Plasmon Absorption Research Articles

Gyroid‐Structured Au Materials with 3D Interconnected Networks for Highly Efficient Heat Localization and Solar Vapor Generation

Effective solar steam generation is regarded as a prospective technology for seawater desalination and water purification, owing to its capability of solar light absorption and heat conversion. Numerous efforts have been dedicated to exploring photothermal materials with various delicate microstructures. However, investigations of the coupling effect of structure and component still need to be done. Herein, a superior solar steam generator of 3D bicontinuous interconnected gyroid‐structured Au materials (Au gyroid) by depositing Au nanoparticles onto C. rubi butterfly wings is reported. Au gyroid is proven to possess the evaporation rate and efficiency of 1.29 kg m−2 h−1 and 74.0%, under 1 sun irradiation. What is more, the evaporation rate and efficiency of lattice‐structured Au materials (Au lattice) as a comparison are 1.14 kg m−2 h−1 and 65.4%. The outstanding performance of Au gyroid is mainly ascribed to its 3D densely distributed hotspots and interconnected nanochannels, which are beneficial for strong broadband light absorption, sufficient water supply, as well as confinement effect for water heating. This work will provide insight into the future design and synthesis of novel plasmonic absorbers in photothermal conversion, photocatalysis, and photovoltaic devices.

Plasmonic titanium nitride-based membranes for solar-driven domestic wastewater distillation treatment

Membrane separation processes have emerged as efficient wastewater treatment technologies due to their reduced footprint, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, high filtration selectivity, and compliance with end-user requirements. Especially solar-driven membrane distillation, known for its low energy requirements and high pollutant rejection rates, has gained prominence as a potential wastewater treatment process that does not need external thermal energy input for water treatment. Herein, we demonstrate plasmonic titanium nitride nanoparticle-incorporated polymeric membranes for the solar-driven membrane distillation of domestic laundry wastewater, specifically focusing on SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) surfactant removal. Under solar illumination, the plasmonic element within the polymeric matrix enables a localized heating effect driven by photothermal conversion in the proximity of the surface of distillation membranes, thereby producing a vapor pressure enough for water distillation across the hydrophobic membranes. The fabricated photothermal mixed matrix membranes showed incremental distillation flux and derived energy efficiency with the loading of titanium nitride nanoparticles under light illumination, reaching up to 0.47 kg/m2h and 29.79 %, respectively. The rejection rate against SDBS achieved up to 99 %. We also verified that its distinctive surface photothermal heating effect is associated with enhanced plasmonic absorption, surface thermal conductivity, and improved interfacial heat transfer of the membranes in the presence of plasmonic elements. The photothermal membranes proved that the permeate produced by photothermal distillation of real laundry wastewater fulfilled all required parameters for safe use as irrigation water, demonstrating its practical feasibility and viability of solar-driven distillation for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse.

Programming crack patterns with light in colloidal plasmonic films

Crack formation observed across diverse fields like geology, nanotechnology, arts, structural engineering or surface science, is a chaotic and undesirable phenomenon, resulting in random patterns of cracks generally leading to material failure. Limiting the formation of cracks or “programming” the path of cracks is a great technological challenge since it holds promise to enhance material durability or even to develop low cost patterning methods. Drawing inspiration from negative phototropism in plants, we demonstrate the capability to organize, guide, replicate, or arrest crack propagation in colloidal films through remote light manipulation. The key consists in using plasmonic photothermal absorbers to generate “virtual” defects enabling controlled deviation of cracks. We engineer a dip-coating process coupled with selective light irradiation enabling simultaneous deposition and light-directed crack patterning. This approach represents a rare example of a robust self-assembly process with long-range order that can be programmed in both space and time.

Design nano cluster high Q-factor perfect plasmonic absorber for bacteria detection in the optical range

Plasmonic nanostructures enable strong light absorption at the nanometer scale, making them highly attractive for a variety of applications including sensing, imaging, and spectroscopy. In this work, we propose and simulate a dual-band plasmonic absorber based on a Pentamer and split ring resonator (SRR) hybrid structure. The absorber operates at terahertz frequencies of 209 and 229 THz, corresponding to free-space wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1430 nm. At the lower frequency band, the absorber provides perfect absorption up to 100 %, while at the higher band, the absorption is 95 %. The high absorption selectivity at the two target bands is enabled by the hybrid heptamer-SRR design. The central Pentamer consists of a central nanodisk surrounded by four peripheral nanodisks with precise dimensions and spacing. This Pentamer provides a dual-band response tuned to the desired frequencies. To further enhance the quality factor and absorption, the Pentamer is encircled by an SRR designed to boost the Q-factor. At 229 THz, the SRR pushes the quality factor to around 635, significantly higher than typical plasmonic absorbers. The final optimized design enables strong absorption together with high Q-factor and frequency selectivity. It exhibits sensitivity around 450 nm/RIU and a Figure of Merit of 227 RIU−1. The full-wave simulation is used for designing the absorber in CST Microwave Studio to optimize the dimensions for maximum dual-band absorption for biosensing applications. This absorber can be realistically fabricated for terahertz sensing applications such as detecting bacteria as studied.

Experimental demonstration of a Fano resonant hybrid plasmonic metasurface absorber for the O and E bands of the optical communication window

Plasmonic metasurface absorbers are capable of absorbing the incident light at wavelengths corresponding to the excitation of Fano resonant modes. Absorption of the incident light is possible because of its confinement near the edges of the plasmonic nanostructure. Confinement of light takes place because of the coupling of superradiant and subradiant modes near the edges of the plasmonic metasurface. Superradiant and subradiant modes are excited for the oblique angle incidence of transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized light. The incidence of TM-polarized light supports the excitation of surface plasmon modes at the metal–dielectric interface. For the oblique angle incidence, surface plasmon modes couple with the incident light and generate the superradiant and subradiant modes near the plasmonic metasurface. We experimentally demonstrate the absorption of near-infrared light in the O and E optical communication band by a one-dimensional (1D) hybrid plasmonic metasurface. A low-cost, and flexible, 1D hybrid plasmonic metasurface absorber (HPMA) was obtained by extracting an Ag-coated, flexible, and 1D patterned polycarbonate layer from a digital versatile disc (DVD). The DVD consists of an Ag layer sandwiched between two 1D patterned polycarbonate layers. A large-area HPMA of 3cm2 in size was fabricated for optical characterization. Control experiments on the variation of the angle of incidence of light were performed to achieve the maximum light absorption of 79%. The effect of transverse electric (TE)- and TM-polarized light on the HPMA was studied. The effect of the thickness of the polymer layer on the HPMA, and per unit change of refractive index (RIU) of the analyte medium, were also investigated. HPMA supports refractive index sensing characteristics with a maximum sensitivity of 954 nm/RIU. Electric field profiles at different incidence angles were simulated using the finite element method on COMSOL Multiphysics software to explain the underlying physics of Fano resonance. HPMA can be used to develop cost-effective photonic devices such as sensors, spectral filters, photodetectors, heat-absorbing protective photonic covers, etc.

Spectroscopic and electrical changes in Lr-115 type II nuclear track detector before and after gamma radiation

In this research, the changes in the structural, spectroscopic, and electrical properties of the Lr-115 type II nuclear track detector were investigated before and after gamma irradiation. The FT-IR, X-ray, and UV–Visible spectra were recorded and studied in detail before and after irradiation process. We have arrived at the following results, the X-ray diffraction reveals that irradiated Lr-115 diffraction displays an increase in peak intensity and width at half maximum which is commonly associated with polymer crystallinity. After irradiation, the IR bands at 1447 cm−1 assigned to O-NO2 rapidly decreased, and the band at 802 cm−1 due to C–O–C shifted to 784 cm−1. From UV–Visible measurements, as irradiated doses increase, the surface plasmon absorption in irradiated samples causes the extinction coefficient (k) of the sample peak at = 199 nm to increase with increasing wavelength up to 221 nm. With increasing gamma dose, the obtained data revealed a decrease in the optical energy gap (Eg) and increases of the number of carbon atoms in a formed cluster. Increasing of the gamma doses caused an increase in the AC electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the dielectric constant was studied at room temperature as a function of the dose variation. The results indicate that gamma-ray irradiations improve the optical and electrical properties of Lr-115.

Plasmonic optoelectronic devices and metasurfaces

We report recent progress on optoelectronic devices and metasurfaces involving surface plasmons, enabled by metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures on Si and on epsilon-near-zero materials. We discuss electrically tuneable metasurfaces, high-speed electro-absorption modulators, and reflection modulators. Hot carriers created by the absorption of plasmons in metallic nanostructures on MOS structures are also discussed as they lead to novel device physics that open the door to new device concepts.

Chemically engineered plasmonic Au-gallium oxide nanocomposites for harsh environment applications: an investigation into thermal and chemical robustness.

Enhanced thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties of different metal nanoparticle morphologies integrated with metal oxides have been reported in multiple instances. The chemical and material robustness of metal nanoparticles incorporated surficially and into the bulk of distinct as well as spontaneously formed morphologies of metal oxides through solution-based and microwave-based approaches are investigated in this study. These composites were tested for their chemical and material robustness by exposing films formed on quartz substrates to high temperatures (800 °C) in an air ambient as well as to extreme conditions of pH, often encountered in harsh environment applications such as sensing and catalysis. The changes in the optical properties and crystallinity have been studied using in situ absorption and ex situ X-ray diffraction analyses and electron microscopy. The trends observed with respect to the changes in the plasmonic absorbance were validated theoretically and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Confirmations of the phenomena occurring in different morphologies and architectures were thereby corroborated through careful interpretations from experiments and predictions from theoretical models. We, therefore, report a simple solution-based process for achieving engineered harsh environment-compatible nanocomposites through studies specifically tailored for such applications such as catalysis, sensing, energy storage, and enhanced luminescence.

Copper peroxide nanodot-decorated gold nanostar/silica nanorod Janus nanostructure with NIR-II photothermal and acid-triggered hydroxyl radical generation properties for the effective treatment of wound infections.

Recently, bacterial infections have become a global crisis, greatly threatening the health of human beings. The development of a non-antibiotic biomaterial is recognized as an alternative way for the effective treatment of bacterial infections. In the present work, a multifunctional copper peroxide (CP) nanodot-decorated gold nanostar (GNS)/silica nanorod (SiNR) Janus nanostructure (GNS@CP/SiNR) with excellent antibacterial activity was reported. Due to the formation of the Janus nanostructure, GNS@CP/SiNR displayed strong plasmonic resonance absorbance in the near infrared (NIR)-II region that enabled the nanosystem to achieve mild photothermal therapy (MPTT). In acidic conditions, CP decorated on GNS@CP/SiNR dissociated rapidly by releasing Cu2+ and H2O2, which subsequently transformed to ˙OH via the Fenton-like reaction for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). As a result, GNS@CP/SiNR could effectively inhibit both Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and eradicate the associated bacterial biofilms by exerting the synergistic MPTT/CDT antibacterial effect. Moreover, GNS@CP/SiNR was also demonstrated to be effective in treating wound infections, as verified on the S. aureus-infected full thickness excision wound rat model. Our mechanism study revealed that the synergistic MPTT/CDT effect of GNS@CP/SiNR firstly caused bacterial membrane damage, followed by boosting intracellular ROS via the severe oxidative stress effect, which subsequently caused the depletion of intracellular GSH and DNA damage, finally leading to the death of bacteria.

Preparing and studying of Au Nanocomposites Synthesized with different polymer matrix

This work investigates the impact of several polymer matrix types, which are utilised as a capping layer around gold particles, on the optical properties. Nanocomposite materials consisting of gold and polymers such as polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were produced by a chemical reduction process. Tri sodium citrate was employed as the reducing agent. using the drop casting approach, nanocomposites based on gold were successfully put as a film on glass substrates.. An investigation was conducted to determine the influence of the polymer matrix type on the optical properties, including surface plasmon resonance, direct band gap, and indirect band gap. Furthermore, the absorption spectra of the materials that were synthesised demonstrated that the selection of the polymer that was utilised during the preparation process has a considerable impact on the location of the plasmonic absorption peak as well as the magnitude of the energy gap. Within the range of 1.9 to 2.3 electron volts (eV), the band gaps were found to be present.

Insights into nonlinear absorption transitions in a silver-incorporated reduced graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide (Ag-rGO-MoS2) hybrid.

Optical nonlinearity in a silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide (Ag-rGO-MoS2) nanocomposite was experimentally investigated via the Z-scan technique using a Q-switched Nd:YAG nanopulsed green laser. An interesting switching behaviour from saturable to reverse saturable absorption with varying input on-axis intensity of the laser was demonstrated. Under low-intensity laser excitation, Ag-rGO-MoS2 displayed ground-state bleaching, which resulted in saturable absorption (SA) behaviour. Here, the prominent SPR phenomenon of Ag enforced plasmon absorption and is assigned to the SA process. Interestingly at higher intensity, the material switched its nonlinearity to reverse saturable absorption (RSA), attributed to two different mechanisms of two-photon absorption (2PA). At moderate laser pulse energies, the sample underwent sequential 2PA, which is underpinned by calculated varying nonlinear optical parameters and excited-state absorption cross-sections. However, at higher intensities, nonlinear absorption coefficients and excited-state absorption cross-sections remained constant, indicating the occurrence of genuine 2PA. In addition, theoretical estimation of the 2PA cross-section validates the observed transition. Thus, experimental evidence for the validity of nonlinear absorption theory (intensity-dependent transition from linear to nonlinear SA to nonlinear RSA to genuine 2PA via sequential 2PA) is provided for the first time in the literature.

Plasmon-powered chemistry with visible-light active copper nanoparticles.

In the quest for affordable materials for performing visible-light driven chemistry, we report here intriguing optical and photothermal properties of plasmonic copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). Precise tuning of reaction conditions and surface functionalization yield stable and monodisperse CuNPs, with a strong localized surface plasmon absorption at ∼580 nm. The molar extinction coefficient is estimated to be ∼7.7 × 107 M-1 cm-1 at 580 nm, which signifies their suitability for various light-harnessing studies. The characteristic wine-red colour and crystallography studies confirm the presence of mainly Cu(0) atoms in CuNPs, which showed excellent long-term colloidal and compositional stability under ambient conditions (at least 50 days). The as-synthesized oleylamine-capped CuNPs are ligand-exchanged with charged thiolate ligands of both polarities to form stable dispersions in water, with complete retention of their plasmonic properties and structural integrity (for ∼2 days and ∼6 h under inert and ambient conditions, respectively). Photothermal-conversion efficiency of CuNPs is estimated to be ∼80%, raising the surrounding temperature to ∼170 °C within ∼30 s of irradiation with a 1 W 532 nm diode laser, which is 'hot' enough to perform useful solar-vapor generation and high-temperature crystal-to-crystal phase transformation. Our work projects plasmonic CuNPs as an affordable and effective alternative to conventional metal NPs to harness light-matter interactions for future plasmon-powered chemistry.

The Impact of Polymer Matrix Type On the Optical Properties of Silver Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites materials of silver (Ag) with polyethene oxide, venal polyalcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were synthesized by chemical reduction method using trisodium citrate (TSC) as a reduction agent. Silver based nanocomposites deposited as a film by dropcasting technique on (2x2 cm2) glass substrates. The effect of polymer matrix type on the optical properties (surface plasmon resonance, transmission and direct and indirect bandgap) were investigated. It was observed from the absorption spectra of the various synthesized materials that the type of polymer used in the preparation process significantly influences the location of the plasmonic absorption peak and the amount of the energy gap.

Gold-copper oxide core-shell plasmonic nanoparticles: the effect of pH on shell stability and mechanistic insights into shell formation.

Plasmonic nanoparticles play an important role in applications for chemical sensing, catalysis, medicine, and biosensing. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a nanoparticle is determined by factors such as size, shape, and the local dielectric environment. Here, we report a simple colloidal synthesis method to create core-shell plasmonic nanoparticles with a gold core and a copper oxide (Cu2O) shell. The gold cores are particles of various shapes and sizes, including nanorods, nanobipyramids, and nanoshells, and the Cu2O shell is on the order of 30-40 nm thick. The growth of the oxide shell red shifts the plasmonic absorption of the gold core particle by up to 250 nanometers, resulting in a particle that can absorb into the near-infrared (NIR). Additionally, we report the unique ability to immediately remove and regrow the oxide shell by simple changes to the solution pH. We demonstrate the repeated dissolution and nucleation of the oxide shell through the addition of an acid and a base, respectively. The process is confirmed by characterization using Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-IR (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy and electron microscopy of the particles. After several iterations of this process, we report the formation of large Cu2O spheres, where Cu2O nucleation on other Cu2O particles is favored over the gold nanoparticles. In addition, we provide insight into the role of ligands in shell formation.

Laser-synthesized plasmonic HfN-based nanoparticles as a novel multifunctional agent for photothermal therapy.

Hafnium nitride nanoparticles (HfN NPs) can offer appealing plasmonic properties at the nanoscale, but the fabrication of stable water-dispersible solutions of non-toxic HfN NPs exhibiting plasmonic features in the window of relative biological transparency presents a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate a solution to this problem by employing ultrashort (femtosecond) laser ablation from a HfN target in organic solutions, followed by a coating of the formed NPs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and subsequent dispersion in water. We show that the fabricated NPs exhibit plasmonic absorption bands with maxima around 590 nm, 620 nm, and 650 nm, depending on the synthesis environment (ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile, respectively), which are largely red-shifted compared to what is expected from pure HfN NPs. The observed shift is explained by including nitrogen-deficient hafnium nitride and hafnium oxynitride phases inside the core and oxynitride coating of NPs, as follows from a series of structural characterization studies. We then show that the NPs can provide a strong photothermal effect under 808 nm excitation with a photothermal conversion coefficient of about 62%, which is comparable to the best values reported for plasmonic NPs. MTT and clonogenic assays evidenced very low cytotoxicity of PEG-coated HfN NPs to cancer cells from different tissues up to 100 μg mL-1 concentrations. We finally report a strong photothermal therapeutic effect of HfN NPs, as shown by 100% cell death under 808 nm light irradiation at NP concentrations lower than 25 μg mL-1. Combined with additional X-ray theranostic functionalities (CT scan and photon capture therapy) profiting from the high atomic number (Z = 72) of Hf, plasmonic HfN NPs promise the development of synergetically enhanced modalities for cancer treatment.

Resistive plasmonic absorbing structures for stability enhancement of broadband absorption

Resistive plasmonic absorbing structures for stability enhancement of broadband absorption

Fungal-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a novel strategy for plant disease management.

Various traditional management techniques are employed to control plant diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. However, due to their drawbacks and adverse environmental effects, there is a shift toward employing more eco-friendly methods that are less harmful to the environment and human health. The main aim of the study was to biosynthesize silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Rhizoctonia solani and Cladosporium cladosporioides using a green approach and to test the antimycotic activity of these biosynthesized AgNPs against a variety of pathogenic fungi. The characterization of samples was done by using UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffractometry). During the study, the presence of strong plasmon absorbance bands at 420 and 450 nm confirmed the AgNPs biosynthesis by the fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Cladosporium cladosporioides. The biosynthesized AgNPs were 80-100 nm in size, asymmetrical in shape and became spherical to sub-spherical when aggregated. Assessment of the antifungal activity of the silver nanoparticles against various plant pathogenic fungi was carried out by agar well diffusion assay. Different concentration of AgNPs, 5 mg/mL 10 mg/mL and 15 mg/mL were tested to know the inhibitory effect of fungal plant pathogens viz. Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium metavorans, and Aspergillus aflatoxiformans. However, 15 mg/mL concentration of the AgNPs showed excellent inhibitory activity against all tested fungal pathogens. Thus, the obtained results clearly suggest that silver nanoparticles may have important applications in controlling various plant diseases caused by fungi.

Artificial Photosynthesis of Ammonia by Semiconducting Plasmonic NIR Energy

Artificial photosynthesis of ammonia is one of the most promising paths toward carbon neutrality and sustainability. However, nitrogen photo-fixation to produce ammonia in ultrapure water is still challenging due to the thermodynamic and kinetic requirements of the nitrogen reduction reaction. An ideal photocatalyst is expected to have energetic electrons to drive the nitrogen reduction reaction, as well as enough affinity for chemisorption and activation of nitrogen molecules at the surface. Compared with plasmonic metal catalysts, plasmonic semiconducting nanomaterials are excellent candidates due to the tunable plasmon absorption over a wide range of spectra allowing efficient utilization of solar energy, abundant hot carriers that may overcome the interfacial energy barriers, and low-cost. The localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) effects can also promote charge separation and interfacial transfer. Here, we report metal oxides with tunable oxygen concentration and copper chalcogenides with tunable copper deficiency for photocatalytic nitrogen reduction in ultrapure water. Efficient ammonia production has been achieved under near-infrared (NIR) light illumination. We have demonstrated that for plasmonic semiconducting photocatalysts, the performance is not only dictated by the defects, their negative effects in trapping carriers are also important. Figure 1

Вплив тонких плівок Se на ефективність збудження поверхневих плазмон-поляритонів в срібних та алюмінієвих голографічних решітках

In this paper, we study the effect of thin selenium layers up to 3 nm thick on the efficiency of excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The Se layers were deposited by thermal evaporation in vacuum on the surface of silver and aluminum gratings. Gratings with a groove profile close to sinusoidal and a period equal to а = 694 nm were formed on chalcogenide photoresist films using interference lithography. Then they were coated with layers of the above metals with a thickness of 80–85 nm using thermal evaporation. Registration of SPP excitation on the gratings was carried out by measuring the angular dependences of the intensity of specularly reflected or diffracted p-polarized He-Ne laser radiation on a stand mounted on the basis of a G5M goniometer and a Fedorov table. An atomic force microscope was used to determine the shape of the groove profile and the depth of the grating relief. It has been found that for silver gratings with a relief modulation depth h/a less than the optimal value (which ensures maximum plasmon absorption, i.e., the maximum efficiency of SPP excitation), selenium deposition causes significant degradation of the plasmon resonance: a decrease in the depth of the minimum of the total reflection Rpt (i.e., a decrease in the efficiency of plasmon absorption), a shift of the Rpt minimum towards larger angles, and its widering. For silver gratings with h/a greater than the optimal value, a similar shift and widering of the plasmon resonance is also observed. However, at the same time, a significant deepening of the Rpt minimum is recorded, that is, an increase in the efficiency of SPP excitation. Such changes in the plasmon characteristics also appear on aluminum gratings, however, in this case the effect of the selenium layers is weaker by an order of magnitude. The obtained results allow us to propose a method of correcting the plasmonic characteristics of silver gratings in which the value of h/a is higher than optimal.

Near-Infrared Transparent Transition-Metal-Doped Indium Oxide Thin-Film Heater for LiDAR.

The evolving need for all-weather light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors and cameras for autonomous vehicles, remote sensing surveillance, and space exploration has spurred the development of transparent heaters. While LiDAR photon sources have shifted from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) range, the use of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) for heaters leads to significant optical losses due to their high plasmonic absorption and reflection in the NIR range. Although different TCO compositions can be employed to preserve transparency and electrical conductivity in this range, the choice of dopants, their concentrations, and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we present TCOs specifically designed for NIR applications with a focus on identifying new compositions that strike a balance between NIR transparency and electrical conductivity. We present a 4B-6B transition-metal-doped indium oxide thin-film heater that exhibits impressive NIR transmittance (>90%) surpassing that of commonly used indium tin oxide films. By incorporating effective dopants such as titanium, hafnium, and tungsten, we successfully reduced the resistivity and enhanced the electrical conductivity of indium oxide films. To enhance the practical utility of the film, we implemented post-treatments comprising argon plasma treatment and encapsulation with low-molecular-weight poly(dimethylsiloxane), which resulted in significantly improved performance. The optimized film exhibited a sheet resistance of 520 Ω/sq and excellent optical transmittance at 850 nm (89.1%), 905 nm (89.7%), and 1550 nm (92%). Moreover, we successfully integrated defogging and defrosting capabilities into a commercial LiDAR camera and demonstrated its reliable operation in challenging environments.