Pistachio Hull Research Articles

Microwave-assisted extraction of non-polar compounds from pistachio hull and characterization of extracts

Soxhlet and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) methods were used to obtain non-polar compounds from pistachio hull. MAE parameters (liquid to solid ratio, microwave power, and extraction time) were studied to obtain maximum extraction yield. The optimal conditions were found to be liquid to solid ratio of 15:1 (v/w), microwave power of 250 W and extraction time of 12.5 min. The extraction yields were 9.81 and 9.50% for MAE and Soxhlet methods, respectively. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and tocopherol content of the extract obtained by MAE was found to be significantly higher than those of the Soxhlet extract (p < 0.05). The results showed that the extract contained α-tocopherols (567.65 mg/kg) and oleic acid (48.46%) as the major tocopherols and fatty acids. These findings propose that hull extracts can be considered as a good source of natural bioactive compounds and MAE can be a good alternative to the traditional Soxhlet method.

Chemical composition, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic evaluation of the essential oil from pistachio (Pistacia khinjuk) hull

Chemical composition, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of (Pistacia khinjuk) hull essential oil (EO) were evaluated in this study. The EO was isolated and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using 6 strains of Gram-positive and negative bacteria. DPPH radical scavenging (DPPH) and β-Caroten Bleaching (BCB) assays were used to measure antioxidant activity of the EO. In vitro cytotoxic activity was measured using MTT assay. Fifty-six compounds representing 99.5% of the total oil composition were identified. In the antibacterial results, Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most susceptible strain (MIC and MBC = 16 μg/ml). Antioxidant IC50 values were respectively 19.03 ± 0.001 and 49.22 ± 0.005 μg/mL. The IC50 indexes of cytotoxic tests were 29.6, 37.3 and 41.1 μg/mL for MCF-7, PC3 and DU-145 cell lines, respectively.

Concentration of pistachio hull extract antioxidants using membrane separation and reduction of membrane fouling during process.

The purpose of this study was to concentrate the polyphenolic compounds in pistachio hull extract as a rich source of natural antioxidants using the membrane process and the reduction of membrane fouling during the process. After the optimization of the membrane performance includes chamber pressure and stirring rate by monitoring flux and membrane fouling, pectinase and tannase enzymes were compared in order to reduce fouling. Pectinase showed a better potential in decreasing membranous fouling. Enzyme concentration was optimized, and treatment with 17.4 (U) was selected. The permeate obtained from optimized membrane condition and enzyme level treatment was enriched in total phenol (120.31 ± 0.35 mgGAE/g) and flavonoid (34.54 ± 0.09 mgCE/g), while the amount of anthocyanin was not remarkable.

Green fabrication of Cu/pistachio shell nanocomposite using Pistacia Vera L. hull: An efficient catalyst for expedient reduction of 4-nitrophenol and organic dyes

Abstract A facile and rapid biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) is presented here. This protocol also delivers the CuNPs immobilized on the surface of waste pistachio shell (PS), as an environmentally benign support, using pistachio hull extract (PHE), as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesis was realized through a very simple and inexpensive one-pot procedure without employing any toxic reductants or capping agents. The biosynthesized CuNPs and copper/pistachio shell nanocomposite (Cu/PS NC) were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transform electron microscopy (TEM). The CuNPs and Cu/PS NC were successfully employed as efficient catalysts in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) at ambient temperature. Cu/PS NC has shown to be a highly effective and easily recyclable catalyst, as it can be reused repeatedly without appreciable decrease in its catalytic activity. In view of these properties, Cu/PS NC was employed as the packing material of a flow reactor for running the reduction of 4-NP into 4-AP expediently in a continuous flow manner. The flow reactor was successfully tested for simultaneous reductive degradation of the dyes contaminated the real waste-water samples collected from the drains of different local textile and drug industries. The methods presented here are environmentally friendly processes and highly beneficial to address the industrial requirements.

Response surface methodology for modelling and determination of catechin in Pistachio green hull using surfactant-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry

A rapid and simple approach for the preconcentration and determination of catechin from pistachio green hull samples has been proposed by surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry (SADLLME/UV–Vis). This method involved the formation of a catechin complex with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as cationic surfactant, and subsequently, DLLME was applied to extract the catechin–CPC complex into chloroform. Different parameters affected the extraction efficiency were optimized by central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). In optimum condition, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.4–5 µg mL− 1 of catechin with correlation coefficient of 0.9982. The relative standard deviation based on five replicated analyses of 1 µg mL− 1 catechin was 1.85%. The proposed method was successfully applied for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of catechin in pistachio hull samples.

REMOVAL OF Cd(II) AND Pb(II) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY PISTACHIO HULL WASTE

The aim of this study was to use the raw pistachio hull powder for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The kinetic experiments showed that the biosorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on the adsorbent is rapid, and maximum biosorption capacities were achieved in 2 h. The time-dependent biosorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto the adsorbent were well described by both the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order models. The experimental adsorption capacity ( q exp ) was close to that calculated from these two models. The equilibrium adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) was satisfactorily described by the Sips isotherm. The adsorption isotherms showed that the affinity of Cd(II) and Pb(II) to the adsorbent increased with pH. Based on the estimates obtained by the Visual MINTEQ code, the Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ species were the dominant ones in the solutions at pH ≤ 7.0 and ≤ 8.5, respectively. The Fourier transform-infrared results confirmed the interactions between metals and functional groups present on the surface of pistachio hull. These findings show that the raw pistachio hull powder used in this study exhibited a high adsorption capacity for Cd(II) and Pb(II), and thus it may be useful for the immobilization of these metals from polluted sites.

ADSORPTION OF REMAZOL BRILLANT BLUE R FROM AQUATIC SOLUTION USING NATURAL ADSORBENT (Pistachio Hull)

This study examines that adsorption of Remazol Brillant Blue R (RBBR) from aquatic solution was studied using pistachio hull (PH) as an adsorbent. The removal efficiency of pistachio hull was studied as a function of, pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose and time via batch method at room temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms applied to obtained data from experiments. The correlation coefficient values shown that the data fit the Langmuir Isotherm (R 2 =0.9989) compare to Freundlich Isotherm (R 2 =0.7825). Maximum adsorption capacity was observed as 16.739mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters also studied. The value of Gibbs Free Energy, (ΔG=2.696kJ/mol) is positive. This value is indicated that the adsorption was not a spontaneous one. According to the experimental data, pistachio hull can be used as an appropriate, no cost and easy obtainable adsorbent for the removal of Remazol Brillant Blue R dye.

Pistachio (Pistachia vera) wastes valorization: Enhancement of biodiesel oxidation stability using hull extracts of different varieties

Abstract Biodiesel degradation through autoxidation radical chain reactions adversely affects long-term storage stability, high thermal oxidation stability, and consequently biodiesel consumers’ acceptance. Propyl gallate, the most promising synthetic antioxidant, is widely used to address this challenge. However, the application of this synthetic antioxidant is associated with health concerns such as risk of brain tumors as proposed by the National Toxicology Program (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Herein, the application of a naturally-originated alternative to propyl gallate, i.e., pistachio hull extract in canola biodiesel was investigated from technical and environmental viewpoints. According to the results achieved, a concentration of 2500 ppm of the bio-antioxidant and 250 ppm of the synthetic antioxidant was needed to improve the induction period of the investigated biodiesel from 1.53 h to above 3 h as required by ASTM D6751-12 specification for biodiesel oxidation stability. In spite of the fact that the higher concentration of the bio-antioxidant was required, its application would be justified by the probable health hazards of its synthetic counterparts. On the other hand, 23% of the global biodiesel production takes place in top pistachio producing countries where a huge amount of pistachio fresh hulls are generated. Therefore, valorization of this considerable agro-waste stream into a natural antioxidant, i.e., pistachio hull extract, seems to be a promising strategy to enhance the favorable environmental and health aspects of biodiesel. In addition, life cycle assessment revealed that the production and application of the bio-antioxidant were favorable from the climate change and human health perspectives compared with propyl gallate.

Subcritical water extraction of phenolic and antioxidant constituents from pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hulls

Pistachio hulls, important by-products of pistachio processing, were extracted using an environmentally friendly process with subcritical water (SCW) at a pressure of 6.9 MPa in the range of 110 and 190 °C, and a flow rate of 4 ml/min. Detailed HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analyses allowed the identification of 49 phenolic compounds in the SCW extracts. Total gallotannin yields up to 33 g/kg were reached at 150–170 °C, where gallic acid (22.2 g/kg) and penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (9.77 g/kg) levels were 13.2- and 10.6-fold higher than those in the aqueous methanol extracts. Flavonols were also effectively extracted at 110–150 °C (4.37–5.65 g/kg), while anacardic acid recovery was poor (1.13–2.77 g/kg). Accordingly, high amounts of anacardic acids (up to 50.7 g/kg) were retained in the extraction residue, revealing that SCW extraction allowed selective extraction of gallotannins and flavonols. Antioxidant capacities ranged from 0.68 to 1.20 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g for SCW extracts increasing with temperature up 190 °C.

Cytotoxic Effects and Anti-Angiogenesis Potential of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Hulls against MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hulls (PVLH) represents a significant by-product of industrial pistachio processing that contains high amounta of phenolic and flavonoid compounds known to act as antioxidants. The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic potentials of PVLH extracts. The cytotoxic effects of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water PVLH extracts toward human colon cancer (HT-29 and HCT-116), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), lung adenocarcinoma (H23), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), cervical cancer (Ca Ski), and normal fibroblast (BJ-5ta) cells were assessed using a MTT cell viability assay. Apoptosis induction was evaluated through the different nuclear staining assays and confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. Anti-angiogenic activities were also determined using chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. PVLH ethyl acetate extracts (PVLH-EAE) demonstrated a suppressive effect with an IC50 value of 21.20 ± 1.35, 23.00 ± 1.2 and 25.15 ± 1.85 µg/mL against MCF-7, HT-29 and HCT-116, respectively, after 72 h of treatment. Morphological assessment and flow cytometry analysis showed the potential of PVLH-EAE to induce apoptosis. PVLH-EAE at the highest concentration demonstrated significant inhibition of angiogenesis as comparing with control group. Also the expression of Bax increased and the expression of Bcl-2 decreased in treated MCF-7 cells. Thus, the apoptosis induction and angiogenesis potential of PVLH-EAE make it to be the most suitable for further cancer research study to deal with selective antitumor active substances to human cancers especially breast cancer.

Pistachio hull water-soluble polysaccharides as a novel prebiotic agent

We isolated and characterized pistachio hull polysaccharides (PHP). The PHP was a heteropolysaccharide mainly contained 75.50% (w/w) total sugar and 9.51% (w/w) uronic acid. As determined by GPC analysis, the polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 3.71×106 D (83.2%) was the most dominant fraction. Moreover, HPLC analysis indicated that PHP was predominantly composed of xylose, glucose, arabinose, and fructose with a molar ratio of 1.00:2.50:19.67:28.81. FT-IR and NMR analysis also confirmed the results obtained by HPLC and characterized preliminary structure features of the PHP. Functional properties of the PHP including water holding capacity (WHC: 2.44±0.05g water/g DM), and oil holding capacity (OHC: 11.53±0.04g oil/g DM) were significant compared to inulin used as reference prebiotic (p<0.01). Furthermore, the PHP remained 94.37% undigested in the simulated digestion process and stimulated the growth of L. plantarum PTCC 1896 and L. rhamnosus GG and increased the acetate, propionate and butyrate production over inulin in vitro. Totally, the PHP showed a considerable prebiotic capability and high WHC, OHC suggesting that the PHP is a potent pharmaceutical with good technological properties which can be used in food and drug industries.

Determination of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull (exo- and mesocarp) phenolics by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn and UHPLC-DAD-ELSD after ultrasound-assisted extraction

A method for the simultaneous extraction and quantitation of gallotannins, flavonoids and anacardic acids from pistachio hulls is presented. After screening of various extraction parameters and solvent systems with variable polarity and acidity, a three-fold repeated extraction with methanol/water/formic acid (80/19/1, v/v/v) at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1/20 (w/v) under probe-sonication was found to be most suitable for extracting ≥95% of the abovementioned phenolics. A newly developed UHPLC-DAD-ELSD method was compared to an HPLC method for compound separation and quantitation. While analyses by UHPLC were 3.7 times faster, the core-shell particle HPLC column used allowed a superior peak resolution, particularly regarding anacardic acids. While phenolic acids were virtually undetectable by ELSD, it may be applicable for the determination of anacardic acids. However, ELSD sensitivity was inferior to that of the DAD used. Furthermore, validation parameters such as signal linearity, detection and quantitation limits, extraction recoveries, intra- and inter-day repeatability are presented. The new method was applied to pistachio hulls of three different varieties. Phenolic contents ranged from 61.2±0.45 to 100±0.48g/kg dry matter. Among phenolic constituents, anacardic acids prevailed (64.6–80.4% of total phenolics) followed by gallotannins (13.4–21.2%), such as β-glucogallin, gallic acid, and penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, and flavonol glycosides (5.7–16.3%).

Effect of pistachio seed hull extracts on quality attributes of chicken burger

ABSTRACTThe effect of pistachio hull water extracts (PHWE) at different levels on quality of chicken burger during storage at 4 ± 1°C was investigated. Differences between treatments parameters means were separated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was no significant difference in fat, protein, and ash contents of the burgers. The increase in PHWE levels increased the cooking yield and moisture retention (MR) in the treated burger from 59.82% to 66.99% and from 44.27% to 54.73%, respectively. The treated burgers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher phenolics than untreated. The pH of the burger was decreased with the increase of storage time. As the storage period increased, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and plate count were increased in untreated burger. The sensory results showed no significant difference in overall acceptability of the burger. The addition of PHWE to chicken burgers improved its quality during storage for up to 10 days at 4 ± 1°C.

Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside in ripe pistachio (Pistachia vera L. variety Bronte) hulls: Identification and evaluation of its antioxidant and cytoprotective activities

Anthocyanidins, compounds with several health promoting properties, are able to influence a broad range of biological processes. In the present work we identified cyanidin-3-O-galactoside in ripe pistachio hulls, which represented the most abundant compound (>96%), and we performed a deep analysis of its antioxidant and cytoprotective activities against tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced toxicity on human lymphocytes. Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside showed strong antioxidant activity in ORAC, DPPH•, ABTS•+, FRAP and O2•− assays, clearly superior to synthetic antioxidants BHT, BHA and Trolox, while no activity was detected with H2O2. Moreover, in the concentration range 0.1–10 µM, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside was found able to counteract cytotoxic effects of tert-butyl hydroperoxide decreasing or completely avoiding cell death, LDH release, caspase 3 activation and DNA damages.

Determination of phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of pistachio hull using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–electro-spray ionization–mass spectrometry as affected by ultrasound and microwave

ABSTRACTThe phytochemicals content and radical scavenging activity of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull extract obtained by different solvents (water, ethanol, and butanol) were measured and compared. Water was selected as superior solvent. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of the hull by power ultrasound (35 kHz) was more efficient in ascending the phytochemicals content than the sonochemical ultrasonication (130 kHz). High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed increased amounts of vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringenin, and catechin in ultrasound-assisted extracts. Post-extraction sonication declined significantly the phenolics amount and antioxidant property of the aqueous extract. Microwave-assisted extraction increased the phenolics and flavonoids content at extract in a power-dependent trend.

Characterization and comparative evaluation of volatile, phenolic and antioxidant properties of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull

Pistachio hull is a good source of natural phenolics and antioxidants. Thanks to these bioactive molecules, the use of pistachio hull as nutritional ingredients in foods has attracted the interest of the food industry. In this study, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, total phenol content, and volatile compounds were measured in the hull of two cultivars of pistachio, Uzun and Ohadi. LC-ESI-MS/MS method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis; 11 compounds were identified and quantified in the samples in which the major phenolic compound was gallic acid. The aroma composition of the pistachio hulls was isolated by SAFE (solvent-assisted flavor evaporation) method with dichloromethane and analyzed by GC–MS. Aroma compounds, including terpenes, acids, alcohols, phenols, and benzenes, were identified in both types of hulls, numbering 22 in the Uzun variety and 20 in the Ohadi. A significant linear correlation was confirmed between total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of hull extracts.

Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Red and Green Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Hulls (Exo- and Mesocarp) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-(HR)-MS(n).

Phenolic constituents of the nonlignified red and green pistachio hulls (exo- and mesocarp) were assessed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) as well as by HR-MS. A total of 66 compounds was identified in the respective aqueous methanolic extracts. Among them, gallic acid, monogalloyl glucoside, monogalloyl quinic acid, penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, hexagalloyl hexose, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, and (17:1)-, (13:0)-, and (13:1)-anacardic acids were detected at highest signal intensity. The main difference between red and green hulls was the presence of anthocyanins in the former ones. Differently galloylated hydrolyzable tannins, anthocyanins, and minor anacardic acids were identified for the first time. Pistachio hulls were thus shown to be a source of structurally diverse and potentially bioactive phenolic compounds. They therefore represent a valuable byproduct of pistachio processing having potential for further utilization as raw material for the recovery of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and chemical products.

Direct Blue 71 Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Pistachio Hull Waste: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies

Direct Blue 71 Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Pistachio Hull Waste: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies

Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pistachio hull extracts

Phytochemical and bioactivity analyses of pistachio hulls revealed the presence of anacardic acids (3198mg/100g), fatty acids (1500mg/100g), and phytosterols (192mg/100g) as major components. Carotenoids (4.93mg/100g), chlorophylls (10.27mg/100g), tocopherols (8.83mg/100g), and three triterpene acids (mangiferolic, isomangiferolic and mangiferonic acids) were characterized. A polar (P) extract contained quercetin-3-O-glucoside (6.27mg/g), together with smaller concentrations of quercetin, myricetin and luteolin flavonoids, accounting for 5.53mg/g. Gallotannins and other phenolic compounds esterified with a gallic acid moiety characterized the P extract. P extract potently inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The mRNA expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine COX-2 were significantly inhibited by fractions P2-P5, while IL-6 was only inhibited by fraction P3. Moreover, the P extract significantly decreased the non-mitochondrial oxidative burst associated with inflammatory response in macrophages.

Iron Chelating and Antioxidant Activities and Cytotoxicity Effect of the Pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) hull and kernel Extracts in the A549, HT29 and MCF-7 Cancerous Cell lines

Synthetic iron-chelators have been considered for treatment of some clinical situations such as iron overloading and cancer. However, their side effects and incomplete effectiveness limit their usages. Natural products could be a source of safe and novel metal chelating agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity effect, iron chelatory and antioxidant activities of different parts of pistachio (Pistachio vera L.). The iron chelatory effects and Total phenolic content of hull and kernel of pistachio extracts were determined by Ferrozine reagent and Folin Ciocalteu method, respectively. Antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH and FRAP assays. The cytotoxicity of the extracts and deferiprone (synthetic Fe-chelator) were evaluated in the A-549 lung and HT-29 colon and MCF-7 breast cancerous cell lines using MTT cytotoxicity assay. The extracts show potential of iron chelation and antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity potency of extracts and deferiprone are rated as follows: MCF-7 ＞ A549 ＞ HT-29. The MCF-7 cell lines have the most sensitivity to the cytotoxicity of samples. Our results show that Pistachio hull and kernel are containing cytotoxic compounds for lung (A549 cancer cell line), colon (HT-29 cancer cell line) and breast (MCF-7 cancer cell line). Also, pistachio may be a great natural source for iron chelating, anti-cancer and antioxidant agents in some applications including food and medicinal.