Plan View Research Articles

Improving the detectability and confirmation of hidden surface corrosion on metal sheets using active infrared thermography

This research aims to provide a simple approach to detecting and determining hidden corrosion using active infrared thermography with improved consistency in distinguishing hidden defect areas of metal sheets (galvanized steel and stainless steel) commonly used as part of building envelopes. Early studies on detecting hidden defects focused primarily on defects resulting from material loss. Equally important is the early detection of corroded metal surfaces hidden from the observer's plane of view through non-invasive means. In this study, two heating configurations using portable heaters were explored, along with two analysis approaches to aid in detecting and confirming the presence of hidden corroded surfaces. Metal sheets with or without hidden surface corrosion are detected, distinguished, and confirmed by observing differences in their mean surface temperatures and temperature distribution. The detection and confirmation involve two simple analysis approaches: (1) observing the differences in mean surface temperature and visual thermal contrast of the non-corroded surface available for monitoring during the heating-cooling cycle; and (2) comparing the distribution of temperature probability at a given temperature. The new method is considerably more practical as it would require only heating the region of interest to a temperature of no more than 70 °C using a portable heat source and detailed analysis requiring temperature distribution between 40 and 70 °C. The results from the detection and confirmation approaches also conform with basic principles of heat transfer, making the detection and analysis method not only practical but also scientifically sound. This method may potentially be adopted in building surveys, early detection, and post-monitoring of hidden corroded surfaces that may impact building envelope deterioration and structural integrity.

Digitally constructing a late Early Bronze Age roof. Observations and conclusions

While computer aided design (CAD) technology has been used in archaeology since the early 1980s, the advent of free, open-source 3D modeling software such as Blender is quickly moving the application of 3D modeling in archaeology from a narrow specialization to a common tool for examining a wide range of basic research questions. In this case study, Blender is used to create two models for the construction of a multi-roomed house at the late Early Bronze Age (EBA) city of Titriş Höyük (c. 2300-2100 BC). The models focus on the challenges posed by roofing a large mudbrick structure with a mud roof supported by wooden elements. One house excavated at the site in the 1990s, was chosen for modeling since its location at the corner of two ancient streets, its location adjacent to a terrace wall, and its contiguity with an adjacent house provided a complex problem for ancient builders. Considerations of material, labor, and time costs (architectural energetics) needed to provide a viable model, and new observations have added nuance to our understanding of EBA construction processes. In particular, the case-study provided here illustrates the value of an iterative problem-solving methodology that forces the researcher to consider in detail the decisions made by ancient builders in constructing complex domestic houses. This article shows that 3D modeling software is an appropriate and feasible solution to moving archaeological analysis of ancient architecture beyond the traditional presentation of plan and section views and enables the researcher to evaluate design processes used in antiquity.

Learning deep architectures for the interpretation of first-trimester fetal echocardiography (LIFE) - a study protocol for developing an automated intelligent decision support system for early fetal echocardiography

BackgroundCongenital Heart Disease represents the most frequent fetal malformation. The lack of prenatal identification of congenital heart defects can have adverse consequences for the neonate, while a correct prenatal diagnosis of specific cardiac anomalies improves neonatal care neurologic and surgery outcomes. Sonographers perform prenatal diagnosis manually during the first or second-trimester scan, but the reported detection rates are low. This project’s primary objective is to develop an Intelligent Decision Support System that uses two-dimensional video files of cardiac sweeps obtained during the standard first-trimester fetal echocardiography (FE) to signal the presence/absence of previously learned key features.MethodsThe cross-sectional study will be divided into a training part of the machine learning approaches and the testing phase on previously unseen frames and eventually on actual video scans.Pregnant women in their 12–13 + 6 weeks of gestation admitted for routine first-trimester anomaly scan will be consecutively included in a two-year study, depending on the availability of the experienced sonographers in early fetal cardiac imaging involved in this research.The Data Science / IT department (DSIT) will process the key planes identified by the sonographers in the two- dimensional heart cine loop sweeps: four-chamber view, left and right ventricular outflow tracts, three vessels, and trachea view. The frames will be grouped into the classes representing the plane views, and then different state-of-the- art deep-learning (DL) pre-trained algorithms will be tested on the data set. The sonographers will validate all the intermediary findings at the frame level and the meaningfulness of the video labeling.DiscussionFE is feasible and efficient during the first trimester. Still, the continuous training process is impaired by the lack of specialists or their limited availability. Therefore, in our study design, the sonographer benefits from a second opinion provided by the developed software, which may be very helpful, especially if a more experienced colleague is unavailable. In addition, the software may be implemented on the ultrasound device so that the process could take place during the live examination.Trial registrationThe study is registered under the name „Learning deep architectures for the Interpretation of Fetal Echocardiography (LIFE)”, project number 408PED/2020, project code PN-III-P2–2.1-PED-2019. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, unique identifying number NCT05090306, date of registration 30.10.2020.

Mathematical Elements of Orienteering Maps

Mathematical elements of maps, in addition to the methods of presenting content with cartographic symbols and the criteria of cartographic generalization, are the most important elements of modern ground plan view maps. At the same time, on maps for orienteering disciplines, which are the most internationally unified maps in the world, the mathematical basis is not defined in very detailed specifications. In this paper, we describe the background and reasons for the apparent insignificance of mathematical content in orienteering maps, and on the example of the analysis of selected maps of Croatia and Slovenia, we determine in which period and to what extent mathematical elements were present on the maps.

Assessment of fetal heart aortic and pulmonary valve annulus area by three-dimensional ultrasonography: reference curves and applicability in congenital heart diseases.

To determine reference curves for fetal aortic and pulmonary valve annulus area by three-dimensional ultrasonography using the spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the rendering mode, and to ascertain its applicability in congenital heart disease (CHD). We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of 328 normal fetuses and 42 fetuses with CHD between 20 and 33weeks 6days of gestation. The outflow plane view of the great vessels was used to measure the areas of the valvar annuli, and the measurements were performed in systole. A linear regression model adjusted according to the determination coefficient (R2) was utilized to construct the reference intervals. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was used to calculate the reproducibility of the mitral and tricuspid valve areas. The mean±standard deviation (SD) of the aortic and pulmonary valve annulus areas ranged from 6.6±1.2 to 32.9±1.1mm2 and 10.7±1.3 to 40.3±1.2mm2, respectively. We observed a linear relationship and strong positive correlation between the area of the aortic and pulmonary valve annuli with r=0.97 and 0.96, respectively. Good intra (CCC=0.99) and interobserver agreement (CCC=0.98) was observed for the measurement of the aortic valve annulus area. A good intra (CCC=0.99) and interobserver (CCC=0.97) agreement was also observed for the measurement of the pulmonary valve annulus area. The mean±SD of the difference of the areas of the aortic and pulmonary valve annuli between the normal fetuses and those with CHD were-1.801±1.429mm2 (p=0.208) and-1.033±1.467mm2 (p<0.0001), respectively. The reference curves for the areas of the aortic and pulmonary valve annuli of fetal hearts were determined, and showed good inter and intraobserver reproducibility. The constructed reference curves showed applicability in different types of CHD.

МІСТОБУДІВНЕ, ЕКОЛОГО-ГІГІЄНІЧНЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ НОРМУВАННЯ САНІТАРНО-ЗАХИСНИХ ЗОН ДЛЯ ОБ'ЄКТІВ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ – АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ЗАПРАВНИХ СТАНЦІЙ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

B a c k g r o u n d . In connection with the shortage of land resources in the largest cities and megalopolises, the issue of the location of existing automobile refueling stations (ARS) and the design of prospective residential buildings close to them, as well as the location of projected ARS in already established suburban areas, are becoming increasingly important. This is happening against the background of rapid motorization of modern society. This also necessitates the formation of new approaches to solving modern problems in the planning and development of the territories of settlements, namely state regulation on the standardization of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) for modern ARS. The purpose and task of the research is to carry out the ecological and hygienic substantiation of the regulation of SPZ for infrastructure objects – modern ARS, taking into account their differentiation in terms of capacity and degree of impact on the environment and the level of fire safety, as a component supply of public administration, to regulate the urban planning situation and make administrative and management decisions. The subject of the study is the achievement of safe conditions for the location of ARS on the territory of populated areas by means of ecological and hygienic standardization of the SPZ for them. The object of the study is the ecological, hygienic and fire safety of ARS for the population of residential and public buildings adjacent to the territory of the ARS as a component supply of public administration. M e t h o d s . In the research process, abstract-logical, theoretical, modeling, instrumental and statistical and method of legal regulation – standardization of SPZ of infrastructure objects – modern ARS. R e s u l t s . The article presents the results of comprehensive studies on the justification of the standardization of new SPZ for modern ARS according to urban planning, ecological and hygienic criteria and the level of fire safety as a component supply of public administration. The establishment of SPZ for ARS is substantiated, taking into account their differentiation in terms of capacity, the state of implementation of environmentally friendly fuel handling technologies and the level of fire safety, which is important for making administrative and management decisions regarding the development of the territories of settlements adjacent to them. The introduction of environmentally friendly equipment and modern technologies, the implementation of environmental protection measures during fuel storage at ARS are effective measures, both at the local self-government level and at the state level, which will slow down climate change on Earth. According to the research results, the classification of ARS according to the ecological and hygienic characteristics of gross emissions from sources of atmospheric air pollution is proposed: small, medium and large ARS, which is important from the point of view of urban planning. С o n c l u s i o n s . On the basis of a comprehensive approach, the adequacy of the standard SPZ of 50 m for small and mediumcapacity ARS has been proven, and the creation of a new safe for the health and life of the population, from the point of view of urban planning, the size of the SPZ of 100 m for large-capacity ARS has been substantiated. It is proposed to approve the new standard of 100 m for high-capacity ARS at the state level by making changes to the existing regulatory framework of urban planning and sanitary legislation. It is substantiated as a component supply of public administration, the introduction of the range of changes in the sizes of SPZ for modern fire- and explosive-hazardous facilities in the legislation and practice of Ukrainian entrepreneurship on the basis of urban planning, ecological and hygienic justification and the level of fire safety. The vector of further research should be aimed at the further implementation into the national urban planning, environmental and sanitary legislation of the requirements of the EU Directives, foreign experience in strengthening fuel quality control, ARS emission control and the introduction of advanced technologies and environmental protection measures at ARS, the use of modern transport to reduce negative impact on the environment and adjacent residential and public buildings, which will serve the formation of modern, environmentally conscious, independent domestic entrepreneurship.

Shaking Table Test on Mitigation of Liquefaction-Induced Tunnel Uplift by Helical Pile

The tunnels located in the shallow depths of loose saturated sand are significantly prone to liquefaction-induced uplift. Research works are, therefore, in progress to propose efficient techniques for mitigating uplift. In this study, 1 g physical modeling was used to assess the performance of helical piles for decreasing liquefaction-induced uplift. The effects of pile length, number of pile helixes, and the pile spacing in plan view were investigated. The uplift mechanism of the tunnel and helical pile system was also analyzed. The results demonstrate that the penetration of the helical piles into the dense layer underlying the superficial liquefiable sand has decreased tunnel uplift significantly. However, excessive close pile spacing along the tunnel resulted in shear surface interference, and the efficiency of the excessive number of helical piles decreased significantly. The detailed view of the uplift mechanism showed that utilization of the piles extended the transition phase of uplift during shaking. Helical piles can efficiently restrict the possibility of rapid uplift of the tunnel and shorten the duration of the primary uplift phase.

Territorial physical and mathematical model of stormwater management

Climate change reduction and adaptation policies are being implemented worldwide through stormwater management in urban areas. Rational use of stormwater could influence the decrease of the "heat island" effect and "cool down" cities. The authors plan to analyze the features of green spaces in the city and demonstrate by a concrete example the opportunity to implement elements of green infrastructure. For widespread use in urban areas, the authors created physical and mathematical model of the territory and recommend variants with four main types of green structures: soil, biotope, shrub, tree. The authors' research proves that with correct analysis of the terrain from the point of view of the terrain from the point of view of urban planning, engineering and landscape, with responsible selection of plants of local flora, bio-drainage systems can work well even in regions with a cold climate, such as Russia.

The Origins of the Civilisation of Angkor, Volume Seven: The Excavation of Non Ban Jak ed. by C.F.W. Higham and A. Kijngam

Reviewed by: The Origins of the Civilisation of Angkor, Volume Seven: The Excavation of Non Ban Jak ed. by C.F.W. Higham and A. Kijngam Carmen Sarjeant The Origins of the Civilisation of Angkor, Volume Seven: The Excavation of Non Ban Jak. Edited by C.F.W. Higham and A. Kijngam. Authors: H. R. Buckley, N. Chang, K. Domett, S. E. Halcrow, H. R. Heath, C.F.W. Higham, T.F.G. Higham, N. Ling, B.F.J. Manly, D.J.W. O’Reilly, L. Pederson, F. Petchey, L. Shewan, R. Thosarat, and S. Ward. Bangkok: The Fine Arts Department, 2020. xx + 524 pp., 583 figures, 42 tables, 2 appendices, bibliography, index. Hardback US $31, ISBN 978-616-283-497-4. The seventh volume in the Origins of the Civilisation of Angkor series comprehensively describes the findings from excavations at Non Ban Jak (NBJ) over several field seasons in the upper Mun Valley, northeast Thailand. Two mounds were excavated, human burials [End Page 126] recovered, and the material culture from domestic and industrial contexts and faunal remains are presented. The volume includes further analysis of the ceramic industry and health and disease. The volume summary includes comparisons with nearby Noen U-Loke (NUL) and Ban Non Wat (BNW) and offers important insights on social change in response to climate in mainland Southeast Asia between a.d. 200 and 800. Dating to the Late Iron Age, NBJ retains intact evidence of domestic structures from a prehistoric context that is rare in mainland Southeast Asia at this scale. Furthermore, significant evidence of local ceramic production from kilns and iron smithing was recovered. NBJ has much to offer in future research and the volume is an essential contribution to understanding the origins of early agrarian states in Southeast Asia. The first chapter (by Higham, Higham, and Petchey) provides an introduction and chronology for NBJ, a large, moated site in the upper Mun Valley of northeast Thailand. As with other studies in the Origins of the Civilisation of Angkor series, the chronology is meticulously outlined with over 70 dates reported from charcoal, bivalve shell, carbonized rice grains, human bone collagen, and a bird’s egg. A small portion of the site contains Neolithic period evidence, but not in situ. The reliable sequence from a.d. 220–380 to a.d. 700–820 covers four centuries of rapid house building. Chapters 2 through 5 (by Higham) cover the east mound excavations, documented layer by layer with photos and a summary of the recovered materials, features, and burials. These chapters contain detailed information of the findings, easily referred to when considering the interpretations in the subsequent chapters. The eastern mound burials are outlined in chapter 6 (by Higham, Buckley, Halcrow, and Domett) with images and mortuary goods catalogued. This chapter leads into the east mound material culture discussed in chapter 7 (by Higham). The pottery includes the contents of the kilns, historic period pits, and occupational contexts (specifically from residential settings). The frequent presence of two bowls placed lip to lip was identified in various contexts, potentially related to buildings and burials and found in occupation layers with no clear feature association. Other ceramic items include spindle whorls, anvils, bow pellets, skin rubbers, structural clay daub associated with houses and kilns, and other clay building materials for house walls and floors. Notably, no ceramic casting bronze moulds were found at NBJ. Iron artifacts from non-mortuary contexts included ploughshares, points, sickles, and knives, indicative of the agricultural activities at the site. Glass beads and bronze ornaments (especially bangles) were found. Stone adzes and burnishing stones were rare. The morphology of ceramics are described in greater detail. However, the descriptions summarizing each vessel form are not consistently cited to images of the forms in plan and profile views where needed in the text. The provided images of the ceramics found within specific contexts such as pits and kilns are crucial for understanding local production. Later in chapter 7, the citing of images in the text is more consistent in the M and N squares section. Chapter 8 (by Higham) is on the cultural sequence of the western mound. This portion of the site had a small...

A Novel Human Brainstem Map Based on True-Color Sectioned Images.

Existing atlases for the human brainstem were generated from magnetic resonance images or traditional histologically stained slides, but both are insufficient for the identification of detailed brainstem structures at uniform intervals. A total of 319 sectioned images of the brainstem were selected from whole-body axial sectioned images, then coronal and sagittal sectioned images were reconstructed from the horizontal images. The fine and detailed structures were annotated in PowerPoint slides, then the volume model was produced and some white matter fibers were traced using MRIcroGL. In this study, a novel brainstem atlas based on sectioned images was generated that shows the true color and shape, as well as the accurate location of the nuclei and tracts; it reveals the striking contrast between gray and white matter, as well as fine structures. In total, 212 structures, including nuclei and tracts, were annotated in axial, coronal, and sagittal plane views of sectioned images (48-bit true color; 0.2 mm intervals, 0.06 mm × 0.06 mm pixel size). To verify the accuracy of the annotations, a volume model of the brainstem was constructed for independent observations of the three planes. In this paper, we describe several interesting structures included in the atlas. By depicting the fine structures of the human brainstem in detail, this atlas allows comprehensive understanding of the complicated topographies of the brainstem. As such, it will be of value for neuroanatomy education and research, in addition to enriching the literature on the human brain.

Knowledge-based statistical data analysis for deep learning and voting classifiers merger

Maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality can be prevented through careful monitoring during pregnancy. Using artificial intelligence doctors can establish a more accurate and a much faster diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a merger between different Deep Learning algorithms and three types of voting classifiers, unweighted and weighted hard voting, and soft voting for differentiating the abdomen view planes of a second trimester fetal morphology ultrasound. The deep learning algorithms that were applied on our dataset were ResNet50, InceptionV3, EfficientNetV2S, and MobileNet3Large, [19–22]. Our goal was to determine which voting classifier method better suits our data; hence we have made a quantitative comparison between unweighted and weighted hard voting applied on the committee of deep learning algorithms and soft voting applied on the same committee. We have also performed a thorough statistical benchmarking process to validate our findings. The obtained results showed that soft voting and hard voting with unequal weights outperform the vote of hard voting with equal weights classifier and the stand-alone algorithms.

Seismic interpretation and geological evaluation of hydrocarbon source rocks in volcanic-rich continental lacustrine rift basins: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation from the Changling Fault Depression in the Songliao Basin, NE China

The Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in the Changling Fault Depression in the Songliao Basin is composed of volcanic-rich continental lacustrine rift basin sediments. Its complex stratigraphic structure and the difficulty in predicting the hydrocarbon source rock distribution restrict the exploration and evaluation of deep hydrocarbons in this region. This paper uses seismic stratigraphy to divide the strata and interpret dark mudstone layers based on logging and seismic. These data are combined with geochemical test data from hydrocarbon source rocks to assess its quality and predict its distribution. This study indicates that the three types of unconformities identified divide the Yingcheng Formation into four sedimentary sequences. In the Yingcheng Formation depositional period, the number of grabens or half-grabens associated with the Changling Fault Depression decreased, the size of the rift basins increased, and the depositional center migrated to the north and west. During the depositional period of the First and Second Members, volcanic rocks were widely developed, and mud sediments were deposited between several small grabens or half-grabens. During the depositional period of the Third and fourth Members, the study area became a unified lacustrine rift basin with clearly defined geological signatures developed in each sedimentary sequence, which can be divided into three systems tracts. Mudstones in the Lake Transgressive Systems Tract are laterally continuous and widely distributed. The organic matter in these mudstones, with fair to good abundance levels, is predominantly type II2 and type III kerogen and all have reached mature to highly mature stage of thermal evolution, which are favorable hydrocarbon source rock layers. In plan view, the favorable hydrocarbon source rock zones are mostly formed in the Changling Sag, Dongling Structural Zone and Longfengshan Sag. This study offers guidance and direction for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Changling Fault Depression, and also provides a reference for methods and ideas to predict hydrocarbon source rock distribution in other lacustrine rift basins.

Hierarchical and lamellar porous carbon as interconnected sulfur host and polysulfide-proof interlayer for Li–S batteries

A robust three-dimensional (3D) interconnected sulfur host and a polysulfide-proof interlayer are key components in high-performance Li–S batteries. Herein, cellulose-based 3D hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) and two-dimensional (2D) lamellar porous carbon (LPC) are employed as the sulfur host and polysulfide-proof interlayer, respectively, for a Li–S battery. The 3D HPC displays a cross-linked macroporous structure, which allows high sulfur loading and restriction capability and provides unobstructed electrolyte diffusion channels. With a stackable carbon sheet of 2D LPC that has a large plane view size and is ultrathin and porous, the LPC-coated separator effectively inhibits polysulfides. An optimized combination of the HPC and LPC yields an electrode structure that effectively protects the lithium anode against corrosion by polysulfides, giving the cell a high capacity of 1339.4 mAh g−1 and high stability, with a capacity decay rate of 0.021% per cycle at 0.2C. This work provides a new understanding of biomaterials and offers a novel strategy to improve the performance of Li–S batteries for practical applications.

Upper Body Posture Investigation in Young Track and Field Athletes

Based on previous researches, it was identified how physical activity brings effects on the posture and physical development of a young body. The posture of the athletes is a large interest subject for the physical education and sports research field, mostly for the researchers who discovered that physical training affects body posture, even if there is no consensus on the direction of this effect. The main scope of the case study is to evaluate the anthropometrics variables and to evaluate the upper body posture using the APECS Pro version 6.2.0 developed by New Body Technology in young track and field athletes. The analysed group consisted of fourteen minor athletes (7 girls and 7 boys) with age between 11-13 years old. A minimum of two years of participation in athletics training, a frequency of 3 times/week training sessions, and participation on track and field contest at regional events, were criteria for inclusion in this study. Were assess anthropometric measurements (6 variables) and posture investigation (upper body posture in frontal plane – back view and sagittal plane, side view respectively). The results were performed by means, SD, and Independent Sample T-Test. Also, relationships between anthropometric variables and angular values of upper body posture in frontal and sagittal plane were analysed with Pearson correlation. Data analysis revealed asymmetry at the body alignment, head-neck, shoulder, scapulae, and axillae. It’s recommended to perform exercise sets during the session training or individually to improve the strength and the balance of strength to be able to keep the best posture daily life.

Mixed reality interfaces for achieving desired views with robotic X-ray systems

ABSTRACT Robotic X-ray C-arm imaging systems can precisely achieve any position and orientation relative to the patient. Informing the system, however, what pose exactly corresponds to a desired view is challenging. Currently these systems are operated by the surgeon using joysticks, but this interaction is not necessarily effective because users may be unable to efficiently actuate more than a single axis of the system simultaneously. Moreover, novel robotic imaging systems, such as the Brainlab Loop-X, allow for independent source and detector movements, adding complexity. To address this challenge, we consider complementary interfaces for the surgeon to command robotic X-ray systems effectively. Specifically, we consider three interaction paradigms: (1) the use of a pointer to specify the principal ray of the desired view, (2) the same pointer, but combined with a mixed reality environment to synchronously render digitally reconstructed radiographs from the tool’s pose, and (3) the same mixed reality environment but with a virtual X-ray source instead of the pointer. Human-in-the-loop evaluation with an attending trauma surgeon indicates that mixed reality interfaces for robotic X-ray system control are promising and may contribute to substantially reducing the number of images acquired solely during ‘fluoro hunting’ for the desired view or standard plane.

Identification and analysis of Salado Formation amplitude anomalies in the Midland Basin

Careful mapping of shallow drilling hazards is key to operating an oil field safely and economically. In the Midland Basin, historical information indicates that shallow gas in the Salado Formation may result in blowouts. By using recently acquired higher-resolution 3D seismic surveys, we can identify circular high-amplitude anomalies that we interpret to be nitrogen-filled gas pockets. The larger pockets can be mapped and avoided before drilling a well. Detecting gas pockets in the Salado Formation may require modern 3D coverage or higher-resolution seismic drill site surveys if older low-fold seismic data are available at the drilling locations. The smallest pockets may not be detectable by any means. Although some of the larger anomalies are visible on older 3D surveys, most only became visible with the advent of higher-fold denser 3D seismic surveys. The anomalies sometimes follow a linear pattern. However, most are isolated in nature and appear as circular features in plan view and usually lenticular or columnar in section view. The anomalies range in size from a few traces in width (tens of feet or meters) to more than 1000 ft (300 m) in width or length. Seismic modeling suggests that the anomalies are very low P-wave velocity zones (about half of the velocity of the surrounding salt) and exhibit longer seismic traveltimes or push-down effects on reflections underneath the larger anomalies.

The distribution of COVID-19 mortality.

We estimate the distribution of COVID-19 mortality (measured as daily deaths) from the start of the pandemic until July 31st, 2022, for six European countries and the USA. We use the Pareto, the stretched exponential, the log-normal and the log-logistic distributions as well as mixtures of the log-normal and log-logistic distributions. The main results are that the Pareto does not describe well the data and that mixture distributions tend to offer a very good fit to the data. We also compute Value-at-Risk measures as well as mortality probabilities with our estimates. We also discuss the implications of our results and findings from the point of view of public health planning and modelling.

Day-VII Architecture: A Catalogue of Polish Churches post 1945

Day-VII Architecture: A Catalogue of Polish Churches post 1945

Simulation of tsunami induced by a submarine landslide in a glaciomarine margin: the case of Storfjorden LS-1 (southwestern Svalbard Islands)

Abstract. A modelling approach to understand the tsunamigenic potentiality of submarine landslides will provide new perspectives on tsunami hazard threat, mostly in polar margins where global climatic change and its related ocean warming may induce future landslides. Here, we use the L-ML-HySEA (Landslide Multilayer Hyperbolic Systems and Efficient Algorithms) numerical model, including wave dispersion, to provide new insights into factors controlling the tsunami characteristics triggered by the Storfjorden LS-1 landslide (southwestern Svalbard). Tsunami waves, determined mainly by the sliding mechanism and the bathymetry, consist of two initial wave dipoles, with troughs to the northeast (Spitsbergen and towards the continent) and crests to the south (seawards) and southwest (Bear Island), reaching more than 3 m of amplitude above the landslide and finally merging into a single wave dipole. The tsunami wave propagation and its coastal impact are governed by the Storfjorden and Kveithola glacial troughs and by the bordering Spitsbergen Bank, which shape the continental shelf. This local bathymetry controls the direction of propagation with a crescent shape front, in plan view, and is responsible for shoaling effects of amplitude values (4.2 m in trough to 4.3 m in crest), amplification (3.7 m in trough to 4 m in crest) and diffraction of the tsunami waves, as well as influencing their coastal impact times.

A Framework for Satellite-Based 3D Cloud Data: An Overview of the VIIRS Cloud Base Height Retrieval and User Engagement for Aviation Applications

Satellites have provided decades of valuable cloud observations, but the data from conventional passive radiometers are biased toward information from at or near cloud top. Tied with the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Cloud Calibration/Validation research, we developed a statistical Cloud Base Height (CBH) algorithm using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) A-Train satellite data. This retrieval, which is currently part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Enterprise Cloud Algorithms, provides key information needed to display clouds in a manner that goes beyond the typical top-down plan view. The goal of this study is to provide users with high-quality three-dimensional (3D) cloud structure information which can maximize the benefits and performance of JPSS cloud products. In support of the JPSS Proving Ground Aviation Initiative, we introduced Cloud Vertical Cross-sections (CVCs) along flight routes over Alaska where satellite data are extremely helpful in filling significant observational gaps. Valuable feedback and insights from interactions with aviation users allowed us to explore a new approach to provide satellite-based 3D cloud data. The CVC is obtained from multiple cloud retrieval products with supplementary data such as temperatures, Pilot Reports (PIREPs), and terrain information. We continue to improve the product demonstrations based on user feedback, extending the domain to the contiguous United States with the addition of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-16 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). Concurrently, we have refined the underlying science algorithms for improved nighttime and multilayered cloud retrievals by utilizing Day/Night Band (DNB) data and exploring machine learning approaches. The products are evaluated using multiple satellite data sources and surface measurements. This paper presents our accomplishments and continuing efforts in both scientific and user-engagement improvements since the beginning of the VIIRS era.