Planning Theory Research Articles

DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE IN CENTRAL ASIAN CITIES

The purpose of the study is to analyze the main problems of sustainable infrastructure development in Central Asian (CA) cities to achieve sustainable development.Methodology: the study of the infrastructure development in the cities of Central Asia (Almaty, Bishkek, Dushanbe and Tashkent) focusing on sustainability applied systematic content analysis, working with literature and application of knowledge gained from the practical experience. The sampling units for analysis are the SDGs, applied reforms and their impact on infrastructure development, urban governance and planning, and dialogue between city authorities and the population.Originality / value of the research. The CA countries are actively joining the global agenda to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs), adjust urban development policies and set the goal of transitioning to a green economy. However, CA cities are not yet ready to benefi t from the transition to a green economy, as they are still dependent on rapidly ageing and expensive to maintain Soviet infrastructure. This study contributes to the theory of eff ective planning and management of urban development and informs about the existing gaps in the urban policy of CA.Research results: planning and investment in the development of sustainable urban infrastructure, eff ective decentralization reforms, an integrated urban planning system to achieve economic, social and environmental sustainability, transparency in decision-making and the development of public accountability.

The economic essence and role of financial planning in the enterprise management system

For the successful development of business, it is necessary to constantly improve the financial planning system of the enterprise and firm while accumulating domestic and foreign experience and developing new concepts and methodologies. It approaches that consider business conditions. The growing independence of enterprises and their independence from budgetary sources of financing, on the one hand, determined a great initiative in the development of financial planning systems, increased the variability of approaches to their story, and on the other hand, led to the blurring of the single methodological principles of such planning. The lack of a unified model of the financial planning system at the enterprise, enshrined in legislation, and the presence of several debatable issues in the theory of financial planning and budgeting led to the emergence of problems in the field of financial planning organization, the solution of which will allow maximizing the advantages of this technology for enterprises. Along with this, the existing methods and methods of financial planning at enterprises do not fully meet the requirements of economic development at the current stage, which necessitates a new understanding and organizational and technological solutions that allow enterprise managers to overcome the errors of a non-systematic approach and arm themselves with new tools for the effective organization — financial planning process. Financial planning will enable businesses to model strategic direction and take action to optimize financial and business performance. This approach is forward-looking and is used to help finance direct the company to achieve its strategy. Financial planning covers long-term plans, scenario modeling, annual budgeting and forecasting, unique reporting, and analysis. Financial planning - this critical, significant tool and method of financial management needs theoretical and methodological improvement, solving the urgent current problem of overcoming the gap between strategic financial plans and tactical ones with the help of new management approaches and concepts, which include a balanced system of indicators. Keywords: planning, management, indicator system, enterprise, resources

Towards a new ‘old’ theory for planning in China: The potential of Huang-Lao thought

In China, where rapid urbanisation has been accompanied by the reform of planning legislation and practice, planning theory has struggled to inform or explain policy and practice adequately. This paper makes a proposal that could provide Chinese spatial planning with a theoretical base that is culturally embedded. Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism and Huang-Lao thought are appraised as potential frames for new theory, highlighting planning-relevant concepts of jingshi (经世, statecraft), shi (势, propensity), li (礼, right action) and li (理, pattern or coherence). Ideas for spatial planning methodologies inspired by Huang-Lao thought are explored. Conclusions suggest that Huang-Lao, as a disjunctive synthesis of the other philosophies, offers a potentially rewarding approach for spatial planning theory and practice in China which grounds legal and sociopolitical order within a natural order of being.

Pola Komunikasi Interpersonal Antar Pustakawan Dan Pemustaka Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pelayanan Pada Perpustakaan Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar

The library is a work unit in the form of a place for collecting, storing and maintaining library material collections that are managed and systematically arranged in a certain way, to be used sustainably by users as a source of information. Good library management can support education and the learning process in higher education, with good communication patterns it will have an impact on the quality of service at the library. Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa is a university that has just changed its status to a university in 2020. Based on this formulation, the theories used to dissect the formulation of the problem are: (1) Communication Planning Theory, (2) Discourse Theory, and (3) Social Action Theory. This research took place in the library of Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa. The type of research used is qualitative, with the determination of informants using purposive sampling method. Collecting data using observation methods, interviews with guidelines assisted by voice recorder research tools and cellphones, literature and documentation. Data analysis carried out in this study used data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The findings of this study, namely in its implementation, the existence of librarians in establishing communication with users using verbal and non-verbal communication patterns in providing information to users so that users make it easier to find library materials in the library of Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar, will have an impact on the quality of existing resources, Libraries in service to users use an open management system in serving users where users look for library materials on library shelves according to the field they are involved in.

BEYOND RHETORIC: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE THEORY IN DEVELOPMENT

This study explores the historical development of Social Justice Theory and its relevance in the context of development planning. The research adopts a descriptive narrative method to trace the evolution of the theory from ancient Greek philosophers to contemporary thinkers. Social justice is defined as a framework for political goals that promote equality of outcome and treatment, recognizing the worth and dignity of all individuals and fostering participation, particularly among the most disadvantaged.The study finds that Social Justice Theory has undergone significant transformations over time, from the distributive approach of Rawls and Craig to the more recent focus on community rights and development impacts, as advocated by Fraser. However, the scope of social justice theory has become increasingly broad, encompassing issues such as land distribution, housing, and economic development policies. This has led to debates about the viability of social justice as the primary parameter for development, as other factors such as economic growth and efficiency may also be prioritized.Overall, the study highlights the ongoing relevance of Social Justice Theory in development planning, particularly in ensuring that policies and practices promote equality and justice for all. However, it also underscores the need for critical examination of the theory's practical implications, particularly in light of its broad scope and potential conflicts with other development priorities.

Explaining legal agreement

ABSTRACT Legal theorists tend to focus on disagreement over the law, and yet a theory of law should also explain why lawyers and judges agree on the law as often as they do. To that end, this article first pins down a precise sense in which there can be pervasive agreement on the law. It then argues that such agreement obtains in the United States and likely in many other jurisdictions as well. Finally, it contends that Hartian Positivism offers a straightforward explanation of this phenomenon and, indeed, a better explanation than rival theories, like Ronald Dworkin’s Law as Integrity or Scott Shapiro’s Planning Theory. Given the ubiquity of legal agreement, Hartian Positivism’s explanatory superiority in this regard is a strong, albeit still not dispositive, consideration in its favour. The broader lesson is that theories of law should give greater priority to explaining legal agreement than many theories now do.

The moderating effects of goals and plans on received support during emerging adults’ conversations with friends

ABSTRACT The current study builds on the multiple goals approach and planning theory of communication to test how support seekers’ goals and plans for a conversation with a friend moderate the association between received support and conversation satisfaction. The results of the 3-group-comparison experimental design (N = 116; Condition 1: No goals and No plan, n = 38; Condition 2: Goals but No plan, n = 41; Condition 3: Goals and Plan, n = 37), found that although plans were not necessary to improve conversation satisfaction across all types of support and goals, three unique conditions emerged in which plans and goals were important. The results provide partial support for the planning theory of communication, suggest goals and plans may function as expectations or scripts for support seekers, and offer useful recommendations for emerging adults seeking support from friends.

Public participation and consensus-building in urban planning from the lens of heritage planning: A systematic literature review

Public participation has been growing in both theory and practice of urban planning, including heritage planning. The reasoning is to facilitate the involvement of a broader group of stakeholders, beyond experts. More specifically, for heritage planning, participation could enable consensus-building on defining the significance of heritage, namely attributes (the resources that should be listed as heritage), and values (the reasons that attributes are important). However, there is not yet a holistic understanding of the influencing factors behind consensus-building in the participatory planning processes for cultural heritage. To evaluate existing research from this angle, a systematic literature review was conducted on peer-reviewed articles using the Scopus database. As most of the studies focuse on urban planning, this research examines the factors influencing consensus-building in the participatory planning process applied to urban and heritage planning and reflects on the applicability of these factors in heritage planning. The main factors were identified inductively and grouped into two categories: 1) public participation: actors, methods, and levels of public participation, and 2) consensus: approaches, and conflicts. The relations between these factors and their frequencies are investigated using statistical analysis methods, namely frequency analysis, independent-samples t-test, and Spearman correlation. The literature confirms that urban planning has applied more diverse methods and tools for public participation compared to studies in the field of heritage planning, and could inspire heritage planning. Conflict is recognized as an intertwined concept with consensus which is considered either as a challenge or as a necessity for an inclusive decision-making. By proposing a framework integrating these factors and sub-factors and illustrating their relationships, this research could also be useful for decision-makers and practitioners to better tailor the public participation process and means to implement it, considering the relevant factors involved.

GENERAL STRATEGIC CITY PLANNING DESIGNING AND PROBLEMS OF PLANNING MANAGEMENT FOR SETTLING (the first part: how to overcome the theoretic-methodological and planner-methodological crisis)

GENERAL STRATEGIC CITY PLANNING DESIGNING AND PROBLEMS OF PLANNING MANAGEMENT FOR SETTLING (the first part: how to overcome the theoretic-methodological and planner-methodological crisis)

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE MARKETING MECHANISM IN THE ACTIVITIES OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the introduction and development of marketing activities in agricultural enterprises in order to increase the efficiency of their activities. It is indicated that the development of organizational and economic mechanisms of adaptation of agricultural enterprises to market conditions of operation require changes in the construction of organizational structures in order to promote the development of object markets for products. At the same time, organizational structures of marketing management acquire special importance. It is emphasized that the solution to the issue of the principles and approaches to their construction within the enterprise is purely individual and should take into account the entire spectrum of the specifics of the activity. It is indicated that insufficient development of the informational component and infrastructure of the agricultural products market significantly complicates the work of domestic marketers, which does not allow to significantly increase the level of development of agricultural marketing. It is noted that in modern crisis market conditions, enterprises need to ensure the improvement of the information base and technology for preparing marketing plans based on modern methods and means of information processing, based on achievements in the field of economic theory of planning, the use of economic and mathematical modeling, modern methods and means of information processing. It was concluded that marketing support develops in the process of overcoming contradictions between external conditions and internal capabilities of the enterprise. It is emphasized that if marketing support makes it possible to correctly assess the objective market environment and is based on its scientific analysis, does not ignore the peculiarities of production development related to the release of competitive products, then it effectively affects the process of forming needs. The process of marketing support unfolds in the unity of interrelationships, interdependencies of objective and subjective, market and internal.

Automatic water level monitoring device for open reclamation network

Relevance . Monitoring of the level regime of an reclamation network is necessary not only for its safe operation, but also for determining the volume of water supply in measuring points equipped with water accounting facilities. The automatic monitoring of levels in an open reclamation network is the most problematic. Old irrigation systems use outdated measuring instruments, the introduction of digital technologies is limited by the high cost of equipment and the complexity of supplying electricity to remote sites. The aim of the research was to develop an automated digital complex for monitoring the water level in an open reclamation network powered by a renewable energy source and to test an experimental sample under the conditions of an existing irrigation system. Methods . When choosing structural elements and developing a program code, an analysis of operating conditions, ranges and required measurement accuracy was carried out; methods of the theory of programming logic controllers, decomposition and formalization of algorithms, structural programming were used. When testing a prototype, methods of the theory of experiment planning, mathematical statistics and the theory of errors were used. Results . An experimental sample of a digital measuring complex automatically measures air temperature, atmospheric pressure and distance to the level of the free surface of water, records it in the device's memory and/or transfers it to a remote server. The operation of the complex requires a constant voltage of 5 V, it can be powered by a solar energy and/or a battery. Tests of the automatic complex in a reservoir in the absence of a pronounced current and in a channel with a maximum flow velocity of about 2.6 m/s demonstrated satisfactory measurement accuracy.

Transdisciplinary tools in modern urban planning theory (by the example of the concept of "urban vegetation")

The changes in theoretical urban planning concepts under the influence of transdisciplinarity are investigated. On the example of the definition of "urban vegetation", the variability of the use of linguistic and content structures for its description is discussed. A brief review of texts illustrating the transition from the concept of "resource assessment" (which is centered on the analysis of the consumer value of individual natural components of the urban environment) to the concept of "anthropo-eco-system" (focused on a qualitative assessment of the current state of individual components of the system) is presented. The theme of natural components inherent in the past decades is giving way to a modern view of system components of various origins. The question is raised about the need to rethink a number of theoretical foundations of urban planning in order to deepen their internal links with the socio-economic and cultural agenda.

A longitudinal study on cognitive aging in autism

Longitudinal studies on cognitive aging in autism are scarce, and largely underpowered, yet essential to obtain more conclusive results on cognitive changes in autism during adulthood. In the largest longitudinal study on cognition thus far, we aimed to get more insight into cognitive aging in autism. As pre-registered, we computed reliable change indices (RCIs) and multilevel models to estimate cognitive changes in 128 autistic, and 112 non-autistic adults (range: 24–85 yrs.) over two to three timepoints (average interval: 3.5 yrs.). Participants were tested on 15 outcome measures, covering verbal memory, visual (working) memory, prospective memory, theory of mind, fluency, response speed, inhibition, planning, and switching. RCIs showed no significant differences between groups (autism/no-autism) in changes over time. Using multilevel models, most tasks showed sensitivity to cross-sectional age-related effects, and/or longitudinal changes, with worse performance at older age, and later timepoints. However, effects were not significantly different between the autism and no-autism group. This lack of group differences was substantiated by additional Bayesian analyses. In sum, the current study provides evidence for parallel (similar) cognitive aging in autism. Specifically, autistic individuals diagnosed in adulthood, without intellectual disability, do not seem at risk for accelerated cognitive decline.

The El Segundo Refinery: Whiteness, Imperialist Expansion and Extractive Infrastructures

Planning for racially just futures requires reckoning with and unlearning practices of whiteness embedded within histories and theories of planning. Through archival and policy research, this historical-structural analysis identifies the El Segundo Chevron oil refinery as a center of racial capitalism and imperialism. The refinery’s formation in 1911 was not only enabled by racially exclusive policy, but also shaped the City of El Segundo through the consolidation of corporate political power at the local level. Sites of extraction, from Los Angeles to the Amazon, reveal historic and ongoing injustices, which built environment disciplines must confront in order to move forward in solidarity.

Medical Fuzzy-Expert System for Assessment of the Degree of Anatomical Lesion of Coronary Arteries.

Today, cardiovascular diseases cause 47% of all deaths among the European population, which is 4 million cases every year. In Ukraine, CAD accounts for 65% of the mortality rate from circulatory system diseases of the able-bodied population and is the main cause of disability. The aim of this study is to develop a medical expert system based on fuzzy sets for assessing the degree of coronary artery lesions in patients with coronary artery disease. The method of using fuzzy sets for the implementation of an information expert system for solving the problems of medical diagnostics, in particular, when assessing the degree of anatomical lesion of the coronary arteries in patients with various forms of coronary artery disease, has been developed. The paper analyses the main areas of application of mathematical methods in medical diagnostics, and formulates the principles of diagnostics, based on fuzzy logic. The developed models and algorithms of medical diagnostics are based on the ideas and principles of artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering, the theory of experiment planning, the theory of fuzzy sets and linguistic variables. The expert system is tested on real data. Through research and comparison of the results of experts and the created medical expert system, the reliability of supporting the correct decision making of the medical expert system based on fuzzy sets for assessing the degree of anatomical lesion of the coronary arteries in patients with various forms of coronary artery disease with the assessment of experts was 95%, which shows the high efficiency of decision making. The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of using the automated expert system for the solution of the problems of medical diagnosis based on fuzzy logic for assessing the degree of anatomical lesion of the coronary arteries in patients with various forms of coronary artery disease. The proposed concept must be further validated for inter-rater consistency and reliability. Thus, it is promising to create expert medical systems based on fuzzy sets for assessing the degree of disease pathology.

Spatial Analysis of Local Competitiveness: Relationship of Economic Dynamism of Cities and Municipalities in Major Regional Metropolitan Areas in the Philippines

The measurement of cities and municipalities competitiveness in the Philippines has been put in place by the Department of Trade and Industry since 2013. However, its use as a spatial planning parameter is lacking in the literature. This paper reviewed the factors that drive competitiveness. The research revealed that “economic dynamism” appeared at the top of the factors that contribute to competitiveness and influence regional development. Given urban and regional planning theories, metropolitan areas were chosen as the most appropriate case study sites that exhibit economic dynamism. The study revealed that the “Economic Dynamism Index”, or EDi, of cities and municipalities are spatially correlated, indicative of their clustering pattern in the economic space. The clustering pattern was determined by treating the EDi as a spatial attribute in the major metropolitan case study areas. Using Moran’s I global spatial autocorrelation analysis, the clustering pattern of cities and municipalities observed through the GIS map was validated by the 99% significance in the spatial statistics of the EDi dataset. This suggests that “complementation” among cities and municipalities exists rather than competition. Thus, sustainable regional spatial/economic development strategies can be reformulated, given the spatial interactions of areas with higher EDi with the less endowed cities/municipalities at the periphery.

Historical Development of Urban Planning Theory: Review and Comparison of Theories in Urban Planning

Discipline of urban planning only developed around a century back with the first academic school at the University of Liverpool in 1909. However, the theory of this discipline is relatively older and might date to varying timelines around various parts of the world. However, modern urban planning discipline has got birth in the US and Western Europe. Early development in the theory of urban planning develops challenges for the cities. In response to such challenges, the planning approaches seem to adapt to the needs of emerging regimes evident from the high-scale urban renovation of Paris by Haussmann. This is called the Progressive Model of Planning wherein planners of the time struggled to deal with the challenges imparted by the Industrial Revolution through scientific and engineering-based knowledge. Early urban planning efforts were mostly anarchist movements that reacted to the social issues of the time and include Garden City, Radiant City, Broadacre, etc. This study sought to present these theoretical considerations with respect to certain development classifications in urban planning. Accordingly, the methodology of the research study comprises the following sections/segments for a better understanding of urban planning at different times: i. Pre-History of Urban Planning ii. Foundational Years iii. Modernism (Rational Planning) iv. Post Modernism (Post war suburbia) v. Current Era In short, it is concluded that cities have emerged as a result of conscious decisions. Accordingly, looking into the planning theory requires due consideration of the planning approaches utilized over time. This perceives that planning theory is essentially the study of the decisions made from intuition and that is equally right because planning theory and practice development are in parallel.

Flexibility in Learning Management and Technology Preparedness Among Faculty Members in Higher Education Institutions

Faculty members were challenged to continue teaching beyond the traditional mode during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Therefore, the research focused on the level of management functions and technological preparedness of the faculty members with permanent employment status under the business programs of higher education institutions (HEIs) in Nueva Vizcaya. The idea behind the research was drawn from the theories of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling and technology preparedness in terms of technology access, technology skills and literacy, and attitude toward technology. The study’s findings revealed that faculty members have a high level of management and technology preparedness. Moreover, the study revealed that the profile of the faculty members had no relationship to their level of implementation of management strategies. On the other hand, younger faculty members have greater technology access and literacy skills. Furthermore, profiles were not a significant factor in their level of attitude toward technology. More results showed that when the level of implementation of management strategies is high, the result is also high in terms of technological preparedness. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher recommended an enhanced program for better implementation of flexible learning in HEIs.

Flexibility in learning management and technologypreparedness among faculty members in higher educationinstitutions

Faculty members were challenged to continue teaching beyond the traditional mode during the COVID-19pandemic. Therefore, the research focused on the level of management functions and technological preparednessof the faculty members with permanent employment status under the business programs of higher educationinstitutions (HEIs) in Nueva Vizcaya. The idea behind the research was drawn from the theories of planning,organizing, leading, and controlling and technology preparedness in terms of technology access, technologyskills and literacy, and attitude toward technology. The study’s findings revealed that faculty members have ahigh level of management and technology preparedness. Moreover, the study revealed that the profile of thefaculty members had no relationship to their level of implementation of management strategies. On the otherhand, younger faculty members have greater technology access and literacy skills. Furthermore, profiles werenot a significant factor in their level of attitude toward technology. More results showed that when the level ofimplementation of management strategies is high, the result is also high in terms of technological preparedness.Based on the study’s findings, the researcher recommended an enhanced program for better implementation offlexible learning in HEIs.

Ecological connectivity as a planning tool for the conservation of wildlife in cities

The application of ecological theory in urban planning is becoming more important as land managers focus on increasing biodiversity to improve human welfare in cities. Authorities must decide not only what types of biodiversity-focused infrastructure should be prioritized, but also where new resources should be positioned and existing resources protected or enhanced. Measuring the contribution of green infrastructure to landscape connectivity can maximise the successful return and conservation of urban nature. By using ecological connectivity theory as a planning tool, the effect of different interventions (both positive and negative) on the ease with which wildlife can move across the landscape can be compared. Here we outline an approach to a) quantify ecological connectivity for different urban wildlife species and b) use this to test different urban planning scenarios using QGIS. We demonstrate extensions which improve the application of this method as a planning tool:•Conversion of the effective mesh size value (meff) to a “probability of connectedness” (Pc, for easier interpretation by local government and comparisons between planning scenarios).•An approach for measuring species-specific connectivity, including how to decide what spatial information should be included and which types of species might be most responsive to connectivity planning.•Guidance for using the method to compare different urban planning scenarios.