Stages Of Plant Development Research Articles

Resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis during Different Plant Life Stages and under Different Environmental Conditions in the Ornamental Gladiolus.

The defense mechanisms of plants evolve as they develop. Previous research has identified chemical defenses against Western flower thrips (WFT) in Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.). Consequently, our study aimed to explore the consistency of these defense variations against WFT across the various developmental stages of Gladiolus grown under different conditions. Thrips bioassays were conducted on whole plants at three developmental stages, using the Charming Beauty and Robinetta varieties as examples of susceptible and resistant varieties, respectively. Metabolomic profiles of the leaves, buds and flowers before thrips infestation were analyzed. The thrips damage in Charming Beauty was more than 500-fold higher than the damage in Robinetta at all plant development stages. Relative concentrations of triterpenoid saponins and amino acids that were associated with resistance were higher in Robinetta at all plant stages. In Charming Beauty, the leaves exhibited greater damage compared to buds and flowers. The relative concentrations of alanine, valine and threonine were higher in buds and flowers than in leaves. The Metabolomic profiles of the leaves did not change significantly during plant development. In addition, we cultivated plants under different environmental conditions, ensuring consistency in the performance of the two varieties across different growing conditions. In conclusion, the chemical thrips resistance markers, based on the analysis of vegetative plants grown in climate rooms, were consistent over the plant's lifetime and for plants grown under field conditions.

An auxin research odyssey: 1989-2023.

The phytohormone auxin is at times called the master regulator of plant processes and has been shown to be a central player in embryo development, the establishment of the polar axis, early aspects of seedling growth, as well as growth and organ formation during later stages of plant development. The Plant Cell has been key, since the inception of the journal, to developing an understanding of auxin biology. Auxin-regulated plant growth control is accomplished by both changes in the levels of active hormones and the sensitivity of plant tissues to these concentration changes. In this historical review, we chart auxin research as it has progressed in key areas and highlight the role The Plant Cell played in these scientific developments. We focus on understanding auxin-responsive genes, transcription factors, reporter constructs, perception, and signal transduction processes. Auxin metabolism is discussed from the development of tryptophan auxotrophic mutants, the molecular biology of conjugate formation and hydrolysis, indole-3-butyric acid metabolism and transport, and key steps in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. This progress leads to an expectation of a more comprehensive understanding of the systems biology of auxin and the spatial and temporal regulation of cellular growth and development.

Cercozoan diversity of spring barley grown in the field is strongly plant compartment specific

Protists are an important part of the plant holobiome and influence plant growth and pathogenic pressure as consumers. Hordeum vulgare is one of the most economically important crops worldwide, and its yield depends on optimal environmental plant-growth conditions and pathogen defense. This study aimed to analyse the natural compositions of the cercozoan diversity, one of the most important and dominant protist phyla, of spring barley at different developmental stages, from different plant compartments over two years. Hordeum vulgare bulk soil samples were taken before seeding and after harvest on an organic farming field. Bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, roots and leaves were sampled at the flowering and ripening stages, and analysed with cercozoan-specific primers. Results showed a clear dominance of the families Sandonidae, Allapsidae, Cercomonadidae, Rhogostomidae and the order Glissomonadida in all sample types. Separated analyses of root, leaf and soil samples showed that members of the family Sandonidae were strongly enriched in leaf samples, while members of the Allapsidae family were enriched in the roots. No compositional differences were detected between the different plant developmental stages, except for the beta diversity of the leaf samples at the flowering and ripening stages. It can be concluded that the cercozoan diversity of spring barley is primarily affected by the plant compartment and not by the plant developmental stage. Further studies are needed to analyze the cercozoan community in greater taxonomic depth and to target their ecological function.

Multiple Physiological and Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress Response.

Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important nutrient for human health and disease cures, and it is also a crucial indicator for the quality of fruit and vegetables. As a reductant, AsA plays a pivotal role in maintaining the intracellular redox balance throughout all the stages of plant growth and development, fruit ripening, and abiotic stress responses. In recent years, the de novo synthesis and regulation at the transcriptional level and post-transcriptional level of AsA in plants have been studied relatively thoroughly. However, a comprehensive and systematic summary about AsA-involved biochemical pathways, as well as AsA's physiological functions in plants, is still lacking. In this review, we summarize and discuss the multiple physiological and biochemical functions of AsA in plants, including its involvement as a cofactor, substrate, antioxidant, and pro-oxidant. This review will help to facilitate a better understanding of the multiple functions of AsA in plant cells, as well as provide information on how to utilize AsA more efficiently by using modern molecular biology methods.

Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Analysis, and Subcellular Localization of DET2 Gene Family in Populus yunnanensis.

(1) Background: Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important hormones involved in almost all stages of plant growth and development, and sterol dehydrogenase is a key enzyme involved in BRs biosynthesis. However, the sterol dehydrogenase gene family of Populus yunnanensis Dode (P. yunnanensis) has not been studied. (2) Methods: The PyDET2 (DEETIOLATED2) gene family was identified and analyzed. Three genes were screened based on RNA-seq of the stem tips, and the PyDET2e was further investigated via qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and subcellular localization. (3) Results: The 14 DET2 family genes in P. yunnanensis were categorized into four groups, and 10 conserved protein motifs were identified. The gene structure, chromosome distribution, collinearity, and codon preference of all PyDET2 genes in the P. yunnanensis genome were analyzed. The codon preference of this family is towards the A/U ending, which is strongly influenced by natural selection. The PyDET2e gene was expressed at a higher level in September than in July, and it was significantly expressed in stems, stem tips, and leaves. The PyDET2e protein was localized in chloroplasts. (4) Conclusions: The PyDET2e plays an important role in the rapid growth period of P. yunnanensis. This systematic analysis provides a basis for the genome-wide identification of genes related to the brassinolide biosynthesis process in P. yunnanensis, and lays a foundation for the study of the rapid growth mechanism of P. yunnanensis.

Genome-Wide Studies of FH Family Members in Soybean (Glycine max) and Their Responses under Abiotic Stresses.

Formins or formin homology 2 (FH2) proteins, evolutionarily conserved multi-domain proteins in eukaryotes, serve as pivotal actin organizers, orchestrating the structure and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. However, a comprehensive investigation into the formin family and their plausible involvement in abiotic stress remains undocumented in soybean (Glycine max). In the current study, 34 soybean FH (GmFH)family members were discerned, their genomic distribution spanning the twenty chromosomes in a non-uniform pattern. Evolutionary analysis of the FH gene family across plant species delineated five discernible groups (Group I to V) and displayed a closer evolutionary relationship within Glycine soja, Glycine max, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of the gene structure of GmFH unveiled variable sequence lengths and substantial diversity in conserved motifs. Structural prediction in the promoter regions of GmFH gene suggested a large set of cis-acting elements associated with hormone signaling, plant growth and development, and stress responses. The investigation of the syntenic relationship revealed a greater convergence of GmFH genes with dicots, indicating a close evolutionary affinity. Transcriptome data unveiled distinctive expression patterns of several GmFH genes across diverse plant tissues and developmental stages, underscoring a spatiotemporal regulatory framework governing the transcriptional dynamics of GmFH gene. Gene expression and qRT-PCR analysis identified many GmFH genes with a dynamic pattern in response to abiotic stresses, revealing their potential roles in regulating plant stress adaptation. Additionally, protein interaction analysis highlighted an intricate web of interactions among diverse GmFH proteins. These findings collectively underscore a novel biological function of GmFH proteins in facilitating stress adaptation in soybeans.

Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Profiles and Selected Biological Activities of Various Morphological Parts of Ligustrum vulgare.

Ligustrum vulgare (LV), widely cultivated in Europe and often used in hedges, has been historically recognized in folk medicine for its potential health benefits. This study focused on exploring the untargeted identification of secondary metabolites in ethanol extracts (70% v/v) from different morphological parts (young shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits) of LV at various stages of plant development, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Additionally, the selected biological activities (antioxidant activity, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition (COX-2), α-amylase inhibition and cytotoxicity) of the tested extracts were determined. Untargeted metabolomics showed that LV extracts were a rich source of phenylethanoid compounds, flavonoids, iridoids and their derivatives. The flowers of LV had the highest content of oleuropein (33.43 ± 2.48 mg/g d.w.). The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for ripe and post-seasonal fruits, while in the case of other samples, the activity was at a similar level. All tested extracts showed α-amylase and COX-2 inhibitory activity. In addition, LV extracts showed strong antiproliferative properties in colorectal (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines. The obtained results show the difference in the content of bioactive compounds in various morphological parts of Ligustrum vulgare. These differences may influence the multifaceted medicinal potential of this plant.

The expression of lignin biosynthesis genes during plant development and effects of downregulated cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) gene in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge)

AbstractBahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) is a warm‐season grass where high lignin content limits its forage quality, negatively affecting animal performance. To create a new breeding method by genome editing, isolation and characterization of lignin biosynthesis genes and identification of their molecular relationships are essential. The caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase (COMT) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) cDNA clones were isolated from bahiagrass, and their protein sequences showed high similarity to other C4 monocot species through phylogenetic analysis. Gene expression analysis of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), COMT and CAD, involved in crucial stages of lignin biosynthesis and lignin content, was conducted at different plant developmental stages. The highest gene expression levels of these genes were observed in the vegetative (V) and early reproductive stages, while the lignin content increased until the middle reproductive stage and remained constant thereafter. Additionally, to further understand the molecular relationships in lignin biosynthesis, the effect of CAD downregulation was analyzed in transgenic bahiagrass lines introduced with sorghum CAD antisense and RNAi vector obtained from a previous report. This led to a reduced lignin content and affected the expression of PAL and COMT working upstream of CAD. In the V stage, PAL expression was lower in transgenic lines compared to wild type (WT), while COMT expression showed no significant differences. However, PAL and COMT expression of transgenic lines in the middle reproductive stage (R2) was significantly higher than in the WT. These findings suggest that the downregulation of CAD gene expression affects PAL and COMT expression and induces a feedback system in the R2 stage. Lignin content influenced the phenotype of the transgenic plants with significantly reduced lignin, exhibiting a dwarf phenotype with shorter plant heights. The findings of this study can be applied to genome editing for the development of practical new breeding materials with improved digestibility in bahiagrass.

EXPLORING THE RESPONSE MECHANISMS OF RICE TO SALINITY STRESS

The world's agricultural productivity has been on the decline due to salinity, which is a significant abiotic element. To find a solution to this problem, researchers have been concentrating their efforts on the enzymes and biochemical pathways involved in salt tolerance. The ultimate objective is to develop crops that are resistant to salt. Developments in molecular biology have facilitated the production of salt-tolerant cultivars by conventional breeding techniques. A significant amount of salt can inhibit the growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major food crop in many nations. This is especially true during the early stages of plant development. Rice's physiological, molecular, and biochemical reactions to excessive salinity have been the subject of significant exploration and investigation. The possible applications and implications of salinity tolerance are also discussed in this article, as well as the approaches that can be used to locate plants that are tolerant of salt.

Understanding the risks of antibiotics released from livestock on agricultural productivity: Evidence from mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] pot experiment

Antibiotics of veterinary origin are generally released to agricultural fields via grazing animals or manure. Antibiotics can also be delivered to agricultural lands by reclaimed wastewater irrigation as they have been found in both raw and processed sewage effluents. Possible effects of antibiotics on crop plants, particularly of mung bean (Vigna radiata cv. NM-11) were investigated in the present study. A pot experiment comprising four different treatments (0, 1 µg L-1, 5 µg L-1, and 10 µg L-1) of amoxicillin was carried out under natural atmospheric conditions. Five applications each of 200 mL of different concentrations of amoxicillin and one concentration of distilled water (control) were administered at two leaf stage onwards to the respective groups of mung bean plants. The effects of amoxicillin were assessed on the post-germination traits (agronomic parameters) of mung bean during ontogenesis and at the time of full development. The antibiotic adversely affected the plant agronomic traits which were determined twice at four-week intervals. The amoxicillin, even in small concentrations, adversely affected the growth as well as yield parameters of mung bean plants. Moreover, varying concentrations of amoxicillin used in the experiment also declined chlorophyll biosynthesis especially at the later stages of plant development.

Unraveling the Molecular Functions of Multifaced Plant‐Vacuolar Processing Enzymes

AbstractIn the plant development cycle, different types of proteases play essential functions. Plant vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) are a group of cysteine proteases localized in the cell vacuoles that process and regulate several larger proprotein precursors. VPEs activate the proteolytic cleavage of proproteins precursors within aspartic acid and asparagine residues to trigger the tightly controlled programmed cell death process induced by different stages of plant development and environmental cues, impacting myriad plant physiological processes. In plants, VPEs are categorized into embryo, vegetative, and seed coat‐types, in which embryo and seed coat‐type VPEs are mainly involved in processing the seed storage protein precursors to provide nutrients for early growth, while the vegetative type induces programmed cell death in a varied range of vegetative tissues. Recently, several plant VPEs exhibited transpeptidase activity, which is essential for the cyclization mechanism during the production of cyclotides. In this review, we explore and understand the complex functions of plant VPEs, which can lead to the production of stress‐tolerant and higher‐yield crops, and provide the recent advances in the application of VPEs in molecular pharming, which highlights the significant implications of VPEs in protein science and agriculture.

The effect of plant-associated rhizobacteria on the resistance of white mustard to soil drought

The paper discusses the results of a vegetation experiment with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), namely such products as Agrofil, Mizorin, Flavobakterin, and Ekstrasol, used as organic fertilizers for white mustard of the Rapsodiya/Rhapsody variety (k-4278) grown in normal soil moisture and drought. The study aims to determine the role of plant-associated PGPR strains in physiological processes and productivity of white mustard grown in normal moisture and soil drought during the critical stages of plant development. The growth stimulators showed to increase plant productivity under normal moisture facilitating growth and an increase in the number of leaves and seeds. Insufficient soil moisture disrupts water balance in plants. The seeds treated with PGPR were more physiologically stable and retained more water under short-term drought facilitating sufficient seed yield. Mizorin and Flavobakterin proved to be most effective under normal moisture, while the seeds inoculated with Agrofil performed best—both biologically and economically—in drought.

Effect of calcium chloride concentration on seed germination and young seedling parameters in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

The study was conducted with five rice varieties (Osmanchik 97, Gala, Luna, CL 34, Cameo) in order to determine and compare the effect of increased concentrations of CaCl2 on seed germination during the early stages of plant development. Variations include: control (deionized distilled water), 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, 200 mM, 250 mM, and 300 mM CaCl2 concentrations. Germinating energy, germination rate, germination rate coefficient, germination index degree, germination index, mean germination time, sprout and root length, sprouts and roots fresh and dry weight, seed vitality index and salinity tolerance were determined. The data were analyzed with SPSS program. The results show that the application of increasing concentrations of CaCl2 salinity in the order of 50-200 mM leads to a prolongation of the mean germination time of the seeds and has an inhibitory effect on the growth of sprouts and roots, this effect being more pronounced on the roots . The cultivars Osmanchik 97 and Gala are relatively more tolerant to salinization with low and medium concentrations of CaCl2 in terms of seed germination. At salinity levels from 250 mM to 300 mM CaCl2 solution, all tested cultivars were sensitive.

Effect of Cultivar and Temperature on Disease Development of Macrophomina Root Rot in Strawberry

Root rot, or charcoal rot, caused by the soilborne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, is a significant disease affecting strawberry production worldwide. Field trials were conducted for five seasons (2016–2017 to 2020–2021) to evaluate strawberry host plant resistance to Macrophomina root rot (MRR) in California. A wide range of plant resistance to MRR was observed. Because low disease severity occurred in the fifth season, a summary of the first to fourth seasons showed that ‘Osceola’ was highly resistant, whereas ‘Festival’, ‘Sweet Ann’, and ‘Ruby June’ were highly susceptible. Disease severity varied over the seasons for specific cultivars, as did the average final mortality for all cultivars. Models were built to investigate the relationship between environmental variables and final disease mortality among the seasons. Strong positive associations were found between the soil temperature during the first month after planting ( R2 = 0.79, P < 0.0001) or air temperature mid-season ( R2 = 0.79, P < 0.0001) and the final disease mortality of eight cultivars. We concluded that the soil temperature during the early stage of plant development and the mid-season air temperature are important factors in disease development for MRR. Screening new strawberry cultivars and elite breeding lines against MRR should be ongoing as part of a standard process for determining the susceptibility of currently grown and potentially new cultivars.

Simulation model of crop yields

The article identifies the factors that affect the yield of crops grown in the open ground. Most factors are random in nature, which depending on a variety of conditions can positively or negatively affect crop growth processes. To predict the strategy for growing plants to maximize possible yield requires the development of simulation models that allow repeated virtual experiments, taking into account changes in a variety of parameters. This justifies the need for the study to be conducted. The use of structural analysis methods allowed to establish key objects and processes affecting all stages of plant development, to determine the links between them and the rules of interaction. Based on this, a model of system dynamics was developed, reflecting the processes of plant transition from one state to another, and the parameters affecting the speed of such transition. The developed model can be used as the basis for an expert system that manages agricultural processes.

GABA in plants: developmental and stress resilience perspective

AbstractGamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), a ubiquitously present non‐proteinogenic amino acid, has recently emerged as a key regulator of growth and development in plants during normal as well as challenging environmental conditions. GABA biosynthesis has been reported at multiple stages of plant development, particularly during vegetative and reproductive stages and in response to stress conditions. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the crucial roles of various cell cycle regulators such as type‐D cyclins and CDK;A1, transcription factors such as E2Fa, as well as Ca2+/Calmodulin proteins in GABA biosynthesis in plants. GABA is known to improve stress tolerance by improving photosynthetic activity, C/N metabolism, stomatal conductance, and stress‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. Here, we have reviewed recent studies that have explored the novel roles of GABA in plants with a focus on plant development and stress resilience.

Development of the biomechanical system of the flax stem: Mutual game of primary and secondary growth

Flax is one of the oldest cultivated plants and one of the most important fiber crops in the world. Thousands of years of selection have resulted in the unique biomechanics of this plant, the principles of which are not yet fully understood. Detailed anatomical analysis of flax stems at different heights and at different stages of plant development (herringbone, fast growth, flowering) allowed us to follow the dynamics of primary and secondary growth of these plants. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of the stems and their individual parts at the same stages made it possible to identify the tissues that take on the main mechanical load at different periods of the plant’s life. In the younger parts of the stems, this tissue is the fiber-enriched phloem, whose fibers rapidly acquire a considerable elastic modulus. Xylem, which takes longer to develop, provides the main mechanical load in more mature parts of the stems and at later stages of plant development. Fast growth of flax stems occurs against the background of delayed xylem development. The onset of cell wall thickening in phloem fibers (the position of the snap point) is not determined by the mass of the plant part above it. The results obtained highlight the contribution of different tissues to the functioning of the plant as a holistic biomechanical system.

Challenges in sunflower breeding for cold tolerance

Introduction. Sunflower is grown as an oilseed crop worldwide. For sunflower production, it is vital to have cold-tolerant hybrids. An appropriate method to assess cold tolerance is a prerequisite for successful breeding of cold-tolerant sunflower.
 Purpose and Objectives. To evaluate cold tolerance of sunflower in the laboratory and its tolerance in the field, to identify promising combinations, to assess the capacity of a laboratory test to predict tolerance of sunflower in the field and to verify relationships of cold tolerance with ripeness group and yield.
 Materials and Methods. Sunflower was grown in compliance with standard farming techniques. In total, 192 F1 hybrids were obtained. The lines and hybrids were screened for ability to germinate at above-zero low temperature by laboratory test. The field tolerance at the initial stages of plant growth was determined with a 9-point scale. Relationships between the investigated parameters were analyzed by linear regression.
 Results and Discussion. The highest field tolerance at the initial stages of plant growth was recorded for Kh4713V, Skh777А and Skh808А lines. However, they only conferred tolerance to some of their hybrids. On the other hand, several hybrids were fairly tolerant in the field though the tolerance scores of their parental lines ranged 1 to 5 points. There was no relationship between the ‘emergence – anthesis’ period and cold tolerance. A great degree of uncertainty is associated with predicting field tolerance of sunflower from its cold tolerance assessed by laboratory test. This laboratory test cannot be used to predict field tolerance of either lines or hybrids. There was a strong positive correlation between the field tolerance and seed yield in the lines, but the correlation coefficient for the hybrids indicated no significant correlation between these parameters.
 Conclusions. At non-freezing low temperatures, the yield of the inbred sunflower lines was positively correlated with the field tolerance score at the early stages of plant growth and development. There was no significant difference in responses of early- and medium-ripening sunflower genotypes to cold exposure. Lakhanov’s cold germination test is not appropriate for evaluation of field tolerance in sunflower lines and hybrids.

ШЛЯХИ ПОБУДОВИ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНИХ СВІТЛОДІОДНИХ СИСТЕМ ФІТООСВІТЛЕННЯ

Lighting of plant crops (phytolighting) realized on the basis of LEDs has revolutionized the field of indoor agriculture and cultivation of crops in closed controlled environments due to the possibility of optimizing the spectral composition and high energy efficiency. The use of specialised quasi-monochromatic radiation allows the activation of specific photomorphogenic, biochemical or physiological responses in plants, while LED radiation of a specific spectral composition (e.g. UV radiation) allows the control of plant pests and diseases. The literature review indicates that there is a species- and cultivar-specific response of plants to light radiation of a particular spectral composition and that this response varies with the stage of plant development, the intensity of illumination, the duration of plant development and specific interactions with the environment. Based on the developed recommendations for the spectral composition of radiation intended for plant illumination, the requirements for the spectral composition of light for phytolighting systems were determined. The efficiency of LEDs with different spectral compositions for plant illumination and the most energy efficient LEDs for use in phytolighting systems were determined. Special software was developed to determine the photon radiation efficiency and it was determined for a wide range of LED light sources. The LEDs studied had photon efficiencies ranging from 3.78 μmol/J (quasi-monochromatic blue LEDs) to 5.46 μmol/J (quasi- monochromatic red LEDs). White LEDs, depending on their colour rendering index, had a photon spectral efficiency in the range of 4.62-4.79 μmol/J. Some modern white LEDs with a high colour rendering index have a photon spectral efficiency close to that of phytolighting based on special quasi-monochromatic LEDs, but their efficiency, taking into account the weighting factor of the use of photons of different wavelengths for photosynthesis, is much lower.

Silicon compounds promotes physiological response of avocado 'Hass’ and affect the development of pests

The use of silicon (Si) can minimize the adverse effects of abiotic stresses, increase resistance against arthropod pests, and promote growth in fruit crops. Considering the beneficial effects of Si reported in various crops and the limited information on its effect on avocado, this study investigated the effects of the application of two sources of Si (acidic and alkaline) on the physiology, growth, and population dynamics of arthropod pests of 'Hass’ avocado plants. Three experiments were carried out at three different plant development stages: seedlings (Fresno, Tolima), young (Bituima, Cundinamarca), and adult trees (El Tablazo, Tolima). The treatments were as follows:1) plants without Si application (control), 2) plants with foliar application of acidic Si, 3) plants with foliar application of basic Si, and 4) plants with foliar treatment of acidic and basic Si and pyrethrins. Foliar applications of Si caused less accumulation of adult arthropod pests such as Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Monalonion velezangeli, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Bombacoccus aguacatae, Paraleyrodes sp., and Oligonychus yothersi compared to the control treatment. Foliar applications of Si (both sources) also increased plant height and shoot length. Si had a positive effect on leaf stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and plant hydraulic conductivity at the end of the three experiments. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the use of Si can be considered a complementary tool in the management of some arthropod pests in avocados. In addition, Si may help in the management of avocado crops by improving the physiological responses of plants at different developmental stages.