors, composite fillers for plastics and so forth in future.

Functional Fillers for Plastics

Macromolecular Chemistry and PhysicsVolume 208, Issue 3 p. 324-324 Book Review Functional Fillers for Plastics Jean-François Feller, Jean-François Feller Lorient (France)Search for more papers by this author Jean-François Feller, Jean-François Feller Lorient (France)Search for more papers by this author First published: 06 February 2007 https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200600583Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume208, Issue3February 5, 2007Pages 324-324 RelatedInformation

Application of Peanut Hull as Filler for Plastics

Application of Peanut Hull as Filler for Plastics

Improvement of Strength and Conductivity in Composite Materials with Rice-Hull Silica Carbon

Rice hull, which is one of the agricultural wastes in Japan, is required to be reused from a viewpoint of the recycling. The rice-hull silica carbon (RHSC) powder is prepared by mixing the rice hull particles with a phenol resin, and then carbonizing in nitrogen gas atmosphere at high temperatures. One of the effective utilization of the RHSC powder is as a filler for plastics and rubbers to improve the mechanical strength and the electrical conductivity. In this study, the improvement of bending strength of the RHSC/Polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) composites and electric conductivity of the RHSC/Etylene propylene diene methylene linkage (EPDM) composites were investigated by kneading the RHSC powder with PPS and EPDM, respectively. The bending strength was slightly improved and the conductivity was gradually improved with the amount of the RHSC powder. Especially, the dependence of the conductivity on the amount of the RHSC powder is utilizable for the production of antistatic polymers and rubbers.

Development and characterization of novel starch and alkyl ketene dimer microcellular foam particles

There is interest in replacing inorganic fillers in paper, coatings and plastics with renewable organic fillers to improve the economics, performance and environmental aspects of such products. Starch microcellular foam (SMCF) particles are promising materials in this regard. This research was undertaken to produce SMCF particles and characterize their morphology, optical properties and interaction with water. SMCF particles were produced using corn starch; which was solubilized in water. The foam structure was created by precipitating the starch using ethanol in a solvent exchange technique. The starch was also reacted with alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) wax at different levels in order to understand if the AKD could impart water resistance to the particles. Two methods were used to incorporate AKD: (1) the AKD was coated onto foam particles after foam formation, and (2) the AKD was blended with the starch before foam particle formation. Hexane extraction was used to purify a portion of each of the samples to determine if unreacted AKD existed with the starch matrix. Particles with porous structure and high brightness were developed for all combinations of starch and AKD. The brightness of the particles was significantly higher than that of the uncooked starch, presumably due to the development of a porous structure. For the AKD coated particles a minimum amount of AKD charged was needed to develop a high contact angle, low solubility, and low water retention value, higher levels of AKD in AKD coated particles did not further alter these properties. This indicates that the changes in properties with AKD level with coated particles is a surface phenomena. Starch AKD blends did not show any increased resistance to water relative to the particles with no AKD blended. This is due to the ethanol used in the precipitation process extracting the AKD, which was confirmed by elemental analysis. The particles, even with the 10% AKD coated or blended, lost their porous structure upon rewetting. Further work needs to be performed to more effectively hydrophobize the starch foams with AKD.

Book Review: Functional Fillers for Plastics. By Marino Xanthos (Ed.).

Book Review: Functional Fillers for Plastics. By Marino Xanthos (Ed.).

Preparation and properties of composite mineral powders

Mineral powders such as ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and wollastonite are widely used as fillers in plastics, rubber, paper, paints and other fields. The interface compatibility between the polymer matrix and the mineral particles is relatively weak, both because of the smooth cleavage surface and the sharp particle edges formed during pulverizing. It is beneficial therefore to modify the surface properties of mineral powders before they are used in a polymer composite. In this paper, we report the successful preparation of composite mineral particles, coated by nanoparticles of calcium carbonate of 20–100 nm particle size, by chemical reaction using the Ca(OH) 2–H 2O–CO 2 system. The degree of nanoparticle coverage can reach 100% if the operating parameters are effectively controlled, and the specific surface area can be increased to three times the value before modification. Mechanical testing of polypropylene containing composite wollastonite powder as a filler shows an increase in the impact strength of 65% compared to similar samples prepared using conventional filler powder.

A new approach to enhance the anticorrosive properties of treated Egyptian kaolin

PurposeKaolin (hydrated aluminum silicate) is one of few minerals that are found in nature in a relatively pure state which is abundant in many places of the world. In this research, a simple chemical treatment using traces of ammonium molybdate was carried out to enhance the anticorrosive properties of kaolin.Design/methodology/approachThe steps of treatment of kaolin at 1,000°C were estimated. Characterization of three different combinations of aluminum oxide with iron oxide were studied using spectroscopic methods of analysis via X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). Also, evaluation of the prepared pigments using (oil absorption, specific gravity, water‐soluble matter, and pH) international standard testing methods were estimated. Then these prepared pigments were incorporated in anticorrosive paint formulations based on medium oil alkyd resin as a binder, the physico‐mechanical and anticorrosive properties of paint films were detected by testing them in 3.5 percent NaCl solution for 28 days.FindingsIntroduction of small amounts of ammonium molybdate in kaolin promoted its physico‐mechanical and anticorrosive properties. Although, this process of treatment is economically feasible, treated kaolin can replace expensive commercial pigments found in markets with an almost near quality to their performance.Originality/valueTreated kaolin can be applied in many industries beside pigment manufacture, and paint formulations, it can be applied as reinforcing filler in rubber, plastics, and ceramic composites. Also it is applied in paper filling, paper coatings, and electrical insulation.

Ionic transport in P(VDF-HFP)–PMMA–LiCF 3SO 3–(PC + DEC)–SiO 2 composite gel polymer electrolyte

Composite gel polymer electrolytes composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) P(VDF-HFP) and polymethylmethacrylate PMMA polymers, PC + DEC as plasticizer and LiCF 3SO 3 as salt and fumed silica as filler have been synthesized by solvent casting technique with varying plasticizer–filler ratio systematically. Films of thickness in the range of 40–70 μm were characterized by a.c. impedance measurements in the temperature range 303 K to 373 K. Addition of filler to the polymer electrolyte was found to result in an enhancement of the ionic conductivity. A maximum electrical conductivity of ∼1 × 10 −3 S/cm at 303 K and ∼2.1 × 10 −3 S/cm at 373 K has been achieved with the dispersion of the SiO 2. FTIR spectral studies confirmed the polymer–salt interaction. XRD patterns exhibit the increased amorphicity in the blended composite gel polymer electrolytes. Scanning electron micrograph shows the dispersion of SiO 2 particle in the polymer electrolyte.

Studies on the effect of titanate coupling agent (2.0%) on the mechanical properties of flyash‐filled polybutadiene rubber

AbstractFlyash, a waste product of thermal power stations, generated in huge quantities, has been posing problems of disposal. Attempts have been made for its utilization as a filler in elastomers and plastics; however, it has been established that untreated flyash does not at all contribute in enhancing mechanical properties of composites. The purpose of this work was to make meaningful utilization of flyash as a filler, by treating it with a titanate coupling agent and to use it as a filler in PBR. The properties under consideration were tensile strength, modulus at 100 and 400%, Young's modulus, hardness, etc. Composites were made with varying proportion of untreated and treated flyash. A two‐roll mill was used for dispersing the filler in the rubber, and a compression‐molding technique was used to cure the compound in sheet form. Tensile properties were measured on a computerized UTM using an ASTM procedure. Comparison of properties of composites filled with treated and untreated flyash established that treatment of flyash imparts better reinforcing properties. Tensile strength was improved by 50%, while modulus at 400% was improved by 400%. Similarly, Young's modulus also was improved by 209%. The Titanate‐coupling agent used here has promoted adhesion between flyash and the PBR. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1293–1298, 2004

Nanoparticles – known and unknown health risks

Manmade nanoparticles range from the well-established multi-ton production of carbon black and fumed silica for applications in plastic fillers and car tyres to microgram quantities of fluorescent quantum dots used as markers in biological imaging. As nano-sciences are experiencing massive investment worldwide, there will be a further rise in consumer products relying on nanotechnology. While benefits of nanotechnology are widely publicised, the discussion of the potential effects of their widespread use in the consumer and industrial products are just beginning to emerge. This review provides comprehensive analysis of data available on health effects of nanomaterials.

Effect of coupling agent on the mechanical properties of fly ash–filled polybutadiene rubber

AbstractFly ash, a waste productof thermal power stations generated in huge quantities, has been posing problems of its disposal. As such it contains a variety of inorganic oxides and is available in finely powdered form. Attempts have been made for its use as a filler in elastomers and plastics. It is important to note that fly ash used in in untreated form does not significantly enhance the mechanical properties of composites. In this work, fly ash treated with silane coupling agent (Si‐69) was used as a filler in polybutadiene rubber (PBR). The comparison of properties of composites filled with treated and untreated fly ash revealed that the composites with treated fly ash showed better reinforcing properties. Thus the silane coupling agent used here promoted adhesion between fly ash and the PBR. The improvement in mechanical properties in general and tensile properties (tensile strength, modulus 100% and modulus 200%, hardness) of the composites in particular were observed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1322–1328, 2004

Minerals show strong growth in plastics applications

Minerals are used as reinforcements, pigment extenders and fillers in plastics and rubber, as well as in a variety of other end-use applications ranging from paper and paint to building products, and many others. Of all markets, demand for minerals has the highest forecast growth in the plastics sector. According to business consultancy Principia Partners, the total North American demand for these minerals exceeded 15 million tons (c. 13.6 million tonnes), valued at US$1.9 billion, in 2002. Although paper applications dominate, accounting for about half of the volume consumed, plastics have grown substantially over the past decade or so from a minor market to the second largest end use today. Excluding titanium dioxide, the consumption of minerals in North American plastics in 2002 is estimated at 2 million tons (1.8 million tonnes), worth roughly $500 million. This is a short news story only. Visit www.addcomp.com for the latest additives and compounding industry news

Wood flour making inroads into traditional plastic fillers market

Wood flour making inroads into traditional plastic fillers market

Zeolit sebagai bahan pengisi pada kompon karet ditinjau dari sifat fisika vulkanisatnya

Zeolities are natural rock found in a large – scale in Indonesia and it can be used as rubber and plastic filler. In this research, mordenite zeolite was used as a rubber compound filler at 50 – 100 phr (per hunddreed rubber) variation and with High Abrasion Furnace (HAF) black and minarex oil combination by 10/6 and 20/8 ratio. The aim of the research was to study the influence of zeolite in rubber compound, concerning to physical properties of the vulanicase. The effect of zeolit addition on rubber compound was a decrease in the tension break 13.85-15.33%, the elongation break 9.5-12 %, the tear resistance 9.1-23.1 % and the abrasion resistance 15.75-23.95% of the volcanicase, while the hardness was increase 10 %. Decreasing of such physical properties can be prevent by mixing it with HAF black and minarex oil combination. The best result was reached at application of zeolite 50 phr with HAF black and minarex oil combination. . Key words : Zeolit, rubber, filter.

TiO2Ceramic Filler가 혼합된 젤상의 PAN 고분자 전해질을 이용한 리튬금속 이차전지의 특성

Gel-type polyacrylonitrile(PAN) polymer electrolytes have been prepared using ethylene carbonate(EC), propylene carbonate(PC) and dimethyl carbonate(DMC) plasticizer, salt and ceramic filler. Electrochemical properties, such as electrochemical stability, ionic conductivity and compatibility with lithium metal and mechanical properly of polymer electrolytes were investigated. Charge/discharge performance of lithium secondary battery using these polymer electrolytes were investigated. The maximum load that the polymer electrolyte resists increased about two times as a result of adding in the polymer electrolyte containing EC and PC. Polymer electrolyte containing EC, PC and also showed ionic conductivity of at room temperature and electrochemical stability window up to 와 4.5V. Polymer electrolyte containing EC, PC, and showed the most stable interfacial resistance of during 20 days in the impedance spectra of the cells which were constructed by lithium metals as electrodes. Lithium metal secondary battery which employed cathode, lithium metal anode and -dispersed polymer electrolyte showed of charge/discharge efficiency at the 1C rate of discharge.