Plantar Footprint Research Articles

Effects of neural mobilization of sciatic nerve and its branches in plantar foot pressures and stabilometry

Benefits of neural mobilization (NM) have been described in musculoskeletal patients. The effects of NM on balance appear to be unclear in research, and no studies have tested the possible effects of NM on plantar pressures. Eighteen subjects were evaluated pre and post bilateral gliding of the sciatic nerve and its branches posterior tibial nerve, lateral dorsocutaneous, medial and intermediate dorsocutaneous nerves. Static variables of the plantar footprint and stabilometric variables were measured in a pre-post study. We found no differences in plantar pressure variables, Rearfoot maximum pressure (p = 0.376), Rearfoot medium pressure (p = 0.106), Rearfoot surface (p = 0.896), Midfoot maximum pressure (p = 0.975), Midfoot medium pressure (p = 0.950), Midfoot surface (p = 0.470) Forefoot maximum pressure (p = 0.559), Forefoot medium pressure(p = 0.481), Forefoot surface (p = 0.234), and stabilometric variables either, X-Displacement eyes-open (p = 0.086), Y-Displacement eyes-open (p = 0.544), Surface eyes-open (p = 0.411), Medium speed latero-lateral displacement eyes-open (p = 0.613), Medium speed anteroposterior displacement eyes-open (p = 0.442), X Displacement eyes-closed (p = 0.126), Y-Displacement eyes-closed (p = 0.077), Surface eyes-closed (p = 0.502), Medium speed latero-lateral displacement eyes-closed (p = 0.956), Medium speed anteroposterior displacement eyes-closed (p = 0.349). All variables don´t have significant differences however the measurements had a high reliability with at least an ICC of 0.769. NM doesn´t change plantar pressures or improve balance in healthy non-athletes subjects. NCT05190900.

Wearable device for detecting flat feet and high arches using pressure sensors based on graphite

The present study focuses on the design and construction of an innovative device aimed at identifying plantar foot conditions, such as normal, cavus, and flat feet, through the analysis of biosignals. The device was based on two identification methods: the plantar footprint test and the use of a template equipped with digital and analog sensors made of Velostat paper, a material derived from graphite that allows capturing biosignals with high precision. These biosignals were integrated into an Android application, facilitating the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of plantar conditions. The key component of the device was a sensor created with graphite, which functioned as a piezoelectric sensor to acquire and measure the pressure exerted by the foot. Thanks to the sensor’s ability to capture biosignals, it was possible to accurately detect and classify plantar conditions. The device stood out for its low cost and seamless integration with the mobile application, becoming a valuable and accessible tool for the healthcare sector, with the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for patients with foot problems through early detection and timely treatment.

Relationship between the floating toe and the center-of-pressure position in an upright posture among students.

[Purpose] The incidence of floating toes in children is increasing. Although the anteroposterior center of pressure in children is present posteriorly, its relationship with the floating toe is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the position of the anteroposterior center of pressure and the floating toe in an upright posture in children. [Participants and Methods] In this cross-sectional study, a Win-Pod (Medicapteurs) platform was used to measure the position of the anteroposterior center of pressure in 208 boys and 195 girls from Japanese elementary schools. Using images of the plantar footprint, floating toes were assessed and the floating toe score was calculated. [Results] The anteroposterior center of pressure position was situated 32.3 ± 8.2% from the heel. The floating toe score of all the participants was 3.5 ± 2.4, with a very high rate of 98%. The floating toe score had a significant, moderate correlation with age, height, weight, and the anteroposterior center-of-pressure position. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between the floating toe score and the anteroposterior center-of-pressure position, height, and weight. [Conclusion] There is significant relationship between the anteroposterior center-of-pressure position and the floating toe score in an upright posture in Japanese elementary school students.

Statistical Analysis by Linear Regression of the Prevalence of Flatfoot in Preschool Children of a Mexican Community

Context: In Mexico's rural towns, it is essential to generate a culture of studying the prevalence of flat feet in children aged 3 to 5, whose arch is still in development and can be corrected. By means of a computer application, statistical bar graph and correlation studies via linear regression can validate the results obtained regarding the categorization of infants' footprint type, which are acquired through the Hernández Corvo index (HCI), Clarke’s angle protocol (CA), the Staheli index (SI), the Chippaux index (CI), and the body mass index (BMI). Methods: A statistical analysis of the plantar footprint of 95 infants in a rural region of Mexico was carried out, employing a computational technique together with a photo-podoscope. Footprint images were acquired, processed, and classified. The footprint type was categorized with respect to the HCI, CA, and the Staheli-Chippaux index (SCI). The footprint distribution was validated via the linear regression method. Results: We evidenced a prevalence of flat foot of 54,7% in relation to HCI, 58,9% in relation to CA, and 61,05% in relation to SCI, where the male gender was shown to be more susceptible (up to 28, 32, and 33 cases, respectively). The best prediction was obtained using the SI and the CI: 90,7 and 87,0% for the right and left feet, with a positive increase. No dependence on body composition was observed. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the type of footstep, in its normal, cavus, and flat categories, shows the prevalence of flat feet among infants aged 3 to 5, with at least 28 cases, mostly male and without dependence on weight. Although it is difficult to perform plantar footprint diagnoses in the rural communities of Mexico, this statistical study highlights the importance of monitoring foot development in preschool infants with the advantages and practicality of computational techniques.

The relationship between body mass index and lower extremity biomechanics in children aged 10-12 years: a comprehensive analysis

Childhood obesity has emerged as a global health concern leading to complications, such as bones and muscles misalignment of knees, flat feet and changes in walking patterns. Although some studies have individually linked these conditions to body mass index (BMI), the relationship between these variables needs to be explored. This study aimed to investigate the associations between BMI and knee position, foot position and plantar footprint in children aged 10 to 12 years. Data were collected from 59 children by measuring their BMI, knee alignment, foot position and plantar footprint. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between BMI and inter-malleolar distance (DIM), foot position and plantar footprint. The Mann- Whitney U test was used to compare these variables between boys and girls (p-value < 0.05). Higher BMI values were associated with higher DIM in both boys and girls. Furthermore, we observed that genu valgum was positively correlated with foot pronation and a flattened plantar footprint. No significant differences were found in relation to BMI, variations in foot position or footprint types. Our research provides evidence that there is a connection, between BMI and genu valgum in children between the ages of 10 and 12. We have also found a correlation between genu valgum and foot pronation among children in this age group. These findings highlight the significance of addressing childhood obesity to prevent any health issues.

Relationship between the floating toe and the center-of-pressure position in an upright posture among students.

[Purpose] The incidence of floating toes in children is increasing. Although the anteroposterior center of pressure in children is present posteriorly, its relationship with the floating toe is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the position of the anteroposterior center of pressure and the floating toe in an upright posture in children. [Participants and Methods] In this cross-sectional study, a Win-Pod (Medicapteurs) platform was used to measure the position of the anteroposterior center of pressure in 208 boys and 195 girls from Japanese elementary schools. Using images of the plantar footprint, floating toes were assessed and the floating toe score was calculated. [Results] The anteroposterior center of pressure position was situated 32.3 ± 8.2% from the heel. The floating toe score of all the participants was 3.5 ± 2.4, with a very high rate of 98%. The floating toe score had a significant, moderate correlation with age, height, weight, and the anteroposterior center-of-pressure position. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between the floating toe score and the anteroposterior center-of-pressure position, height, and weight. [Conclusion] There is significant relationship between the anteroposterior center-of-pressure position and the floating toe score in an upright posture in Japanese elementary school students.

Evaluation of the type of plantar footprint in a public institution in Cuenca

To identify the type of plantar footprint in adolescents between 10 and 15 years of age in a public institution in Cuenca. Methods: The study was quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional. The type of plantar footprint was determined by means of a photo-podoscope. Data were tabulated using Excel and SPSS 22.0. The population was selected by non-probabilistic sampling, evaluating 75 students who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Within the population studied a higher percentage of pes cavus was found with 56% in the right foot and 45.3% in the left foot. In the right foot there was a higher percentage of pes cavus in women (61.9%) than in men (38.1%); in the left foot, the normal/cavus foot predominated in men (90%) and in women the pes cavus foot (76.5%). In the relationship between plantar footprint and age, in the right foot there was 23.8% of pes cavus at the age of 10 years and in the left foot 29.4% at the age of 12 years. Finally, in relation to plantar footprint and Body Mass Index (BMI), in the right foot 73.7% of pes cavus was observed in normal weight and in the left foot 67.6%. Conclusions: The predominant plantar footprint type in the students evaluated was pes cavus.

Ankle sprain and podoscopic footprint pattern in female volleyball players.

Ankle sprain (AS) is the most common sports injury that can be complicated by chronic joint instability. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between foot types and the ankle sprain events suffered during the sport career in female volleyball players. In this retrospective study, we randomly selected 98 female volleyball players competing in several divisions. Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires in which the athlete noted data about volleyball practice, whether they had had ankle sprains and the number of these events. Plantar footprint was photographed by a plantoscope classifying each foot as normal, flat or cavus (196 feet). Of the 196 feet, 145 (74.0%) were normal, 8 (4.1%) were flat 43 and (21.9%) were cavus. Thirthy-five athletes reported at least one AS during volleyball practice. In total 65 sprain injuries were reported (35 to the right side and 30 to the left side). In 22 ankles (14 right, 8 left) sprain reinjure (AS >1) have been reported. A higher AS reinjury rate is correlated to the cavus footprint pattern (p = 0,005). Cavus foot associates to a higher risk of reinjury for ankle sprains in female volleyball players. Knowing the athletes which are more likely to sustain a reinjure may be helpful for the orthopedic surgeon to plan preventive strategies.

Application of Kinetic Recovery Programs in Performance Sports Dance Pathologies

"For the detection of the flat foot and ligament laxity, the method of visual observation of the anatomical landmarks, the planogram on paper and the test of bearing body weight were used. At the same time, to test the stability of the ankle joint, we used the unipodal test on Bosu ball, where it was measured in seconds how much the subjects managed to maintain the unipodal position on Bosu ball. For the detection of low back pain, the method of individual interviewing of each athlete, the VAS scale of pain, the DLLT test (Double Leg Lowering Test) and the visual evaluation of any malalignments present in the bone structures was used. Applying the protocol for flat foot pathology, we obtained an improvement of the plantar arch in all subjects, as evidenced by the improvement of paper planograms where the decrease of the plantar footprint on the medial part of the foot was observed in all subjects of the experiment group. Compared to the standard protocol applied to the control group, we obtained by applying our protocol an improvement of the Achilles tendon line in orthostatic in 9 out of 10 subjects, while when applying the standard protocol, only 7 out of 10 subjects were observed. In conclusion, applying the kinetic protocol to recover post-training low back pain has improved low back pain, proving to be more beneficial than the standardized protocol for dancers, especially for female subjects. Keywords: kinetic recovery, sport performance, dancers pathologies, sport traumatology "

06 Flat foot impairs physical activity in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

BackgroundChildren with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are less active compared with the general population due to pain and deformities, mainly of the lower limbs. Indeed, only 23% of children with JIA meet the public health recommendations of one h of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily [1]. In this context, foot involvement in JIA is a considerable limiting cause of physical activity.ObjectivesOur study aimed to investigate the types of static foot disorders that impede physical activity in children with JIA.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with JIA according to the revised ILAR criteria. Socio-demographic and disease-related data were recorded. All patients underwent podoscope examination for varus or valgus deformity of the hindfoot and plantar footprint abnormality (flat foot or hollow foot). Patients with ankle or foot involvement due to congenital malformation or any other cause besides JIA were excluded. The impact of foot involvement on physical activity was assessed by the Oxford ankle foot questionnaire for children (OxAFQ-C). A higher score represents better functioning. We looked for the effect of foot abnormalities and their impact on physical activity.ResultsA total of 23 patients were collected. The mean age was 12.7 ± 3 [6–18] years and the mean age at diagnosis was 9.3 ± 3 [3–16] years. There was a female predominance with a sex ratio of 0.42. The majority of patients had secondary education (52%). The distribution of the different subtypes was dominated by the oligoarticular form (30%) and the enthesitis-related arthritis form (26%), followed by the polyarticular FR + (n = 1), polyarticular FR- (n = 3), psoriatic arthritis (n = 3), systemic (n = 1) and undifferentiated (n = 1) forms. The mean physical activity score assessed by the Oxford score was 73.52 ± 35.8 [0 – 100]. Plantar footprint abnormalities of the hollow and flat foot were found in 39% and 30% of cases respectively. These abnormalities were unilateral and bilateral in 7 and 9 patients respectively. Eleven patients (48%) had a hindfoot abnormality and 30% of them had a limitation of joint movement range. There was no statistically significant association between the physical domain of the Oxford score and the presence of a limited range of the talocrural joint (p> 0.05). A significant reduction in physical activity was associated with hindfoot pain (5.37 vs 89.56; p< 0.001) but was not associated with the presence of hindfoot abnormalities (p = 0.05). The presence of flat feet was significantly associated with impairment in all domains of the Oxford score, particularly in the physical domain (36.79 for the flat foot group vs 89.2 for the group without flat feet, p = 0.001). However, the presence of a hollow foot did not lead to an alteration of the physical activity of JIA patients (p> 0.05).ConclusionOur study showed that the flat foot was associated with a reduction in physical activity. Early detection of this abnormality and adapted podiatric care could improve the function of young patients with JIA.

Prevalence of flatfoot among young Korean males and the correlation among flatfoot angles measured in weight-bearing lateral radiographs.

Flatfoot causes significant fatigue and pain while walking, and even asymptomatic flatfoot may increase the risk of metatarsal stress fracture during long-distance walking. While most studies have used physical examination or plantar footprints to diagnose flatfoot, a weight-bearing radiograph of the foot provides more objective data. However, data on the prevalence of flatfoot in Asian populations gathered in a nationwide cohort of a specific age group is lacking. We examined the prevalence of flatfoot among 19-year-old male Korean army recruits using a weight-bearing lateral radiograph and evaluated the correlation among flatfoot angles. A total of 560,141 19-year-old Korean males were examined at the regional Military Manpower Administration offices between April 2018 and April 2020. Weight-bearing lateral radiographs of the foot were obtained using an X-ray system while the subjects were standing on a table with their feet in a neutral position. Based on these radiographs, military orthopedic surgeons and radiologists measured the talo-first metatarsal angle (TMA) and calcaneal pitch angle (CPA) for flatfoot diagnosis. Mild flatfoot was diagnosed when the TMA ranged from 6 to 15° or the CPA was <17°, and moderate-to-severe flatfoot was diagnosed when the TMA was 15° or greater or the CPA was <10°. Pearson correlation coefficients and scatter plot matrix were used to evaluate the correlation among the flatfoot angles. Finally, we evaluated the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and flatfoot angles and compared the BMI in subjects with or without self-checked foot deformities including flatfoot and pes cavus. Of the 560,141 subjects, 16,102 (2.9%) were diagnosed as flatfoot, and 5265 (0.9%) were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe flatfoot. The coefficients between TMA and CPA ranged from 0.342 to 0.449 (all P values < 0.001), and those between the 2 sides of TMA and CPA were 0.709 and 0.746 (all P values < 0.001), respectively. BMI had a significant correlation with both TMA and CPA in subjects with flatfoot, and those with self-checked foot deformities had a significantly higher BMI than the group without foot deformities. The prevalence of total flatfoot and moderate-to-severe flatfoot in 19-year-old Korean males based on a weight-bearing lateral radiograph was 2.9% and 0.9%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between TMAs and CPAs showed a low degree of positive correlation. Higher BMI was associated with the likelihood of the presence of flatfoot.

Plantar footprints and 3D foot shape digital analysis for overweight teenager – one case study

Nowadays, one of the most critical health problems among young people is obesity. Because teenagers are still in the growing process, the foot shape and plantar footprints are very important to be analysed and potential problems to be identified. Young adulthood is a risky period for the development of obesity. This study aims to analyse the plantar footprints, the biomechanical parameters obtained through plantar pressure measurements, and the 3D shape of the foot and anthropometrical parameters obtained from scanning. By comparing the results, both feet have been demonstrated to be high arched, as well as high pressures were identified and differences from left to the right foot. With these results, prophylactic footwear and components can be designed, adapted to the subject’s feet.

A cross-sectional study on the correlations between floating toe, plantar arch posture, and body composition in 8-year-old children

BackgroundFloating toe (FT): inadequately in contact with the ground and flexible flat foot (FFF) are frequently seen in children. According to some reports, inadequate foot muscle strength may cause FT or FFF.Therefore, a relationship may exist between arch formation, FT, and pedal muscle strength. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of FT with plantar arch posture and body composition, including overall muscle mass. MethodsWe conducted our own cohort study in addition to the Japan Environment and Children's Study conducted by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Out of 705 eight-year-old children participating in this adjunct study, 578 with recorded footprints were included. Body composition (body weight, body fat percentage, and predicted muscle mass) was assessed using body composition analyzer. Presence of FT or FFF was evaluated using foot pressure plate. We calculated the FT score (small FT score indicates insufficient ground contact of the toes) and the Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI) using images of the plantar footprint. ResultsThe FT score (an indicator of FT) showed no significant correlation with CSI (an indicator of plantar arch posture). Moreover, no significant correlations between the predicted muscle mass, FT score, and CSI were observed. ConclusionsThis is the first report that assessed the relationship of FT with plantar arch posture and body composition in children. This study indicated that muscle strength might not be a major factor for FT and FFF development in children.

Concordance between Pressure Platform and Pedigraph.

Objectives: Determine the concordance between two methods of obtaining the plantar footprint (pedigraph and pressure platform). Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study of prevalence was carried out in the social center of Cariño (Coruña), Spain (n = 65 participants). Older people without amputations or the presence of dysmetria were included. The variables studied were: sociodemographic (age, sex), anthropometric (body mass index) and footprint measurement variables. These measurements were made by obtaining the plantar footprint using two methods: pedigraph and pressure platform. Results: The mean age of the sample was 37.42 ± 15.05 years, with a predominance of the female gender (61.54%). Positive linear correlation between pedigraph and platform was observed in both feet in the Chippaux and Staheli indices (correlation coefficient > 0.3, p < 0.001 in each comparison). The reliability was good or moderate in relation with the Chippaux and Staheli index. Slightly lower coefficients were observed in the dimensions of the foot. Conclusions: A positive linear correlation between pedigraph and platform was observed in both feet in the Chippaux and Staheli indices. Significant differences were observed between pedigraph and platform in relation to the width and length of the foot. It is probably due to the fact that the pressure platform provides more exhaustive, detailed and accurate information of the foot.

The Effect of Simulated Leg-Length Discrepancy on the Dynamic Parameters of the Feet during Gait-Cross-Sectional Research.

Background: The effect of Leg-Length Discrepancy (LLD) on dynamic gait parameters has been extensively discussed. Podobarography is the study of foot-to-ground pressure distribution. It has been used to test plantar footprint deviations that could reveal pathology. Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of simulated LLD on dynamic gait parameters measured with a pressure platform in healthy subjects. Methods: Thirty-seven healthy subjects participated in observational cross-sectional research. A procedure was performed to capture the dynamic parameters of each participant under five different simulated LLD conditions. Support time, mean pressure, and peak pressure measures were registered on three trials for each foot and LLD level per session. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for repeated measures was performed to check for differences between the different simulated LLD levels. Results: The stance time of the short leg had no significant changes. The stance time of the long leg increased by 3.51% (p < 0.001), mean pressure of the short leg increased by 1.23% (p = 0.005), and decreased by 5.89% in the long leg (p < 0.001). Peak pressure of the short leg decreased by 2.58% (p = 0.031) and the long leg decreased by 12.11% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that increasing LLD causes an asymmetrical foot-loading pattern, with decreased mean and peak pressure on the longer limb, and consequently an overload on the short side. Furthermore, an increasing LLD causes increased stance time on the long leg.

Prevalence of floating toe and its relationship with static postural stability in children: The Yamanashi adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS-Y).

Floating toe (FT) is a frequently seen condition in which a toe is inadequately in contact with the ground. Although toes play an important role in stabilizing standing posture and walking, many aspects of the effects of FT on the body remain unclear. To our knowledge, there have been no reports about the relationship between FT and postural stability, especially in children. This study aimed to clarify the prevalence of FT and its relationship with static postural stability in children. Of the 400 children aged 8 years who participated in our cohort study, 396, who were examined for static postural stability, were included in this study. Postural stability and FT were assessed using a foot pressure plate. The sway path length of the center of pressure and the area of the ellipse defined as the size of the area marked by the center of pressure, were measured as an evaluation of static postural stability. We calculated the "floating toe score (FT score: small FT score indicates insufficient ground contact of the toes)" using the image of the plantar footprint obtained at the postural stability measurement. The rate of FT was elevated at more than 90%, and the FT score in the eyes-closed condition was significantly higher than that in the eyes-open condition in both sexes. The FT score significantly correlated with the center of pressure path and area. Our results suggest that ground contact of the toes is not directly related to static postural stability in children, but it may function to stabilize the body when the condition becomes unstable, such as when the eyes are closed.

Applications of fitness function in Pubalgia affliction

Introduction. The relationships among variables are important in medicine and sport, and the most common approaches use linear correlation for optimization and prediction. Material and method. We propose to o novel usage of a known method (the genetic programming algorithm) to construct a nonlinear model in a practical case for rehabilitation find out the mathematical formula for a relationship among many variables . This study seeks to find a mathematical function to estimate the current state of the patient: healthy, affected by Pubalgia. Results and discussions. In the proposed application, a mathematical relationship is sought for five variables that express a state of health for patients, plantar footprint, plantar footprint – right, plantar pressure, plantar pressure – right and the surface of the body weight center. Conclusions. In this article, genetic programming has been proposed to construct a mathematical function to estimate the patient's condition possibly affected by Pubalgia. Keywords: e-health, rehabilitation, genetic algorithm,fitness function,

Discordance of the Evaluation of the Plantar Footprint in Kidney Transplant.

The measures used for the diagnosis of biomechanical pathologic disorders are variable. The aim of this study was to determine the concordance between the Clarke angle and the Chippaux-Smirak and Staheli indices in evaluation of the footprints of kidney transplant patients. An observational prevalence study was performed in kidney transplant patients in the University Hospital Complex A Coruña from 1981 through 2014. After obtaining patient informed consent and ethics committee approval, sociodemographic (age and sex) and anthropometric (body mass index) variables and comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index score) were assessed for each patient, and a podiatric medical examination was performed of the footprint through a pedigree (Chippaux-Smirak index, Staheli index, and Clarke angle). A descriptive analysis of all of the variables was performed; for agreement, the kappa index and the Bland-Altman method were used. We found a predominance of male sex (65.6%) and a high level of overweight (43.3%) in the sample. The highest concordance between the indices studied is presented by the Chippaux-Smirak index, with a kappa index of 0.86 for the left foot and 0.76 for the right foot. High agreement was attained among observers in measurements of the footprints of kidney transplant patients.

Fatigue in Children with Pronated Feet After Aerobic Exercises.

Sports have a strong influence on current society. Foot posture has been postulated to be a risk factor for overuse injuries; however, the link between foot posture and injuries is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether children with pronated feet become more fatigued after participating in sports tests than those with normal feet. One hundred five children aged 10 to 12 years (mean ± SD age, 10.46 ± 0.78 years) participated in the sports tests, which were aerobic-type resistance exercises with six stations at which each child remained for 30 sec. The posture of the foot was evaluated via the Foot Posture Index and the plantar footprint via the arch index and the Clarke angle before and after aerobic-type resistance exercises. Perceived tiredness was evaluated with the Pictorial Children's Effort Rating Table (PCERT) and whether there was pain during or after physical activity. The variables used to measure foot posture and the plantar arch changed more in the pronated feet, suggesting that the feet undergo more pronation after physical exercise. The neutral feet obtained a mean ± SD PCERT score of 5.46 ± 1.89 and the pronated feet a score of 7.60 ± 1.92. Children with pronated feet showed more fatigue and foot pain during and/or after physical exercise than those with neutral feet. Foot type could be responsible for the lack of enthusiasm of children toward undertaking healthy activities, and this problem might be solved via appropriate orthopedic treatment.

Influence of the Type of Sport in the Plantar Footprint, Peruvian Sports Institute ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary

The type of plantar footprint is different between athletes and non‐athletes [ Techakampuch and Donphongam, 2004]. Our research aimed to characterize the plantar footprint in athletes from different disciplines. The sample size was determined for a finite universe, the participants were both sexes: 326 athletes from 11 disciplines of the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD) ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary and 80 non‐athletes. We print the plantar footprint, then measure the width of the metatarsal (X) and the distance between the arches (Y), then calculate using the formula IHC = ((XY)/X) 100. According to the value, IHC obtained the classification of the type of foot (flat foot = 0–34, normal flat = 35–39, normal = 40–54, normal cavus = 55–59, cavus = 60–74, strong cavus = 75–84, extreme cavus = 85–100) [ Hernández Corvo, 1987]. Athletes show ~58% of both feet with the same plantar footprint and ~42% of both feet with the different plantar footprint, instead; non‐athletes had ~88% and ~12% respectively. The predominant types of plantar footprint in athletes are ~ 38% normal, ~ 10% normal cavus and ~ 6% cavus. Although a type of foot modified to sport or discipline cannot be affirmed, we know that the constant physical and sports activity generates different modifications in the plantar footprint of players depending on the discipline practiced. These modifications are due to the technique being different in each of the disciplines [ Berdejo‐del‐Fresno et al., 2013]. We found that the type of sport influenced the anthropometric characteristic of the plantar footprint in the athletes of the IPD ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary, that is, the foot adapts to the demands of the sport.Support or Funding InformationAntenor Orrego Private UniversityHernández Corvo index (IHC). Adapted from Sánchez. 2017Figure 1 Percentage Distribution of the Plantar Footprint Influenced by the Type of Sport, Peruvian Sports Institute ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary Sports Plantar Footprint N° Flat (F) Normal Flat (NF) Normal (N) Normal Cavus (NC) Cavus (C) Strong Cavus (SC) Extreme Cavus (EC) Both Feet Equal N NC C N NC NF N F SC C Both Feet Different NC C NC C N N F N C NF Karate 34 00.0 00.0 47.6 05.9 08.8 00.0 00.0 62.0 00.0 11.8 00.0 02.9 14.7 00.0 00.0 05.9 00.0 02.9 38.0 Volleyball 38 00.0 00.0 31.6 26.3 05.3 00.0 00.0 63.0 05.3 15.7 10.5 00.0 00.0 00.0 05.3 00.0 00.0 00.0 37.0 Soccer 30 00.0 06.7 46.7 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 53.0 13.3 06.7 13.2 00.0 00.0 06.7 00.0 00.0 06.7 00.0 47.0 Baseball 32 00.0 00.0 37.5 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 37.5 12.5 12.5 00.0 12.5 00.0 12.5 00.0 12.5 00.0 00.0 62.5 Taekwondo 36 00.0 00.0 38.9 16.7 05.6 00.0 00.0 61.1 11.0 5.6 16.6 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 05.6 38.9 Athletics 34 00.0 00.0 50.0 10.5 04.5 00.0 00.0 65.5 05.5 05.0 06.5 01.5 14.9 01.1 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 34.5 Basketball 38 00.0 00.0 15.0 12.0 25.5 02.5 00.0 55.0 10.5 15.5 06.5 02.5 03.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 05.5 01.5 45.0 Gymnastics 40 00.0 00.0 50.2 13.8 08.5 02.0 01.0 75.5 10.3 06.7 02.5 00.0 01.5 01.0 01.0 00.0 01.5 00.0 24.5 Swimming 22 07.9 10.1 23.0 08.0 02.0 01.6 01.4 54.0 03.5 03.5 05.9 00.0 02.5 14.3 10.1 01.0 04.7 00.5 46.0 Rugby 12 00.0 03.5 33.9 05.1 05.5 00.0 00.0 48.0 15.9 10.1 06.5 03.0 01.0 04.0 07.0 02.0 02.5 00.0 52.0 Powerlifting 12 02.8 8.2 39.00 10.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 60.0 10.9 07.1 01.5 00.0 01.9 04.2 08.5 05.9 00.0 00.0 40.0 Total 326 0.97 2.59 37.58 9.85 5.97 0.55 0.22 57,69 8.97 9.11 6.34 2.04 3.59 3.98 2.9 2.48 1.9 0.95 42.31 Average 3.56 47.43 6.74 30.05 9.36 2.85 Non‐Athletes 80 12.5 5.0 25.0 20.0 25.0 3.8 0 87.5 0 0 0 0 3.8 0 0 1.1 3.8 0 12.5 Average 17.5 45 28.8 3.8 1.1 3.8